2: Many Peoples-Oceans by Jeff Bennett
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What were the oceans like in ancient days? How did the glaciers comings and goings affect ocean and waterways levels? How did they affect ocean travel and those hearty ancient mariners who went anywhere there were riches to be gained? This is PART TWO of the Paradigm Project created by Myron Paine, Jeff Bennett, Ida Jane Gallagher, Karol Hoenke, Jay Wakefield, Fred Rydholm, Larry Stroud and Rick Osmon, for presentation at AAPS International Conferences, 2008-2009.
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2: Many Peoples-Oceans by Jeff Bennett
- 3. Ocean Migration Motives and mechanisms Jeffrey A. Bennett, Airline Captain (ret.) Graduate Mech. Eng., Loyola University Experienced in ocean travel
- 4. Skin boat (re-created) Bronze Age Ocean migration is ancient
- 5. Horn of Africa YEMEN 2 ½ miles FIRST USE OF WATER CRAFT 70,000 years ago
- 6. Technology was driven by necessity and inventiveness EARLY MAN WAS INVENTIVE
- 7. A lifelike carving replaced a mummy’s missing toe. ANOTHER INVENTION
- 8. Motives for migration that drove technology development Hunger Population Climate Lack of food Trade War strife
- 9. Goths escaping from Huns by raft Migration: The answer to survival
- 10. Tracking chormozones through time 60,000 50,000 45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 10,000 MOVEMENTS OF MAN
- 11. Sea battle between Egyptians and the Sea People, c 3200 ya History begins with advanced boats in use.
- 12. Technology, 10,000 ya Man has used boats for a hundred centuries.
- 13. Technology 300 years ago 10,000 years of Innovation, Same goal: Move things on water.
- 14. Technology Now 300 more years of Innovation, Same goal: Move things on water.
- 15. A PERUVIAN BALSA THEIR “BOATS” ARE REALLY RAFTS MADE OF REEDS Ancient designs were efficient,
- 16. AN ESKIMO UMIAK This boat is structurally similar to the bayak but it has no deck. Ancient designs used available resources well.
- 17. A PHOENICIAN BIREME An oar and sail driven ship that sailed around Africa 2600 years ago Ancient ships could travel a long way on the ocean.
- 18. These drawings made 4,000 years ago have been used to make a boat that looks like … ?
- 19. The ABORA III A ship that has sailed against wind and ocean currents in the Mediterranean and the on Atlantic!!!
- 20. Phoenician merchant trading ship - re-creation Ancient man could put bontiful resources to good use.
- 22. Figian sailing canoe Asian cultures were very early users of watercraft.
- 23. TANIT SHIPWRECK c 2750 ya Sailors expectations. Keep us fed, keep us well. Amphora (clay jars) have long been used to transport and store liquid or flowing materials.
- 24. The TOMOL
- 25. Conclusions` Man has traveled on waterMan has traveled on water for 70,000 years.for 70,000 years. Evidence: Genetics, artifacts.Evidence: Genetics, artifacts. Record from before ice age.Record from before ice age. Many antique ships found recently.Many antique ships found recently. Past developments ‘rediscovered’.Past developments ‘rediscovered’. Good planning = good sea eatingGood planning = good sea eating Floating uses less energyFloating uses less energy than walking.than walking. Early ocean migration wasEarly ocean migration was eminently doable.eminently doable.
- 30. BIBLIOGRAPHY for the OCEANS END SLIDE SHOW SELECT VIEW “NORMAL” GRAB BOTTOM OF SCREEN (ABOVE “BOOK“) and PULL UP.
Editor's Notes
- USE THIS SLIDE DURING SET-UP.. THEN CLICK ON THE NEXT SLIDE
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- Ocean Migration Motives and mechanisms Jeffrey A. Bennett, Airline Captain (ret.) Jeff Bennett- the commentator for OCEAN MIGRATION, is a retired Captain from Northwest Airlines in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He was schooled in Mechanical Engineering at Loyola University of Los Angeles and completed pilot training for the United States Air Force. He served for years in the transport and photo intelligence areas of the Air National Guard before becoming an airline pilot. Jeff has wide experience in practical applications of ocean travel as a sailor, sailmaker and certified celestial navigator. His unique background and first hand experience in many of the places he will discuss today give him a unique vantage point from which to analyze the multi-faceted aspects of ancient migration by water.
