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1. Lesson 3: Linguistic and
Literacy Development of
Children and Adolescents
EXCEPTIONAL
DEVELOPMENT: APHASIA
AND DYSLEXIAReported by:
BALANQUIT, JOSHUA L.
BSEd Filipino 2.1

2. Language disorder refers to any systematic deviation
in the way
people speak, listen, read, write or sign that interferes
with their
ability to communicate with their peers. It covers a
wide spectrum dysfunction as in fluency and
articulation disorders.
This affects the structure, content and even the use of
language . There are many causes but a large
proportion of cases are traced from brain damage

3. APHASIA
 The language impairment that is caused by specific brain damage
 It is the loss of ability to use and understand language. It
excludes other language disorders caused by physical conditions
such as deafness. It can be categorized according to the particular
area of the brain damaged into receptive, expressive and global
aphasias.
Types of Aphasia
Broca’s
Wernicke’s
Anomic
Global

4. BROCA’S APHASIA
(Expressive or Motor Aphasia)
- damage to Broca’s area
- trouble with speech production
- reading and writing as effected
(can be in some through)
- deaf people can be sometimes
have difficulty signing if Broca’s
effected.
BROCA’s APHASIA
- Spontaneous speech is non
fluent
a. Speech becomes slow and
labored.
b. It may sound telegraphic,
with function words like articles,
conjunctions and prepositions
missing but response generally
make sense.
- Speech articulation is slurred.
- Comprehension is not seriously
affected.

5. WERNICKE’S APHASIA
(Receptive or Sensory)
Damage to Wernicke’s Area results
in:
 Loss of meaningful messages
 Language comprehension
difficulty, especially with complex
sentences.
SYMPTOMS OF
WERNICKE’S APHASIA
 They do not understand what
others say
 Poor comprehension of spoken
and written language
 Difficulty repeating sentences
accurately.
 Unaware of their own language
errors and disorganized speech
patterns.
 Word finding problems are

6. ANOMIC APHASIA
(Isolation Syndrome)
 It is fluent and expressive with
relatively few deficits in language
expression or comprehension
with the exception of naming.
 This form of aphasia is the most
pervasive type of chronic
condition even after treatment
and is the most common of
aphasia profiles.
SPEECH: Naming Deficit
 Fluent
 Normal Comprehension
 Able to repeat
DYSNOMIA: Mild
difficulty in naming

7. GLOBAL APHASIA (Central or Irreversible)
 Severe form of non fluent aphasia caused by damage to the left side
of the brain that affects receptive and expressive language skills
(needed for both oral and written language) as well as auditory and
visual comprehension.
 Combination of Broca’s and Wernicke’s Aphasia.

8. PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE APHASIA (PPA)
 Is a neurological syndrome in which language capabilities become
slowly and progressively impaired. Unlike other forms of Aphasia that
results from stroke or brain injury.
 Is caused by neurodegenerative disease, such as Alzheimer’s Disease
or Fronto Temporal Lobar Degeneration.

9. THREE (3) SUBTYPE OF PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE
APHASIA (PPA)
1. PROGRESSIVE NON FLUENT / AGRAMMATIC APHASIA
- people with this subtype having difficulty speaking- have difficulty
planning how “speech muscles” will form words – but still know the
meaning of words. Grammar problems are key feature of this subtype.
2. SEMANTIC VARIANT PPA
- People with this subtype lose the meaning of words
(comprehension). A person with this type of PPA can speak fluently but
things they say might not make sense and they might have trouble
understanding what others are saying.

10. 3. LOGOPENIC APHASIA (aka
Progressive Fluent Aphasia)
- People with this subtype have
difficulty finding the right words
when they are speaking, but they
usually still know the meaning of
words.
SYMPTOMS OF PPA AT
EARLY-STAGE:
• Slowing down, pausing or
stopping of speech
• Word-finding difficulty
• Written or spoken sentences with
abnormal word order
• Mispronouncing words
• Difficulty writing/reading
• Problems with spelling/arithmetic
• Inability to remember familiar
objects or how they are used
• Substituting a similar letter sound
– for ex: “t and d”

11. DYSLEXIA
- It is a defective reading that represents loss of competency due to brain
injury, degeneration and developmental failure to keep pace with reading
instructions.
DYSGNOSIA x)
- Means inefficient recognitions. This term was introduced by Sigmund
Freud in 1891 to means loss of the ability to recognize objects.
AGNOSTIC DYSLEXIA (Agnosic Alexia)
- Remains after a more generalized agnosia in adults with brain lesions.
Patients can read but throw a slow, letter by letter analysis of a word.
When there are errors in reading this results in distortions of words rather

12. POSTERIOR ALEXIA or PURE ALEXIA
- Without agraphia (pure alexia) is an acquired reading disorder in
which patient
is unable to read, despite preservation of other aspects of language
such as spelling and writing.
PURE ALEXIA
- Perceptual disorder causing impairment in reading words and letters.
- Patient can write to dictation but is unable to read back what has
been written.
- The patient can copy words and letters and in the act of copying the
words or tracing out the letters may recognize the word or letter.

13. VERBAL ALEXIA
- Associated with occipital lesions where patients could easily recognize
letters but could not grasp whole words. It is accompanied by a gaze
disturbance in which patients easily lost their place in lines and picked
out fragments from different lines.
OPTIC ALEXIA
- Is seen in adults with occipital lesions where letters similar in
configuration are mistaken from another. For example, “M and N or K
and X”.