Top 10 STEM RELATED Facts and Discoveries
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Laws, principles, controversies, theorems, paradox, arguments And much more curious stuff about STEM
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Top 10 STEM RELATED Facts and Discoveries
- 1. TOP 10 MIND-BOGGLING STEM-RELATED FACTS AND DISCOVERIES (laws, principles, controversies, theorems, paradox, arguments, and other curious stuff!) Talkie Time: Research worth Sharing
- 2. THE CALCULUS CONTROVERSY an argument between the mathematicians Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz over who had first invented calculus
- 3. CALCULUS CONTROVERSY Calculus, known in its early history as infinitesimal calculus, is a mathematical discipline focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz independently discovered calculus in the mid-17th century. However, each inventor claimed the other stole his work in a bitter dispute that continued until the end of their lives. Educational Research 2e: Creswell
- 4. WHICH SIDE ARE YOU? SIR ISAAC NEWTON • A humble servant of the Royal Mint, two-time parliamentarian and a scientific titan whose name, along with Einstein is synonymous with physics today. • Published “The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” or “Principia” in 1687. ( Motion of bodies in free space, movement of bodies in a restricted medium, and celestial mechanics) GOTTFRIED LEIBNIZ • A remarkable master of mathematics. He wrote his first book on the Combinatorial Art on the age of 19. • He worked with natural philosophy, shaping our modern library, invented the mechanical calculator and creating the binary notation. • Developed Calculus as early as 1675 independently. (integrals) Educational Research 2e: Creswell
- 5. NEWTON WINS! The reason is that Leibniz published his works not as early as 1684 but the full version of it that conceptualizes differentiation and integration was published on 1693 – The Fundamental theorem of Calculus, years later than Newton’s Principia. This delay, along with a growing rivalry between thinkers from different nations, meant that Leibniz never really got the credit he deserved. The Royal Society also favored Newton from the very start. Educational Research 2e: Creswell
- 6. EULER’s IDENTITY a formula that connects five of the most important numbers in mathematics using four of the most important mathematical operations and relations – addition, multiplication, exponentiation and equality
- 7. The equation combines five of the most important numbers in mathematics. These are: 1 – the basis of all other numbers 0 – the concept of nothingness pi – the number that defines a circle e – the number that underlies exponential growth i – the "imaginary" square root of -1 The numbers all have many practical applications, including communication, navigation, energy, manufacturing, finance, meteorology and medicine. But that's not all. Euler's identity also contains the three most basic mathematical operations: addition, multiplication and exponentiation.
- 8. FERMAT’s LAST THEOREM states that no three positive integers a, b, and c satisfy the equation an + bn = cn for any integer value of n greater than 2. The cases n = 1 and n = 2 have been known to have infinitely many solutions since antiquity
- 9. CASE SOLVED? The mathematics problem he solved had been lingering since 1637 — and he first read about it when he was just 10 years old. This week, British professor Andrew Wiles, 62, got prestigious recognition for his feat, winning the Abel Prize from the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters for providing a proof for Fermat's Last Theorem. The Abel Prize carries a cash award of 6 million Norwegian kroner — around $715,000 at today's exchange rates. Wiles will formally receive the prize from Crown Prince Haakon of Norway on May 24 in Oslo. Educational Research 2e: Creswell
- 10. PLACEBO EFFECT The idea that your brain can convince your body a fake treatment is the real thing — the so-called placebo effect — and thus stimulate healing has been around for millennia.
- 11. MORE ABOUT PLACEBO Placebo Also Occurs Amongst dogs (and other animals) Antidepressants Are (basically) A Total Sham You Can Placebo Yourself Into Inebriation Where You Live Affects Placebo Placebo Still Works even Though You Know its A Placebo Placebo Has An Evil Twin Named “Nocebo”.
- 12. ZIPF’s LAW states that given a large sample of words used, the frequency of any word is inversely proportional to its rank in the frequency table
- 13. EXPLANATION Zipf's law states that given a large sample of words used, the frequency of any word is inversely proportional to its rank in the frequency table. So word number N has a frequency proportional to 1/N. For example, in one sample of words in the English language, the most frequently occurring word, "the", accounts for nearly 7% of all the words (69,971 out of slightly over 1 million). True to Zipf's Law, the second-place word "of" accounts for slightly over 3.5% of words (36,411 occurrences), followed by "and" (28,852). Only about 135 words are needed to account for half the sample of words in a large sample.
- 14. FREQUENTLY USED WORDS (ZIPF’S LAW)
- 15. PARETO PRINCIPLE specifies that 80 percent of consequences come from 20 percent of the causes, or an unequal relationship between inputs and outputs
- 16. PARETO PRINCIPLE • In 1906, the economist Vilfredo Pareto noticed 80% of the land in Italy was owned by only 20% of the population. He first observed his law in his own garden when he noticed that 20% of the pea pods generates 80% of the healthy peas. Educational Research 2e: Creswell
- 17. WHAT ABOUT IT? • You wear 20% of your clothes, 80% of the time. • In a book, 20% of its pages contains 80% of the most important information. • 20% of the company’s costumers produce 80% of company’s revenue THE PARETO PRINCIPLE SHOWS UP OVER AND OVER AGAIN IN ALMOST EVERY FIELD. Educational Research 2e: Creswell
- 18. MURPHY’s LAW Murphy's Law taps into our tendency to dwell on the negative and overlook the positive. It seems to poke fun at us for being such hotheads, and it uses the rules of probability -- the mathematical likeliness that something will occur -- to support itself.
- 19. MATHEMATICS BEHIND MURPHY’s LAW “If anything can go wrong, it will go wrong. “ is one way to express the famous adage known by such names as Murphy’s Law, Finagle’s Law, and Sod’s Law. Some people consider it a myth while others take it seriously. British mathematician Philip Obadya. working with colleagues David Lewis and Keylan Leyser, came up with a formula that statistically calculates the likelihood of this law. Working with a sample of over 1000 people. Obadya’s equation is: The Rating of Sod’s Law, RSL, ends up ranging between 0 and 8.6, where the higher number warns you that it’s likely something may happen.
- 20. FERMI PARADOX There should be 100000 intelligent alien civilizations in our galaxy — so why haven't we found any of them?
- 22. POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO THE PARADOX There are no signs of higher (Type II and III) civilizations because there are no higher civilizations in existence. WE ARE RARE
- 23. WE ARE THE FIRST
- 24. WE ARE IN TROUBLE
- 25. DOOMSDAY ARGUMENT probabilistic argument that claims to predict the number of future members of the human species given an estimate of the total number of humans born so far.
- 26. • The doomsday argument points out that from 200 billion people, there’s a 50 percent chance that a human like you will be born in the first 100 billion. Whereas if there were 10 trillion humans that could possibly exist, your existence is only a very unlikely 1% chance that a human would be born in the first 100 billion. • Either you are extremely lucky to be born as early as you were or, the more disturbing scenario; there are only very few humans and extinction is coming sooner rather than later… Educational Research 2e: Creswell
- 27. TECHNOLOGICAL SINGULARITY the hypothesis that the invention of artificial superintelligence (ASI) will abruptly trigger runaway technological growth, resulting in unfathomable changes to human civilization
- 28. SOONER or LATER? The idea that human history is approaching a “singularity”—that ordinary humans will someday be overtaken by artificially intelligent machines or cognitively enhanced biological intelligence, or both—has moved from the realm of science fiction to serious debate. Some singularity theorists predict that if the field of artificial intelligence (AI) continues to develop at its current dizzying rate, the singularity could come about in the middle of the present century.