- Ocean migration is ancient, and it has been a great success for humans. We would not be here today if people had not migrated from somewhere else. Dr. Spencer Wells, a renowned paleogeneticist, recently noted in a published article that man was almost wiped out by climate change about 70,000 years ago. The total human population in Africa was down to about 2,000 individuals. (Schmid, 2007) That would have put us on the fringe of the endangered species list. There are a host of attributes that allowed humans to reverse this situation and become sufficiently successful as a species that we are now nearly a population hazard to ourselves. We have spread over the entire globe. Researchers now believe that a substantial portion of this spreading and migration was done by sea, and much earlier than people had generally thought possible Water has always posed a dilemma for man. In the world he lives in he is confronted by it in various forms. At times it has blocked his efforts to change place, and at other times provided vast transportation highways with very economical access. The key to the use of this medium was the development of a means of transporting himself and his possessions in relative safety.
- Early cultures that possessed waterborne transportation technology had great trading, military, and cultural advantage over their peers. Those technologies developed over a long span of time and began in very simple forms (Holst, 2005; Smith, 1995). Research is still in progress, but modern man may have used water transport when he first moved out of Africa 60,000 years ago. At that time sea water tied up in glacial ice had reduced the crossing distance between the Horn of Africa and the Coast of present day Yemen to about 2.5 miles. (Pringle, 2008) Before we examine why and how people move, that is migrate from one place to another I would like to offer some insights from science about modern man. Did he have the capabilities to make ocean migration work?
- Cognitive and Physical Attributes Homo sapiens sapiens, our species, was virtually identical genetically to you and I when he moved away out of Africa. (Wells, 2004) He possessed the cognitive capabilities that we employ, enjoyed an ability to readily adapt to his environment and was able to mitigate the impacts of food source and climate changes by designing alternative plans of action. He was able to conceive tools to implement things imagined from the materials at hand. To a greater degree than in our lives now, he was required to be endlessly imaginative about solutions to daily problems and even more so, to be constantly aware of opportunities for optimizing the energy output of his body relative to the input. Early people did not have the luxury of grocery stores, but rather needed to know how to find and protect food sources, and recognize that certain consumables gave more energy or were more easily stored than other things. The aspect of energy excess would be a key item in the definition of cultural traits of our immediate ancestors. As soon as there was a stable body energy excess, there would be opportunity to develop the cultural fundamentals of organized work, social tradition, art, formed housing, transport, and the benefits of domesticated animals and farming over hunting and endless seasonal movement in the quest for food . (Bernstein, 2004) Early man’s educational process was not rooted in analogous classroom situations but in oral tradition and the exposure at an early age to familial tutoring in real life situations. Extended families ate, slept, worked, fought, and procreated in a near continuous public environment. There was an endless exposure of young people to tried and true methods to deal with the tasks at hand. Broad and natural knowledge was gained about food sources, family life, plant pharmacology, distribution of labor, and the rendering of raw materials into things to accomplish work with. By extension this would also have been the case for methods of dealing with water, both storage of it and transportation across it. Offspring learned side by side with those that had come before them. Experimentation with new materials and new solutions to old problems surely took place. Technology developed, driven by both curiosity and necessity. Information exchange took place between people and cultures and mankind progressed. There were probably elements of tinkering and experimentation, certainly the probability of chance discovery from time to time, but most often technological progress was driven by necessity and inventiveness.
