2. ā¢ word derived from Greek , bronchion
meaning windpipe and ektasis
stretching out
ā¢ bronchiectasis is present when one or
more bronchi are abnormally and
irreversibily dilated
ā¢ not a separate disease but a result of
various affections of lungs and bronchi
10. abnormalities of ciliary function
DEFECTS : absence of one or both rows of dynein arms
OR
absence of spoke heads or central sheaths in
others
CLINICAL FEATURES:
ā¢ Male infertility
ā¢ Dextrocardia
ā¢ Respiratory symptoms ( from infancy or early childhood) ļ
chronic rhinorrhoea and sinusitis
ā¢ otitis media
ā¢ mild deafness
ā¢ cough
12. IMMOTILE CILIA SYNDROME
ā¢ Primary ciliary dyskinesis
ā¢ transmitted by autosomal recessive gene with
incomplete penetrance
13. YOUNGāS SYNDROME
ā¢ Idiopathic obstructive azoospermia
ā¢ chronic paranasal sinusitis
ā¢ lower respiratory tract disease
ā¢ obstructive azoospermia
ā¢ due to a common defect of ciliated columnar epithelium at these
different sites
14. ā¢ history of mercury intoxication in childhood (āpink diseaseā,
caused by mercurous chloride in teething powders and
vermifuges) was obtained in some patients who later
developed Youngās syndrome,
15. CYSTIC FIBROSIS
ā¢ hereditary disorder
ā¢ activity of a chloride channel - cystic fibrosis transmembrane
conductance regulator (CFTR) is reduced due to genetic mutation
ā¢ early symptoms are due to pancreatic insufficiency
ā¢ patients who survive develop persistent lower respiratory tract
infection ļ bronchiectasis
16. lungs of patients with CF are virtually normal in utero, but once
breathing commences
Electrolyte transport defect
desiccated and viscid secretions
impair mucociliary clearance
trapped organisms lead to a cycle of persistent and
increasing inflammatory load
widespread bronchiectatic changes
17. Classic triad :
pulmonary disease
pancreatic insufficiency
raised sweat sodium concentration of 70mmol/L or more
azoospermic as a result of congenital bilateral absence of vas
deferens
18. INHALATIONAL INJURY
ā¢ developing as a consequence of inhalation or aspiration
of toxic or irritant substances, either in liquid form or
when contained in smoke or fumes
20. ALPHA 1 ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY
ā¢ proteases released from phagocytes during pyogenic infection
may cause bronchial wall damage if unopposed by
antiproteases (a1-antitrypsin )
21. PULMONARY AGENESIS
ā¢ most bronchi in a lobe or lung are found to be dilated
ā¢ present since childhood with symptoms and signs consistent
with bronchiectasis.
ā¢ affected part of the lung shows no evidence of alveoli
ā¢ partial pulmonary agenesis with a failure of peripheral parts of
lung to develop.
22. PULMONARY SEQUESTRATED SEGMENT
ā¢ Bronchiectasis may occur congenitally
within an intralobar sequestration that
contains disorganized, dilated and
deformed bronchi
ā¢ These may communicate with normal
surrounding lung tissue if sequestration
becomes complicated by infection and
ruptures.
23. TRACHEOBRONCHOMEGALY
ā¢ Mountier Kuhn syndrome
ā¢ Congenital
ā¢ cartilagenous rings of the trachea and its divisions as far as segmental
bronchi are enlarged
ā¢ marked dilatation of the trachea and central bronchi
ā¢ elastic and muscular tissues between rings of cartilage are atrophic
and may tend to bulge between rings in manner of tracheal
diverticulae
24. ā¢ intrathoracic trachea and main
bronchi dilate during inspiration
and collapse on expiration
ā¢ associated with chronic lower
respiratory tract infection and
bronchiectasis
ā¢ diagnosed in 4th or 5th decades
25. WILLIAMS CAMPBELL SYNDROME
ā¢ Bronchomalacia
ā¢ congenital syndrome
ā¢ defective or completely absent bronchial wall cartilage ļ
producing mechanical abnormality ļ bronchiectasis
ā¢ Symptoms ( cough) begin from infancy.
ā¢ defect may extend from the 4th to the 8th generations of
bronchi
ā¢ CT shows ballooning expansion of the proximal bronchi
during inspiration, with collapse during expiration
28. COMMON VARIED IMMUNODEFICIENCY
(CVID)
ā¢ Presenting at any age
ā¢ peak incidence in childhood and adolescence
ā¢ associated with chronic sinusitis and repeated episodes of infective bronchitis leading to
bronchiectasis in adult life.
