PHARMACOGNOSY - II

1. INTRODUCTION
Volatile Oils:
•Volatile principles of plants or animals are called volatile oils.
•When exposed to air they get evaporated at ordinary temperature hence called
ethereal oils.
•They represent essence or active constituent of plant hence they are known as
essential oils.
•They are derived from terpenoids.
•They are made up of isoprene units.
•They are soluble in alcohol, ether and insoluble in water.
•They possess characteristic odour.
•They have high Refractive Index and optically active.
•They are secreted in special structures called ducts, trichomes or schizogenous
glands.
•They are extracted by Steam Distillation, Effluerage & Ecuelle.
•They are used as flavouring and perfuming agents.
•They are stored in well closed container, away from light and in cool place.

2. General Tests for Volatile oils:
•To the section, add alcoholic solution of Sudan III gives red color.
•To the section, add tincture alkane gives red color.
•Evaporation on filter paper.
Mentha Clove
Synonym Oleum menthe piperita
Mentha oil
Caryophyllum, clove flower,
clove buds
B. Source Oil – Steam distillation – fresh
flowering tops – Mentha
piperita – Labiatae
Dried flower buds – Eugenia
caryophyllus - Myrtaceae
G. Source Europe & India (cultivated) Zangiber, India & Srilanka

3. Mentha Clove
Cultivation &
collection
Soil: Sandy loamy soil
pH of soil: Neutra
Rainfall: 95-105cm
Temp: 15-25° C
Altitude: 250 to 400mts
Propagation: Vegetative
Sucker is planted in Jan/Feb
During cultivation addition of
Urea, Superphosphate & Potash.
Make free from weeds
At flowering stage harvested.
Soil: loamy soil
Rainfall: 150-250cm
Altitude: 900 mts
Propagation: Seeds
Seeds are sown in Aug or Oct
in nursery beds
It takes 5 weeks for seed
germination
After 6 months transplantation
to pots
After 1 year it is transplanted
to open field at shades of
coconut plant
Superphosphate and potash is
supplied as fertilizers
After 7 to 8 years the buds are
harvested by handpicking or by
beating with bamboos
Dried in sun

4. Mentha Clove
Preparation Mentha plants are dried until it
looses tis 1/4th weight
Mentha plants are placed in boiler
containing perforated bottom
Steam is passed through teh boiler
and subjected for heating 3-4
hours
The extract is placed in separating
can
In separating can oil is separated
from water
Oil is filtered
C: Cl to yellow
O:Characteristic & pleasant
T: Pungent with cooling sensation.
Clove oil is extracted by steam
distillation process
C: dark brown
O: Slightly aromatic
T: Pungent and aromatic –
numbness.

5. Mentha Clove
Menthol, Menthone, Pulegone, Jasmone
(responsible for pleasant flavour),
Menthofuran (Resinification hence
develops dirty smell), Menthyl acetate,
Limonene, Cineole, Pinene and
Camphene.
Menthol
 Synthesis of menthol begins with the
synthesis of the terpene limonene,
followed by hydroxylation, and then
several reduction
and isomerization steps.
Pinene
70 to 90 % Eugenol
10-13% Tannin (Gallotannic acid)
 Eugenol is 4-allyl-2-
methoxyphenol.
 Eugenol is an allyl chain-
substituted guaiacol, a member
of the allylbenzene class of
chemical compounds.
Chemical composition &Chemistry

6. Mentha Clove
Chemical Test To oil addtion of nitric acid gives
blue color upon heating changes to
copper color later changes to golden
yellow
T.S of clove + KOH gives
Potassium eugenate crystals is
observed.
Therapeutic
Uses &
Commercial
Applications
Carminative, stimulant, flavouring
agent
Mentha oil referred as trustable oil
for health as hormone and purity.
Mentha oil useful for improving
nervous system.
This healthy oil is useful for many
skin’s related problems e.g. acne. It
acts as a natural cleanser and
gently cleanses the skin.
Dental analgesic, Carminative,
Stimulant, Flavouring agent,
Antiseptic
Used in manufacturing of
Vanillin and preparation of
cigarattes.
Clove oil has anticonvulsant
effects as well, which were
already known in Persian folk
medicine.

7. Cinnamon Coriander Fennel
Synonym Cinnamon bark, Kalmi
dalchini, Ceylon
cinnamomum
Coriander fruits Fennel fruits,
fructus foeniculum
B. Source Dried inner bark of
shoots – Cinnamomum
zeylanicum - Lauraceae
Dried ripened
fruits –
Coriandrum
sativum -
Umbelliferae
Dried ripened fruits
–Foeniculum
vulgare
Umbelliferae
G. Source India & Srilanka Europe, India &
Russia
India, Russia
Germany

8. Cinnamon Coriander Fennel
60-70 % cinnamaldehyde
5-10% Eugenol, Other – Pinene
Cymene, Cinnamaldehyde
 Cinnamaldehyde is an
organic compound with the
formula C6H5CH=CHCHO.
 It is also known as cinnamic
aldehyde; 3-phenyl-2-
propenal; cinnamyl
aldehyde; phenylalacrolein;
cinnamal; and trans-
cinnamaldehyde.
Pinene
Cymene
90 % Coriandrol
Others – L-Borneol,
Geraniol, Pinene,
Vitamin A
Enantiomers of
coriandrol
 Coriandrol is -
dextrorotatory
linalool.
20 % Fenchone
50 % anethole
Others – Phellandrene
Limonene
Anisic aldehyde
Fenchone
 Fenchone, also known
as alpha-fenchone,
is an organic aromatic
compound classified
as a monoterpene and
a ketone.
 It is an enantiomer of
a (1S,4R)-fenchone.
Chemical composition &Chemistry
fenchone.
Coriandrol

9. Cinnamon Coriander Fennel
Therapeuti
c Uses &
Commercia
l
Application
s
Carminative, Stomachic,
Astringent, flavouring
agent, antiseptic, Used in
spice & condiment.
Commercially used in food
& beverage, medicines,
cosmetics, spice mixes,
chocolate and
confectionary, soups &
sauces, bakery.
Carminative,
stimulant &
flavouring agent,
used along with
purgatives to
prevent gripping.
Because it exhibits
a sweet and strong
scent, it is often
used commercially
in soaps and
perfumes.
Carminative,
stimulant,
expectorant,
flavouring agent.
The seeds are used
as a flavouring agent
in medicines and
also relieve from
flatulence.
Fennel oil relieves
from Rheumatic
pains.
The leaves are used
in salads and as a
garnisher.
Fennel tea are used
in chronic coughs.

10. Cinnamon Coriander Fennel
Adulterants Jungle cinnamon
Cinnamon chips
(Untrimmed bark)
Java cinnamon
(C. Burmanii)
Bombay coriander
fruits
Exhausted fennel