Computers have become essential parts of modern technology and can perform calculations, store and retrieve information, and communicate with other computers. Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer like input devices, output devices, storage, and microprocessors. Common computer input devices include keyboards, mice, trackballs, touchpads, and webcams, while output devices include monitors, printers, speakers, faxes, and plotters. Software programs direct the computer on what tasks to perform. Operating systems like Windows manage basic functions and allow interaction with software, hardware, and files.