ā¢ levels of immunoglobulins are rather variable
ā¢ IgG reduced to less than 2g/L
ā¢ IgA is often virtually undetectable
ā¢ IgM may be reduced to less than 0.2g/L
29. ā¢ selective IgG subclass deficiencies -- may be found in the presence of a
normal total IgG level
ā¢ Bronchiectasis is not usually associated with isolated IgA or IgM
deficiencies but is more likely if these occur in association with selective
IgG subclass deficiencies
31. ā¢ Immunity also be impaired by both neutrophil and T-cell
dysfunction.
ā¢ Bronchiectasis also been associated with a natural killer cell
dysfunction in which lymphocytes do not express human leucocyte
antigen (HLA) class I antigen on their surface ļ bare lymphocyte
syndromeā
32. HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
human immunodeficiency virus infection
repeated infection - common respiratory pathogens, such as
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella
catarrhalis,Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, pneumocystic carinii
bronchiectasis
34. PERTUSSIS
ā¢ WHOOPING COUGH
ā¢ Bordetella pertussis
ā¢ spread by droplet infection
ā¢ Infection
elaboration of local toxins
ciliostasis with inflammation and oedema of the tracheal
and bronchial mucosa necrosis with sloughing of cells.
36. ADENOVIRUS
ā¢ account for about 5% of respiratory infections in children
ā¢ serotypes 1, 3, 4, 7 and 21 more virulent than others
ā¢MYCOBACTERIUM
37. PNEUMONIA
ā¢ When pneumonia precedes bronchiectasis, acute event has
often occurred in childhood and is poorly documented
ā¢ pneumonic episode may follow on the heels of epidemic
childhood infection
ā¢ Bacterial pneumonic infections are much more likely to be
controlled ļ widespread availability of antibiotics
39. Proximal and prolonged more central bronchial obstruction may
result from
(i) intraluminal occlusion
slow-growing tumour ā carcinoid tumours , benign
tumour ( lipoma, papilloma, fibroma, chondroma)
aspirated solid foreign body
(ii)extramural compression -- mediastinal or other masses
40. ā¢ Obstruction of small peripheral bronchi is a feature of LRTI in
children, notably where mucus and inflammatory debris are shed
into lumina of peripheral bronchi (because of their small
diameters)
41. MIDDLE LOBE SYNDROME
ā¢ Brockās syndrome
ā¢ middle lobe bronchus susceptible to occlusion because of its
relatively small lumen and its emergence from intermediate
bronchus at a right angle
ā¢ this point surrounded by lymph nodes that if enlarged tend to
compress it
42. ASPIRATION OF FOREIGN BODY
ā¢ right side is affected more often than left
ā¢ usually lower lobe or posterior segment of the upper lobe.
45. ā¢ lymphocyte-mediated defect resulting in failure to
recognize āselfā, with consequent production of
antibodies against a range of normal tissue
components, including mucosal surfaces
47. ALLERGIC BRONCHOPULMONARY MYCOSES
ā¢ Atopic subjects, who usually have asthma, are affected
by this condition which arises as a result of allergy to
Aspergillus spp
ā¢ A. fumigatus frequently seen.
ā¢ CXR :āfleeting infiltratesā (or rounded opacities)
ā¢ fleeting shadows clear spontaneously or with systemic
corticosteroid treatment
ā¢ pathology shows an alveolar eosinophilic infiltrate
ā¢ central bronchiectasis
Chest radiograph
showing rounded
opacities
48. YELLOW NAIL SYNDROME
triad : yellow, thickened, dystrophic finger-nails
chronic dependent lymphoedema
pleural effusions
result from hypoplastic peripheral and pleural lymphatics,
associated with sinusitis, recurrent pulmonary infections and
bronchiectasis.
49. MECHANISMS OF BRONCHI DILATION
1. ATELECTASIS THEORY
2. PRESSURE OF SECRETION THEORY
3. TRACTION THEORY
50. ATELECTASIS THEORY
ā¢ Terminal bronchioles subtending acini (primary lobules) are
obstructed by secretions.
ā¢ Air is absorbed from acini which collapse,creating increased
negative pressure on bronchi.
ā¢ bronchi dilate into saccules.
51. PRESSURE AND SECRETION THEORY
ā¢ plugging of a bronchus with mucus or other material
ā¢ secretions distal to obstruction accumulate and mechanically
distend the bronchi beyond block
52. TRACTION THEORY
ā¢ bronchial dilatation occurs secondarily to fibrosis of lung
parenchyma, the resulting scar tissue requiring high inflation
pressures on inspiration to overcome abnormally high retractive
forces