Taste and Smell

1. CIIC#5995&100#/#ICOM#5995&100
Human#Perspective#in#Artificial#Intelligence#
(HPAI)
Professor'José'Meléndez,'PhD
https://zoom.us/j/823118094
"A rose by any other name would smell as sweet"
― William Shakespeare (156431616)
Conducted)Online)Due)to)Facility)Unavailability

2. Reading
• Required:
How$Emotions$are$Made:$The$Secret$Life$of$the$Brain
• Chapter$3:$The$Myth$of$Universal$Emotions

3. UPCOMING)IMPORTANT)DATES
• Homework(#3:
• Will$be$available$on$Moodle$by$Midnight$tomorrow
• Due$Wednesday$February$20,$2019
• This$Monday$February$18,$2019$is$a$School$Holiday$meaning$no$class$and$
no$office$hours.$
• Post$questions$on$Piazza.
• Exam(#1:
• Will$be$given$on$Monday$February$25,$2019 in$class.
• BRING(PENCILS
• Online$portions$in$Moodle$(if$any)$available$online$before$11:59PM$on$
Thursday$February$21,$2019.
• Material$will$relate$to$everything$covered$in$classes,$in$homeworks,$on$
Moodle$course$page,$and$required$reading$assigned$prior$to$the$date$of$
the$Exam.
• Suggest$to$review$class$slides$carefully$and$class$recordings$as$necessary$
to$better$understand$class$slides$(on$Moodle).
• If$you$missed$any$class$given$(faceQtoQface$or$online),$consider$the$online$
recording$of$that$class$as$required$reading$– and$watch$it.

4. Previously+in+HPAI+CIIC/ICOM+5995
• The “Environment” is Reality
• Only 5 types of Sensible Energies
or Interactions.
• Forces
• Electromagnetic Energy
• Biochemical Interactions
• Thermal Energy
• Electrical Energy
• Human Eyes and Ears only detect
a very small part of what is
photonically or sonically sensible
of Reality
• Electronics can do better.

5. Compare(&(Contrast Sight(and(Hearing
Ears/Sound Eyes/Light
How4are4they4alike?
1.4Both4have4inputs4through4physical4organ4
2.4Both4output4electrical4signals4for4further4brain4processing
3.4Both4have4ranges4which4we4sense4and4can4interpret
4.4Both4are4characterized4by4intensities4and4frequencies
5.4Distinct portions of each are sensitive to different aspects.
1.4No4physical4contact4(excluding4photons)
2.4Light4can4traverse4transparent4objects
3.4Light4is4waves4and4particles4(photons)
4.4Used4to4create4images
5.4Light4travels4at43x10^84m/s
6.4Closer4to4reality4S timewise
1.4Sensitive4to4vibrations4in4air
2.4Sound4can4traverse4opaque4objects
3.4In4air4sounds4are4waves
4.4Sound4in4air4travels4at43434m/s
5.4Can4determine4direction4origin4in4some4
cases4without4the4organ4pointing4to4it.
How4are4they4different?

6. • Hearing(and(Seeing(kind(of(go(together
• Sounds(are(vibrational(phenomenon(of(varying(frequency(
and(strength
• Light(is(electromagnetic(phenomenon(of(varying(frequency(
and(strength
• The(resulting(electrical(impulses(making(their(way(to(the(
brain(are(pretty(well(organized(in(space(and/or(time
• It’s(high(speed,(high(quality(data(for(the(brain(to(process
• There(is(a(reproducible(and(“precise”(stimulus
Observations,of,Human,Senses,2 I

7. Observations,of,Human,Senses,2 II
Why,I,Love,Eyes,and,Ears
• Photons'and'“Phonons”'(Not'really'phonons,'but'it'rhymes)
• It'is'physics.
• There'are'a'limited'number'of'variables.
• There'is'a'one'to'one'relationship.
• The'equations'are'known.
• The'physical'phenomenon'transduce'to'electrical'signals.'
• Electrical'signals'are'readily'“computerized”'into'bits'of'
bytes'mapped'to'space'and'time.
• Frequencies'allow'us'to'perceive'lots'of'information'
transmitted'simultaneously
• Smelling'and'Tasting'is'a'whole'different'story.
• It'is'biochemistry.

8. Next%Up:%Human%Taste%Sensing
• Taste&Sensing
• How&our&Tongues&Sense
• Resolution&/&Diversity
• Sensitivity
• Artificial&Tasting
• Smell&Sensing
• How&our&Noses&Sense
• Resolution&/&Diversity
• Sensitivity
• Artificial&Smelling
• OPEN Q/A FOR EXAM&PREP
• Touch&Sensing&
• Internal&Sensing

9. Taste&Video&(On&Moodle)
https://youtu.be/-vp1X7_u3KU

10. • We#sense#molecules#transported#to#taste#bud#receptors#on#the#
surface#of#our#tongue,#roof#of#mouth,#and#back#of#throat.
• The#tongue’s#thousands#of#taste#buds#have#a#disputed#number#
of#distinct#types#of#receptors#that#collaborate#helping#us#to#
distinguish:
• Sweet
• Savory#(Umami)
• Sour
• Salty
• Bitter
• The#interaction#of#receptors#with#target#molecules#results#in#
electrical#signals.
Observations,of,Taste