- Man was able to migrate between climate zones and adjust his food intake to new sources of nutrition. He was truly an omnivorous and opportunistic eater. These collective attributes gave him the ability to move great distances and solve problems as they were encountered. As we move forward, attempting to discern the accomplishments of earlier people it is best to proceed from a foundation of solid scientific investigation, and reasonable expectation. The look back that we are taking involves an immense sweep of time that we have small appreciation for in our very fast paced world. Progress was slow, communication and transfer of technology was slow but it did occur. We are the beneficiaries of this work and a great deal can be learned from it if we adopt an open mind and a realization that man had already moved in to all the reasonably habitable areas of Earth long before we ever came, long before the airplane and long before the automobile or diesels engines. He accomplished this on foot and by water with wives and childrem
- Migration Motives What would cause mankind to take the risk of moving in to an element that he did not have a natural capability to deal with? What were the motives that pushed him into this situation of both risk and opportunity when confronting rivers, lakes and oceans? There is a collection of problems from which the motives for movement or migration stem from. Many have been reoccurring for man since he was in Africa. Other factors onset as problems as he became more cultural and organized. This list would include, but not be limited to; hunger, population pressure, climate change-even of relatively short duration, the opportunity for trade or commerce, separation from supportive kin, and access to untapped novel food or manufacturing resources.
- Source: L’ Historie de France, 1870 Of any population involved in war, the greater number of people are non combatants and suffer through the upheaval, shortages and destruction left in combats wake. The human suffering toll has always been enormous and has been a powerful force for migration countless times in the past. (Stewart, 2005) History is so full of examples of each of these individual motivating factors, even to this day, that we would have no problem generating a very substantial list. In modern times we could site boat people from Cuba, war refugees in the Balkans, colonial expatriates seeking a better life in the founding nations like England or France. The United States, Canada and Australia have all had a strong pull for reasons of economics, war crime and famine relief. We have seen entire extended families move to this country from Southeast Asia, Somalia and areas of natural disaster in our own life times. These motives are old. As I mentioned earlier, recent research has shown us that our species was nearly extinguished in Africa from famine caused by climate change. Migration was the answer to survival. Early on the oceans were a successful way to accomplish this.
- As populations expanded and cultures became more bound by law and tradition, the elements of forced displacement (WWII Jews), banishment (Eric the Red from Norway and Iceland or transportation of prisoners from England to Australia), enslavement (hostile populations overrun by the Romans), or refugee (Dene and Na-Dene escape from Genghis Khan)) status were also motives, although generally without choice and from a negative motivation standpoint. It was migration nonetheless and caused the transfer of gene stock. Man is curious. He is clever, resolute, innovative and anthropological observation has shown him to be very resourceful in using raw materials of opportunity from his environment to bring economical and sensible solutions to vexing problems. There is an ongoing debate between scientists about whether man moved primarily by land or water. The reality of the situation will prove that he did both depending on which was most economical of time and materials at the moment he was faced with the problem. If we use 60,000years ago for his movement out of Africa and assume he crossed the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb at a low water time he would still be faced with constructing suitable transport .Reeds are available in the area today and were probably even more so when the water levels were lower. They would have been a good basic technology option for flotation. We know from modern genetic tracing, through the use of Y chromosome microsatellite data, that man moved out of Eastern Africa. (Stix, 2008) The foundations of the Egyptian culture originated in the pastoral clans that had grazed animals in the far reaches of the Sahara before the climate became too arid and forced them in to the close margins of the Nile River. A look at the archeological record shows remnants of habitation by early man in both Asia and the Middle East. Remains are about the same age which would indicate that as he left Africa he wet both north and east. Man spread out. He had to cross water. He was inventive and made use of what was at hand to safely transport his genes, his belongings and his families. It may not have been real pretty or real dry but the job got done with low enough losses to continue the effort.
