The what, why and how to do research: Implications for developing countries
1. INTRODUCTION TO
RESEARCH
THE WHAT, WHY AND HOW
TO DO RESEARCH:
IMPLICATIONS FOR
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Presenter: Philmore Alleyne
Department of Management Studies
University of the West Indies
Cave Hill Campus
Barbados
2. OVERVIEW OF PRESENTATION
Overview of Quantitative/Qualitative
Methodologies
Focus on Qualitative Research
Questions, Characteristics, Methods, Data Analysis,
Credibility
Research Methodologies / Methods
Discussion
3. WHAT IS RESEARCH ?
Research is a careful and systematic
process of inquiry to find answers to
problem of interest.
Research include: use of facts, use of
theories, data analysis, sampling, doing
an experiment, going to library to read up
on a topic
To do ‘research’ is to investigate the
problem systematically and thoroughly
Goal of research is to solve ‘problem’ of
interest.
5. DESCRIBE
Descriptive studies are designed
primarily to describe what is going on or
what exists
In polling cases, we want to know what
percent of the population would vote for a
party in next election not why such a
distribution occurs
Describe about an algorithm, a method,
an object, etc.
6. PREDICT
Causal study
Correlational research is used
to predict trend or pattern
Examined of a time series
plot of mortgage rates (m)
and the house price index (P)
To study whether the
campaign (cause) changed the
proportion of voters who vote
for a party in election
P
m
0 Time
7. EXPLAIN
Explain phenomena by establishing
correlations and postulating a causal
mechanism (called a ‘theory’ or its testable
part, a ‘hypothesis’) to explain the events.
It may be hypothesized that since lower
mortgage rates cheapen the user cost of
housing, they tend to encourage people to
buy houses. Conversely, higher mortgage
rates tend to depress housing demand
8. INTERPRET
Understanding or interpreting the reasons
and intentions behind individual actions.
A researcher may want to know how an
individual makes housing choices or the
meaning of a 'home' rather than
aggregates of housing demand
We may want to know how it feels to be
unemployed rather than aggregates such
as the unemployment rate
9. RESEARCH PROCESS
Formulation of Research Problem
Determination of research design
Selection of data collection methods
Data collection and processing
Data analysis and conclution
Research Report
10.
11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
Qualitative research aims at understanding. It answers
primarily to how? –questions.
Quantitative research aims at (causal) explanation. It
answers primarily to why? –questions.
Both qualitative and quantitative research can aim at
description of social reality.
Complementary - not contradictory
different perspectives on the same research objects / questions
different kinds of research questions and objects of research
(methodological triangulation)
differenet stages in the research process
quantitative qualitative
qualitative quantitative
12. OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH
METHODOLOGIES
Qualitative Research
Ethnography, Case Study, Grounded Theory,
Autobiography, Participatory Action Research,
Phenomenology (each grounded in a specific
discipline and philosophical assumptions)
Quantitative Research
Survey methods, Experiments
Mixed Methods
Draw from qualitative and quantitative methods
13. QUANTITATIVE
A quantitative approach is one in which the
investigator primarily uses post-positivist claims
for developing knowledge (i.e. cause and effect
thinking, reduction to specific variables and
hypotheses and questions, use of measurement
and observation, and the test of theories).
(Creswell, 2003, p.19)
14. THE QUANTITATIVE METHOD
Based on the idea that social phenomena
can be quantified, measured and
expressed numerically.
The information about a social
phenomenon is expressed in numeric
terms that can be analysed by statistical
methods.
The observations can be directly numeric
information or can be classified into
numeric variables.
.
15. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Observation units and variables
• variable = observable and measurable
characteristic of an observation unit, which
varies across different units
• observation unit (i.e. research unit, case)
– individual
– group (e.g. family, household, couple)
– institution, organization or community (e.g. school,
enterprise, municipality)
– text (e.g. newspaper article, a novel, research)
– event or activity (war, strike, revolution)
16. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Strengths...
Enables the research and description of social structures and
processes that are not directly observable.
Well-suited for quantitative description, comparisons between groups,
areas etc.
Description of change.
Analysis and explanation of (causal) dependencies between social
phenomena.
...and Weaknesses.
Simplifies and ”compresses” the complex reality: abstract and
constrained perspective.
Only applicable for measurable (quantifiable) phenomena
Presumes relatively extensive knowledge on the subject matter in
order to be able to ask ”correct” questions.
Difficult to study processes or ”dynamic” phenomena: produces static
view of the reality
Description of actors’ perspectives, intentions and meanings difficult.
17. QUALITATIVE - DEFINITION
… qualitative researchers study things in their
natural settings, attempting to make sense of or
interpret phenomenon in terms of the meanings
people bring to them. (Denzin & Lincoln, 2000, p.3).
18. QUALITATIVE - DEFINITION
A qualitative approach is one in which the
inquirer often makes knowledge claims
based primarily on constructivist
perspectives (i.e. the multiple meanings of
individual experiences, meanings socially
and historically constructed, with an
intent of developing a theory or pattern)
or advocacy/participatory perspectives (i.e.
political, issue-oriented, collaborative or
change oriented) or both. (Creswell, 2003, p.18)
19. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
Qualitative
In qualitative study inquirers state
research questions, not objectives (i.e.
specific goals for the research) or
hypotheses (i.e. predictions that involve
variables and statistical tests). (C.,
2003, p.105)
Example: How do students use program
development tools?
20. CHARACTERISTICS OF
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Takes place in the natural setting
Uses multiple methods that are interpretive
Is emergent rather than tightly prefigured
Fundamentally interpretive (role of researcher as
interpreter)
Researcher views social phenomena holistically
Researcher systematically reflects on who he or
she is in the inquiry and is sensitive to hiw or her
personal biography and how it shapes the study
Researcher uses complex reasoning that is
multifaceted, iterative, and simultaneous
Researcher adopts and uses one or more
strategies of inquiry
21. EXAMPLES OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH METHODS
Interviews
Focus groups
Participant observation (field notes)
Case Study
Video
Text and Image analysis (documents
Analysis, media data)
22. DATA ANALYSIS (C., P.191)
Organize and prepare the data for
analysis
Read all data, get a sense of the whole
Begin detailed analysis with coding
process
Generate a description of the
setting/people as well as categories or
themes for analysis
Represent themes (writing, visual, etc.)
Interpret and make meaning out of data
*iterative, non-linear process
23. CHOICE OF
METHODOLOGY & METHODS
Depends on
Research Questions
Research Goals
Researcher Beliefs and Values
Researcher Skills
Time and Funds
24. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE
CARIBBEAN
Help policymakers
Assist practitioners
Provide guidance to educators
Improve life in communities
25. CHALLENGES
Limited access to do the research
Lack of funding
Lack of knowledge on what constitutes
research and its benefits
Research priorities
26.
27. REFERENCES
Creswell, J.W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and
research design. Choosing among five traditions.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Creswell, J.W. (2003). Research design.
Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods
approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Denzin, N.K. & Lincoln, Y. (2000). Introduction:
The discipline and practice of qualitative
research. In N.K. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.),
Handbook of qualitative research (2nd
ed., pp.1-
17). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Leedy , P. & Ormrod, J. (2005). Practical
Research: Planning and Design (8th
ed.) New
Jersey, Prentice Hall, Inc.