Recommended
More Related Content
More from Jose Melendez
More from Jose Melendez (15)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
Hpai class slides 031119
- 1. CIIC#5995&100#/#ICOM#5995&100 Human#Perspective#in#Artificial#Intelligence# (HPAI) Professor'José'Meléndez,'PhD https://zoom.us/j/416053051 “Happiness is good health and a bad memory.” ! Ingrid Bergman (1915!1982)
- 2. Announcements • Zoom$Links$for$March$2019 • March&11: https://zoom.us/j/416053051 • March&13: https://zoom.us/j/801530554 • March&18: https://zoom.us/j/520741123 • March&20: https://zoom.us/j/568663196 • March&25: https://zoom.us/j/725236553 • March&27: https://zoom.us/j/178617841 • Exam$#2 Scheduled$as$Planned$for$April$1,$2019
- 3. Required(Reading • How$Emotions$are$Made:$The$Secret$Life$of$the$Brain • Chapter$4:$The$Origin$of$Feeling • Brain$Basics:$Genes$At$Work$In$The$Brain • National$Institute$of$Neurological$Disorders$and$Stroke • https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/PatientKCaregiverK Education/GenesKWorkKBrain
- 4. Next%Up • Artificial)vs)Human)Memory • Human&Memory • Mine&and&Yours&– Learning&in&the&Age&of&Google • Functional&Descriptions&= Review • Inside&the&Brain&= Neurons,&Glia&and&More 3D&Rendered&Neuron:&&&http://cinpla.org/2015/02/10/creating=a=3d=neuron=scene=in=blender=3/
- 5. Memory'&'Learning'in'the'Google'Age What%did%you%memorize as%K112%learners that%is% information%easily%found%on%the%internet? 1. Planets%of%our%solar%system 2. Periodic Table 3. Alphabet 4. History%– Foreign 5. History 1 Dates,%Events,%Wars,%Kings,%Civilizations 6. Presidents%of%the%USA;%Governors%of%PR 7. Multiplication%tables 8. Spelling & Grammar 9. Cursive%writing 10. Geometry – rules / theorems 11. Theories%&%Basis
- 6. Memory'&'Learning'in'the'Google'Age If#K%12#learners do not need#to#memorize#as#many# things,#what#should#they#spend#that#time#learning? 1.#Programming 2.#Custom#skills#and#learning 3.#Vocational 4. Investing#– Money#management#– credit#– airline#points# management 5.#Emotional#Intelligence#– 26#Influence#Tactics 6. Self%Learning 7.#Marketing#and#promotional#tools#– website#presence#/# engagement 8. Interpersonal skills (and understanding) 9.#Political#science#– “political” 10.#Planet#/#Resource#conservation
- 7. Next%Up • Artificial)vs)Human)Memory • Human&Memory • Functional&Descriptions • Inside&the&Brain&8 Neurons,&Glia&and&More 3D&Rendered&Neuron:&&&http://cinpla.org/2015/02/10/creating8a83d8neuron8scene8in8blender83/
- 8. Human&Memory&– Functional&Descriptions • Types&of&Memory&by&Duration: • Long&Term – Weeks,&Months,&and&Years • Short&Term Memory&– Minutes,&Hours,&Days • Working Memory&? Seconds • Memory is not an exact replica • We don’t store everything • Thoughts are created from what&is&remembered • Recreated thoughts may be manipulated • We&recall&our&last&recollection • The&subconscious&also&contains&memories • Reliance on what is remembered is fallible
- 9. Human&Memory&– Attributes • Songs&&&smells&can&trigger&memories • Memories can trigger memories (“chains”) • Memory creates and uses “patterns” • We&remember&facts&and&processes&(“how&too”) • Habits are like memories – tendencies • Playing&a&guitar&is&like&a&subconscious&memory • We forget things • Perception&of&time&is&altered by memory
- 10. Human&Memory&– What&We&Remember • Concepts • Events (unusual) • Signs3(symbols) • Associated feelings • People • Attributes • Senses?3(not3exactly) • Interpretation / Take Aways / Summary • Language • Objects
- 11. Next%Up • Artificial)vs)Human)Memory • Human&Memory • Inside&the&Brain&3 Neurons,&Glia&and&More 3D&Rendered&Neuron:&&&http://cinpla.org/2015/02/10/creating3a33d3neuron3scene3in3blender33/
- 12. Brain&&&Central&Nervous&System&Structure • Cerebrum • Cerebellum • Diencephalon • Brain1Stem https://i.pinimg.com/originals/78/32/e8/7832e8fa64810126a43f61c5f414e476.jpg
- 13. Brain&Cells&+ Types • Neurons • ~1011 Neurons+(nerve+cells)+in+Human+Brain • Regarded+as+cellular+substrate+of+cognitive+abilities • Action+potential communicators • Glia • ~1011 Glia+cells+in+Human+Brain • Support+function+for+the+nerve+cells • Involvement+in+tissue+repair • Three+Types • Astrocytes • Oligodendrocytes • Microglia https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27187682