- Source: Wall relief atTemple of Ramses III- Medinet Habu (Ancient records of Egypt- Univ. of Chicago) Migration Mechanisms Our delivered classroom world history usually always starts with a mention of the Phoenicians and or the Egyptians. They make their appearance in our texts with their maritime capabilities already in tact- full sails, fully developed ships, trade arrangements, naval battles- the entire ensemble. How did that happen? It is a challenging effort to find a text book that lent one sentence to the discussion of that very important question. Who gave them the ships and then showed them how to sail them? We have been passed a missing link in the migration equation. The reason I believe that the authors took this truncated approach was that they simply did not have any answer. It has only been in the past 20 to 30 years that archeological discovery, language translation, wood and material analysis and a host of other peripheral supporting sciences, supplemented by computer processing capabilities, have developed to allow us to answer these fundamental questions. The result of this is that we have a teaching paradigm in place with incomplete information. The outcomes are clear but not the beginnings. This needs to be revised and updated. The answers to these questions have come to light through many years of patient archeological work, rereading and reanalysis of very early written works, correlation of texts and inscriptions from opposing cultures. I would point here specifically to the 30 year long effort of Sanford Holst of MIT and UCLA, Dr. Shelly Wachsmann, Dr. Larry Stager and many other noted specialists in ancient studies. We now know the foundations of the watercraft capabilities of both of these cultures and also the infamous (but poorly named) Sea Peoples who laid waste to so much of the Eastern Mediterranean about 1200BC. That is a migration of great notoriety in history. A large portion of it took place by land but a sizeable portion took place by sea or with sea support. The main motive was search for food and land. The Egyptians were one of their primary targets due to grain production. Detailed elements of the migration of these people have come to light through careful reading of hieroglyphic and pictographic elements of Egyptians funerary monuments, portions of the Bible and other very early records of civilizations impacted by these people. (Holst, 2005) To put this massive migration into a time frame perspective, it occurred before the Greek or Roman civilizations came on the scene, and the Phoenicians had already been at sea in constructed ships for about 1800 years. SEA PEOPLES The Sea Peoples, or more correctly the Land and Sea Peoples, that were mentioned before, are lightly touched upon by history but evidently play a key part in the development of early watercraft. From very recent translations and work by the Nautical Institute of Archeology, it has been discovered that the populations of the eastern Balkans were major contributors to early seagoing ship design and construction. Research and search for wrecks of this era are still ongoing, but done with great hopes of success due to the relatively shallow water of the Black Sea and its’ peculiar deep layer of oxygen free water.
- We now have in our archeological record, constructed water craft that date back to the end of the last ice age, ten thousand plus years ago. We know for certain that man has been resourcefully dealing with the questions and answers relating to water borne transportation for at least a hundred centuries, and probably a great deal longer. That is a tremendous span of time to develop useable technology.
- An entire train of solutions has appeared. Out of the archeological record and modern engineering comes a vast array of technological insights using amazingly ingenious innovations. They have gotten more ingenious and sophisticated as time has moved closer to the present. These remarkable innovations that allowed man to move in floating conveyances include; reed bundles, bamboo, logs (by themselves, as dugouts, and in groups as rafts), planks, tar, pitch, animal bone, constructed and woven frames, hide coverings, skin bags, iron, concrete, rubber, fiberglass and modern laser cut welded steel. The picture above represents a separation of 10,000 years of technology and yet accomplish the same basic purpose- moving goods or people safely over water.
- The ship immediately above is the Emma Maersk. She is three years old, built for the Chinese merchant trade and run by Maersk shipping lines of Denmark. She is 300 feet longer than our biggest aircraft carrier and faster at her normal cruise speed than most of our war ships. She holds up to 13,800 standard sea freight containers and is operated by 13 people. I bring this up only to show how the motive for trade and commerce has driven the technological solution for sea transport. This has been an ongoing development for a very long time and is continuing into the present.
- Many re-creations have been built in the past few years of archeological watercraft findings. In so many instances they have surprised modern marine architects and operators not only with their design, but their efficiency as well. Three of these that come immediately to mind are the umiak, the Carthaginian bireme , and a reed boat. Recreations of all these vessels exist today. They all handle well for the purpose they were designed.
- The all purpose boat of the Arctic is similar to the bayak but it uses hides for floatation. It has no deck.
- The Phoenician Bireme had two banks of oars on both sides. Ancient history reveals the Phoenician sailed around Africa 2600 yeats ago. Similar ships may have reached America 4500 years ago.
