ROCKS IN PAKISTAN

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ASSIGNMENT NO.6
TOPIC
DISCUSS THE TYPES OF ROCKS
PRESENT IN PAKISTAN.
Submitted By:
JUNAID IQBAL
Submitted To:
Engr HAFIZ MUHAMMAD SAUD
Subject:
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
Reg: No:
BECV-023R20-20.
Class:
B.Sc. Civil Engineering
2nd Semester
INSTITITE OF SOUTHERN PUNJAB, MULTAN.

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TYPES OF ROCKS.
Igneous Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
Igneous Rocks:
Igneous rocks are formed from liquid molten rock that cool slowly
and harden.
Igneous means made from fire and heat.
Intrusive Igneous Rocks.
Formed when magma “inside” the volcano cools slowly. Forms large grain crystals.
1 Peridotite
2 Gabbro
3 Granite
4 Pegmatite
5 Diorite
Extrusive Igneous Rocks.
Formed from Lava “exiting” the volcano cools quickly. Forms fine grain crystals.
1 Andesite
2 Basalt
3 Obsidian
4 Pumice
5 Rhyolite
Granite:
Graniteand basalt areused inconcreteworkssuch asroads, sidewalksand buildings.
Granite is hard and it is crushed into gravel.
Basalt:
Basalt is a black rock and it is crushed into sand.
Sedimentary rocks
Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments such as sand, pebbles, mud, shells
and remains of dead plants and animals.
They hardened into rock due to pressure of water and weight of more sediments.

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Categories of Sedimentary rocks
a. Clastic rocks- formed from broken fragments of pre- existing rocks and
minerals.
b. Chemical rocks-formed when mineralsprecipitate or solidify from a solution
like sea water or lake water.
c. Organic rocks- formed from accumulation of plant and animal remains.
Sedimentary rocks
1 Limestone
2 Chert
3 Arkose
4 Shale
5 Sand stone
6 Conglomerate
Limestone is made from shells of sea animals and plants. It forms only under
water.
Conglomerate is made of a mixture of smooth round stones and pebbles Sandstone
is made up of tiny bits of sand. It is cut into blocks and used in walls and buildings
because it is strong and easy to quarry.
Shale is made from mud and fine silt or clay. It is commonly called mudstone.
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rocksareigneousor sedimentaryrocks changed byextremeheat and
pressure.
Marble is a metamorphic rock which comes from limestone. Minerals or
impurities in the marble changes its color.

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Slate ismadefrom shale. Slateand shalehavethesamecolors, but they do not look
alike because of how they break. Slate breaks into smooth flat sheets of rocks while
shale breaks only into odd shapes.
Quartzite comes from hard sandstone.
Schist is made from mudstone or shale. As schist is made, some of the minerals
change to become mica which make the schist shine and sparkle.
1 Salte
2 Schist
3 Gneiss
4 Jadelite
5 Sphateritc orc Rock
6 Marble
Rocks Available in Pakistan.
A great variety of parent rock types occur in Pakistan, which exert considerable
influence on the propertiesof the soil. The rocks found in Pakistancanbe classified
into three major groups, viz. the igneous rocks, the sedimentary rocks and the
metamorphic rocks. In the Himalayan regions, the common rock types are
metamorphicwhicharegneisses, schist, slatesand phylliteswith somequartziteand
marble. In the northern part of Indus plain, between Sargodha and Shahkot small
outcropsof phyllites and quartzitesoccur. Granite, syenite, diorite, gabbro, dolerite
and peridotite are more common types of igneous rocks, which occur in Dir, Swat,
Chitral, Gilgit, Zhob, Chagai, Las Bela and Nagarpark. Pakistan has been endowed
with extensive reserves of marble, including rare marble varieties such as Ziarat
white, black & white marble and black granite that are world renowned. More than
40 types of naturalcolored marblearespread throughout theKhyber Pakhtunkhwa,

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Baluchistan, Sindh, and Punjabprovinces. Pakistanhasanestimated 297billiontons
of marbleand granitereserves in all the four provinces, FATA, and Gilgit-Baltistan.
Pakistan’s annual quarry production is 3.82 million tons. Gypsum reserves are
situated at Mianwali, Dera Ghazi Khan, Kohat, Rohri, Quetta and Sibi. Gypsum is
found in a large quantity in Pakistan, estimated to be between 5 to 6 billion tons in
all the provincesof the country. The current productionof Gypsum is around 0.5 to
0.6 million tons per annum. Currently, Gypsum is mostly used as raw material in
cement industry and for soil improvement for agricultural purposes. Gypsum
depositsof Pakistanhaveremained almost untapped for industrialusesparticularly
in building industry. They are generally on the surface and lend themselves to
economic open cast quarrying. More-over they are well connected with existing
infrastructure and can be developed without any huge expenditure and technical
constrains for larger domestic use and considerable export. Pakistan has been
endowed with extensive reserves of gemstones, including rare gemstones varieties
such as pink topazof Katlang Mardanisunique and famousaround the world. Gem
deposits are mainly located in Northern part of Pakistan and in adjacent areas of
Afghanistan. Pakistan produces world’s top quality emeralds, aquamarine,
tourmaline, rubies, quartz, topaz, garnet, garnet and variety of other gemstones.
More than 34 types of gemstones are being produced in Gilgit Baltistan. Swat
emerald is famous in world for its top quality, color and luster. Although Pakistan
produces 30% of world’s gemstones, its share in global market is negligible.
According toanestimate, Pakistan’sshareinworld market was0.03 percent inyear
2017 which is very less as compared to its gemstones production capacity.