- 14. Brain&Cells&+ Neurons • Neurons(consists(of(three(main(parts: • The(bulbous(part(of(a(neuron(is(called(the(soma and(contains( the(cell(nucleus. • From(the(soma,(one(axon ((a(“cable;like”(projection),(often( myelinated,(extends,(which(propagates(signals(to(other(cells( (neurons,(muscle,(etc.).(The(axon(forms(synapses(at(its( terminal(part,(when(it(its(“contacting”(other(cells. • The(soma(is(also(covered(by(dendrites,(which(in(most(case( are(the(“receiving”(entity,(which(are(connected(to(axon( terminals(of(other(neurons. https://www.body;and;brain.com/brain;cells.html
- 16. Brain&Cells&+ Dendrites • 3"Dimensional"geometry"could"store"Information • Also"composition,"length,"width,"connectivity,… • Alternatively"dendrites"could"comprise"analog"memory 0 1 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 Side'View Top'View
- 17. Brain&Cells&– About&Astrocytes • Memory'formation'during'learning'requires' some'suppression'of'retrieval'of'past'memories' to'avoid'interference.' • Acetylcholine'(ACh)'is'released'in'the' hippocampus'when'animals'learn,'and' disruption'of'cholinergic'signaling'impairs' memory'formation.' • Astrocytes'perform'various'functions'including' releasing'neurotransmitter'glutamate.' • Astrocytes'promote'experiential'learning'by' converting'cholinergic'input'into'glutamatergic' activation'of'inhibitory'interneurons'in'the' hippocampus. http://stke.sciencemag.org/content/9/430/ec126
- 18. Brain&Cells&+ Characteristics Cell$Membrane$and$Transmembrane Proteins: • The$cell$membrane$is$composed$of$a$phospholipid$ bilayer$ • Transmembrane$proteins include$different$types$of$ channel$proteins$that$serve$as$ion$channels. https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/12?4?the?action?potential/
- 22. Brain&Cells&– Action&Potential • Sodium'based,action,potentials,usually,last,for, under,one,millisecond • Calcium'based,action,potentials,may,last,for,100, milliseconds,or,longer. • Mean,conduction,velocity,1,m/s,to,over,100,m/s https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/12'4'the'action'potential/
- 23. Cells%& Generally https://www.scienceabc.com/pure3sciences/what3is3cytosol3how3is3it3different3from3cytoplasm.html • Cytosol9is9fluid9inside9living9cell • Cytoplasm9consists9of9cytosol9and9insoluble9suspended9 particles9(e.g.,9ribosomes)
- 24. Cells%& Cytosol https://www.scienceabc.com/pure3sciences/what3is3cytosol3how3is3it3different3from3cytoplasm.html • Cytosol9is9the9host9of9almost9all9chemical9reactions9and9 metabolic9processes9that9take9place9within9the9cell • Cytosol9is9the9site9for9cell9communication
- 26. Chromosomes https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/chromosome • The5DNA5molecule5is5 packaged5into5thread<like5 structures5called5 chromosomes.5 • Each5chromosome5is5made5up5 of5DNA5tightly5coiled5many5 times5around5proteins5called5 histones5that5support5its5 structure. • The5DNA5that5makes5up5 chromosomes5becomes5more5 tightly5packed5during5cell5 division5and5is5then5visible5 under5a5microscope.5 • Each5chromosome5has5a5 constriction5point5called5the5 centromere,5which5divides5 the5chromosome5into5two5 sections,5or5“arms.”5
- 27. Deoxyribonucleic-Acid-(DNA) https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/dna • Hereditary7material7in7humans7and7other7organisms • Nearly7every7cell7in7a7person’s7body7has7nearly'the'same'DNA • Most7DNA7is7located7in7the7cell7nucleus • The7information7in7DNA7is7stored7as7a7code7made7up7of7four7 chemical7bases:7adenine7(A),7guanine7(G),7cytosine7(C),7and7 thymine7(T).7 • DNA7bases7pair7up7with7each7other,7A7with7T7and7C7with7G,7to7 form7units7called7base7pairs • The7order,7or7sequence,7of7these7bases7determines7the7 information7available7for7building7and7maintaining7an7 organism • Human7DNA7consists7of7about737billion7bases,7and7more7than7 997percent7of7those7bases7are7the7same7in7all7people. • Each7strand7of7DNA7in7the7double7helix7can7serve7as7a7pattern7 for7duplicating7the7sequence7of7bases7
- 28. Base%4%Numerical%System%1 Encoding https://www.scienceabc.com/pure3sciences/what3is3cytosol3how3is3it3different3from3cytoplasm.html • A,:C,:G,:T:corresponding:to:1,:2,:3,:4 • AGTAACGT:= 1341123 • Base 2 is Binary • A,:C,:G,:T:corresponding:to:00,:01,:10,:11 • AGTAACGTT:=:0010110000011011 • If:0s:and:1s:can:store:any:image,:sound:or:other:data,:then:so: can:DNA • In Hexadecimal:AGTAACGTT:=:2C1B • But DNA appears to “act” through Genes which:are:comprised: of:many:more:base:pairs:(from:~102 to:~105)
- 29. Genes https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene • Genes5are5made5up5of5DNA • Only5about515percent5of5DNA5is5made5of5protein?coding5genes • Noncoding5DNA5does5not5provide5instructions5for5making5proteins • Noncoding5DNA5is5not5“junk”.