- The ABORA III, was reconstructed from this 40,000 year old cave painting.
- The Abora III is shown in the next slide sailing from New York to the Azores in 2007. The year before Abora II sailed the length of the Meditteranean and back.
- This sleek looking ship was built using ancient technology of wooden slats slipped into deep groobes.
- The Phoenicians ran an entire trading empire by sea that lasted for thousands of years. They have received just scattered acclaim for their shipbuilding accomplishments. One only has to recognize the trading foundations of their society and their longtime preeminence as the primary suppliers of the Egyptian pharaohs to realize that this was accomplished by sea with sophisticated boats. The Phoenicians had a fabulous raw material with which to achieve their maritime pre-eminence- cedar wood directly from the Lebanon Mountains behind their coastal towns. They circumnavigated Africa in 600BC and had built the city of Cadiz, Spain on the Atlantic coast as a salt trading center three hundred years before that. Moving cargo and people by ship was old news to them by the time the Greeks and Romans came on the historical scene. The Phoenicians started sea going trade about 3000BC (Holst, 2005) and later became the supply agents for the Egyptian pharaohs. They were there with their cedar ships when the Egyptians first started building pyramids. The Egyptians themselves certainly had watercraft capability, some of which was very impressive, but primarily based on the use of reeds. These reed vessels could carry remarkable loads but were essentially for use in a calm river environment. They tried making stitched plank acacia wood boats but they did not stand up well in the Mediterranean. They did have measured success with them along the length of the calmer Red Sea. (Holst, 2005)
- The Asian and Chinese cultures were very early users of watercraft. Rudimentary vessel remnants have been located in China that date back to the first cultivation of rice not long after the end of the last ice age. (Smith, 1995) They have a terrific natural supply of ship building materials in the form of bamboo, teak and mahogany. Many aspects of their early shipbuilding prowess are still coming to light through modern research and research translation in to English
- Keep us fed, keep us well One of the primary aspects of journeying anywhere is preparation. This is especially true of travel by sea. Francis Stokes reminds us so well, “The sea finds out everything you did wrong, or forgot to do” . How much food does a person need at sea, how do you get fresh water, what did they eat? The answers to these fundamental and important questions come to us directly from anthropological research and the archeological record. An important site with regard to these queries is located in south eastern France called Lake Paladru. About 1970 archeologists discovered remains of a stone age stilt village and in the till were telling remnants of their diet. It is a remarkable thing, looking back from this time separation of 5000 years, and after all the modern nutritional research, what a naturally balanced diet these people enjoyed. Remnants of these food stuffs were found in the village remains: cooked wheat and barley flat cakes, blackberries, acorns, plums, apples, mushrooms, nuts, fish, deer, goat, pork, mutton, and forest cattle. Many of these items respond well to drying and smoking for longer term storage- things thus preserved would lend themselves to water journeys. Anthropologists have noted many cultures that have long used a combination of fats, nuts and chopped meats to make pemmican. Fur traders and trappers in North America, who traveled largely by water here in the Great Lakes region, used this material for years as it was high in nutrition, tolerant of storage and easy to make from readily available materials. (Peck 2002) Archeology shows us that the use of amphora (clay jars) have long been used to transport and store liquid or flowing materials. Those would include: water, wine, olive oil, grain, pea and bean seeds. When properly sealed these jars keep materials in good condition for long periods of time and are readily storable in the curved and confined spaces of a hull due to their oblong shape of nearly common size (Greene 1992). The Bob Ballard remarked that they probably used the pots for “Phoenician ‘refrigerator soup’ “. “Ancient sailors had no refrigerators obviously, but would have depended on beans and lentils stewed with fish, made savory with onions and garlic and perfumed with marjoram and oregano their wives had picked and dried in their native hills in the spring”. (Ballard 2001) Traces of stored and still useable honey have been found from Egyptian tomb remains. It is very high in nutrition and virtually does not spoil. Olives, dried raisins, dried figs and pressed dates have been used by Mediterranean and close by desert cultures since before recorded history. In the middle ages, as navies and exploratory ships put to sea, many of the ships crew were often impacted by scurvy- the lack of water soluble vitamin C in the diet. We have all grown up with the idea that lime and lemon juice solved this problem. Oddly enough there is a much better solution and very probably known to older cultures- rose hips, water cress, and conifer needles. All of these plant materials are much higher in that important nutritional material than either of the citruses (Cuppage, 1995) Today even modern long distance ocean voyagers take advantage of long known foodstuffs that last well at sea without refrigeration-cabbages, eggs, jerky, dried beans and rice. (Simon, 2008)