11. • We#sense#molecules#transported#to#taste#bud#receptors#on#the#
surface#of#our#tongue,#roof#of#mouth,#and#back#of#throat.
• The#tongue’s#thousands#of#taste#buds#have#a#disputed#number#
of#distinct#types#of#receptors#that#collaborate#helping#us#to#
distinguish:
• Sweet
• Savory#(Umami)
• Sour
• Salty
• Bitter
• The#interaction#of#receptors#with#target#molecules#results#in#
electrical#signals.
Observations,of,Taste
Caution:#How#“taste”#sensing#really#works#is#still#being#determined.#
Note:#The#receptors#are#classified#based#on#what#is#perceived#versus#what#is#measured.
Observation:#We#can#distinguish#the#taste#of#few#foods#when#we#can’t#smell.

12. • We#sense#molecules#transported#to#taste#bud#receptors#on#the#
surface#of#our#tongue,#roof#of#mouth,#and#back#of#throat.
• The#tongue’s#thousands#of#taste#buds#have#a#disputed#number#
of#distinct#types#of#receptors#that#collaborate#helping#us#to#
distinguish:
• Sweet#? HAPPY
• Savory#(Umami)#? SURPRISE
• Sour#? SADNESS
• Salty#? DISGUST
• Bitter#? ANGER
• The#interaction#of#receptors#with#target#molecules#results#in#
electrical#signals.
Observations,of,Taste
Caution:#How#“taste”#sensing#really#works#is#still#being#determined.#
Note:#The#receptors#are#classified#based#on#what#is#perceived#versus#what#is#measured.
Observation:#We#can#distinguish#the#taste#of#few#foods#when#we#can’t#smell.

13. Primary'Taste'Sensitivities
http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/pregastric/taste.html
NOTE:
• M>is>Molar>or>1>mol/L.
• Mole>(abbreviated>“mol”)>will>be>the>amount>of>a>chemical>
substance>containing>exactly>6.02214076x1023 constituents>
(in>this>case>molecules).

14. Specificity)of)Receptors
http://www.bioinfo.org.cn/book/biochemistry/chapt03/bio2.htm
Taste&receptors&can&distinguish&compounds&that&differ&
only&in&the&spatial&arrangement&of&their&atoms.

15. Exemplary*Taste*Testing
http://www.healthcommunities.com/ear3nose3throat3tests/smell3and3taste3testing.shtml

16. Exemplary*Artificial*Taste*Receptor
• Flow%Channel%passes liquid over%Biochemical%Receptor%Layers
• Surface%plasmon%oscillations%shift%with%binding%to%Receptors%and%“affinity”
• Photosensors%transforms excitation%absorption%angles%into%electrical signals%

17. Next%Up:%Human%Smell%Sensing
• Smell%Sensing
• How%our%Noses%Sense
• Resolution%/%Diversity
• Sensitivity
• Artificial%Smelling
• OPEN%Q/A%FOR%EXAM%PREP
• Touch%Sensing%
• Internal%Sensing

18. Smell%Video%(On%Moodle)
https://youtu.be/5.McqAO8_Qw

19. Exemplary*Aromatics*– What*We*Smell
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroma_compound

20. Specificity)of)Receptors
http://www.bioinfo.org.cn/book/biochemistry/chapt03/bio2.htm
Olfactory receptors-can-distinguish-compounds-
that-differ-only-in-the-spatial-arrangement-of-
their-atoms.

21. • We#smell#combinations#of#molecules#transported#in#air
• The#molecules#are#effectively#concentrated#at#our#receptors
• The#Nose#has#over#5,000,000#“olfactory#receptors”#of#400#
differing#types#for#distinguishing#allegedly#over#
1,000,000,000,000#scents.
• This#is#classic#pattern#recognition#and#learning
• If#we#wrote#down#a#name#– each#second#– for#each#smell#we#
can#smell#– it#would#take#us#around#31,688#years.
• Note#we#can#associate#smells#with#experiences#and#not#
necessarily#with#only#words.#
• Corresponding#electrical#signals#travel#directly#to#the#brain.
Observations,of,Smell

22. Exemplary*Smell*Testing
http://www.healthcommunities.com/ear3nose3throat3tests/smell3and3taste3testing.shtml

23. Exemplary*Artificial*Olfactory*Receptor
• Air$Suction$Channel$(not$shown)$passes air over$Chemically$Sensitive$Layer
• Piezoelectric$driven$oscillation$frequency$changes$on$reception$event
• Transducer$transforms vibrational$frequencies$into$electrical signals$
http://www.coffeeresearch.org/science/nose.pdf

24. Arrays&of&different&Receptors&form&“Image”
http://www.coffeeresearch.org/science/nose.pdf

25. Compare(&(Contrast
Eyes%&%Ears Tongue/Nose
How%are%they%alike?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
How%are%they%different?

26. Next%Up
• OPEN%Q/A FOR EXAM PREP
• Touch%Sensing%
• Internal%Sensing