- 30. Genes https://www.genome.gov/dnaday/q.cfm?aid=639&year=2010 • DNACisCcharacterizedCbyClongCtermCmemoryC • DNA acts throughCGenes whichCareCcomprisedCofCmanyCbaseC pairsC(fromC~102 toC~106) • TheCsmallestCgene(s)CareCtheCtRNA's thatCareC76CbaseCpairsClong • AClargerCgeneCinCtheChumanCgenomeCisCTitinC(80,781CbaseCpairs) • Approximately 25,000 Human Genes in each cell • Gene “expression” is variableC!
- 31. What%is%Noncoding%DNA? https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/noncodingdna • 996percent6of6DNA6is6noncoding • Integral6to6cellular6function6and6the6control6of6gene6activity • Determine6when6and6where6genes6are6turned6on6and6off • Examples6of6Noncoding6DNA6regulatory6types: • Promoters6provide6binding6sites6for6the6protein6machinery6that6carries6 out6transcription.6 • Promoters6are6typically6found6just6ahead6of6the6gene6on6the6DNA6 strand. • Enhancers6provide6binding6sites6for6proteins6that6help6activate6 transcription.6 • Enhancers6can6be6found6on6the6DNA6strand6before6or6after6the6gene6 they6control,6sometimes6far6away. • Silencers6provide6binding6sites6for6proteins6that6repress6transcription.6 • Like6enhancers,6silencers6can6be6found6before6or6after6the6gene6they6 control6and6can6be6some6distance6away6on6the6DNA6strand.
- 32. Ribonucleic*Acid*(RNA) https://cdn.technologynetworks.com/tn/images/thumbs/jpeg/640_360/what>are>the>key>differences>between>dna>and>rna>296719.jpg • MessengerERNAE(mRNA)ETranscribesEDNAEGenes • RNAEis comprised of Uracil instead of Thymine
- 34. Cellular'Biology'Summary • Brain&Cells&have&a&Nucleus& • The&Nucleus&has&Chromosomes& • The&Chromosomes&are&comprised&of&DNA& • DNA is&comprised&of&Genes&(and&noncoding&DNA) • Gene encode&mRNA • mRNA&is&used&in&Ribosomes&with&tRNA to&make&proteins. • Proteins are the spice of life. • Memory could&be formed by any or all of the cell parts starting from the DNA to the&proteins&to&the&dendrites/axons&G either&in&composition,&concentrations,&connections,&or&even&in& physical&shape. • Cellular&memory&could&be&digital,&analog,&or&both.
- 35. Closing(Thoughts https://www.scienceabc.com/pure3sciences/what3is3cytosol3how3is3it3different3from3cytoplasm.html • Remember9the9senses?9 • The9senses9all9worked9with9different9types9of9receptors9that9 converted9one9of9the9five9sensible9energies/interactions9 into9electrical9signals9sent9to9the9brain9for9“interpretation”. • So if we could store9and9regenerate9in9the9brain9the patterns9produced9in9the9brain9by9the original receptor network, we could then remember9exactly9what9we9sensed9 before. • But do we remember exactly what9we sensed originally? • Read9this9slide9to9yourself.9As9you9read9it,9do9you9 “hear”9a9voice9in9your9head?
- 36. Next%Up • Perception • Making sense of the senses • Concepts • Emotions and Self • External8Agents8and8Influence8of8Others