- Kelp has also been known to be a material that was widely available along shore areas. It is used as part of the modern diet in many coastal Asian countries. Dryable and highly nutritious, it would have lent itself very well to coastal voyaging. Associated with the huge coastal kelp forests are abalone, rockfish, cod, halibut and sea otters-all edible and obtainable with fish hook and spear technology. (Pringle, 2008) Injuries and illness happen at sea just as they do on land. Even with good nutrition, mishaps and disease occur. Man has had a long history of medicinal pharmacopeia. Jean M. Auel, author of the Earth’s Children series, and a keen student of the anthropology of the Cro-Magnon and Neanderthal people made lengthy and detailed comments about the probable uses of medicinal plants, roots and barks that those people were familiar with. Both the Chinese and the Egyptians have ancient written records of healing materials their cultures used to remedy sickness. Some of those materials are still in wide use today. It is only natural that man carried those to sea as part of good preparation for migration or trade. This slide completes a package that credibly supports a change in our perception of early mans ability to successfully undertake and complete migration via the coasts and oceans of the world. I would like to finish with a quote regarding the transfer of maritime technology in migration. “The universal use, but lack of development of the boat by the Chumash Indians (in California), leads us into the thinking that that vessel was not developed here but had existed for a very long time. It was ancestral amongst their people and probably came with them from Asia”. (emphasis added by this author) (Kroeber 1925)
- Man has been developing water transportation for 70 million years. Genetic evidence indicates man’s exit from Africa may have been by boat. Genetic tracing shows that he has been successful for a long time traveling over both land and water. The archeological record shows that he has been astonishingly resourceful in the array of materials and techniques that he has put to use constructing watercraft. An extant archeological record of watercraft dates back to the end of the last ice age, and human artwork about vessels before that. Ship replicas from many ages have come to life over the past 50 years with many proofs of the feasibility of early ocean travel for exploration and trade. The development of water craft is still progressing. Some things that were developed in the past went out of favor and were ‘rediscovered’. Not just ship and hull designs but most likely land masses also. Eating at sea is a matter of good planning and careful storage. Onions and grass will cure scurvy, not just limes. Migration by watercraft has a lower net expenditure of energy than by foot. Early ocean migration was eminently doable with care and proper planning. Our knowledge of ancient accomplishments has changed dramatically in the last 30 years. We need to adjust our own paradigms to reflect that increase in knowledge. We have had a chance to review modern mans’ physical, mental and learning capabilities. We took a close look at a collection of motives that would drive a population to move from one place to another and also the technological accomplishments, over a great span of time, that allowed him to safely move by water. In addition to the people that would travel, we have also reviewed potential foodstuffs and medicinal remedies that would sustain voyagers medically and nutritionally. Man has come a very long way from his origins in Africa and in the process has left genetic, linguistic and archeological remnants behind. He had the innate physical and mental capabilities required, the motives to move and the sequentially developed technologies to deal with crossing water. Did man have the ability to migrate via the sea? Decidedly yes. Here are three examples from historical records: Phoenicians- 2000BC-Byblos and Sidon to Crete due to Amorite attacks. The Land and Sea Peoples -1200BC- Danube/Black Sea/Aegean to Levant due to drought and food shortage Phoenicians- 425BC-Carthage to Moroccan coast colonies-60 ships/30000 people- expansion”
- This is the END SLIDE Stop the presentation.
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