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211956625-Contemporary-Canadian-Business.pdf
1. This 10th Edition of Contemporary Canadian Business Law also marks its 30th
anniversary providing students with a clear understanding of the legal environment
for business professionals, owners and managers in Canada.
This text provides students with the legal knowledge and edge they require, matched
to the course offerings of Canada’s universities and colleges. This text covers all the core
topics of business law, as well as many emerging topics, allowing instructors to design
courses appropriate for the particular needs and interests of their students and business
program.
Covering the full span of business law in the everyday commercial world, the text
is divided into six parts. Part 1 introduces the law and the legal system, establishing the
nature of law and its system of administration. Part 2 delves into torts, one of the old-
est and most interesting areas of the law, and one that rapidly comes to the fore when
business ventures cause injury to others. Part 3 looks at the heavy-lifting of commercial
relationships, the law of contract, while Part 4 examines the various forms of business
organizations as well as common commercial relationships. Part 5 explores the rights
and responsibilities associated with property, including intellectual property. Part 6 treats
a variety of special legal rights and relationships, from consumer protection and bank-
ruptcy to environmental law and international legal issues and obligations.
Contemporary Canadian Business Law adopts a learning goals approach to the law,
with clear learning goals leading the way as each chapter opens. In addition to clarity
in development and explanation, scope, depth, interest and debate are further fuelled
through use of special features. These range from management advisories and checklists,
to ethical questions, case summaries and topical media items that will be familiar to many
students. Tying it all together, review questions, mini-cases and discussion cases provide
not only review, but drive home the application of legal principles and rules to business
problems.
JAW
JHW
PREFACE
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2. xiii
Preface
A STUDENT’S GUIDE
Contemporary Canadian Business Law, 10th edition, offers pedagogical features to help
students learn and apply the concepts found throughout the text. Each chapter is orga-
nized to enhance the learning process, and includes a concise outline of the important
business and legal principles relating to each topic. The following will help to guide you
through the text.
Part Openers
The text is organized into six parts and each part opens with a list of the chapters that are
included within the part.
Chapter Objectives
Each chapter begins with a list of its primary learning objectives. This useful tool enables
students to see what they should expect to learn in each chapter.
CHAPTER 7 An Introduction to the Legal Relationship
CHAPTER 8 The Requirement of Consideration
CHAPTER 9 Legal Capacity to Contract and the Requirement of Legality
CHAPTER 10 The Requirements of Form, Writing and Privacy
CHAPTER 11 Failure to Create an Enforceable Contract
CHAPTER 12 The Extent of Contractual Rights
CHAPTER 13 Performance of Contractual Obligations
CHAPTER 14 Breach of Contract and Remedies
THE LAW OF CONTRACT
PART 3
Chapter Objectives
After study of this chapter, students should be able to:
• Explain how the legal doctrine of mistake may result in the failure to
create an enforceable contract.
• Distinguish between different kinds of misrepresentation, and the results
of each.
• Explain the difference between undue influence and duress, and the
effect of these factors on enforceability of a contract.
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3. xiv Preface
Case In Point
Case In Point features appear in most chapters. Case In Point boxes give a brief descrip-
tion of a recent legal decision that affects the business world, reinforcing the lessons
learned in the text and the Court Decisions.
A Question of Ethics
This box raises ethical questions for discussion with respect to particular business activities
and compliance with the law. This feature acts as a springboard for exploration of legal
issues in business that are in today’s headline news and are timeless.
Court Decisions
Court Decisions convey to students the overall importance of “classic” cases in the
development of the law and their continuing relevance to business today.
Adentist moved his dental practice to a city
mall, and announced the move in the local
newspaper. As a result, the mall placed a “welcome”
advertisement in the newspaper, and a reporter
interviewed him. The reporter’s article described the
new office, and included a photograph of the dentist.
When the provincial dental board became aware of
this, it began disciplinary action against the dentist
on the basis that the publicity violated the board’s
rule which prohibited this form of advertising.
The dentist made an application to the provincial
Supreme Court, which stayed the board’s actions
against him as he had neither solicited nor paid for
the article but was only exercising his freedom of
expression.
Carmichael v. Provincial Dental Board of Nova Scotia, 1998
CanLll 1773 (N.S.S.C).
CASE IN POINT
A QUESTION OF ETHICS
Exemption clauses can allow one party to escape per-
formance or liability while compelling the other party to
perform. In interpreting them, judges exercise a certain
degree of social conscience. If you were a judge, what
persuasive factors would enter your mind in deciding to
uphold such a clause, or to strike it down?
Contract—Tender in Error—Right to Withdraw—Reliance on Tender
Gloge Heating and Plumbing Ltd. v. Northern Construction Co. Ltd., 1986 ABCA 3 (CanLII).
Gloge submitted a tender to do certain mechanical work for Northern Construction. Northern Construction entered
into a construction contract to do work on the strength of Gloge’s bid. Gloge later discovered that the bid was too low
and refused to do the work. Northern Construction was obliged to have the work done by another company but the
cost was much higher. Northern Construction then brought an action against Gloge for the amount of its loss, and
was successful. Gloge appealed.
THE APPEAL COURT: … The owner [of the construction project] duly accepted Northern’s tender and awarded it the
work. Gloge refused to perform the mechanical subcontract, so that Northern was required to make alternative arrange-
ments by employing a subsidiary at an increase of $341,299 in the mechanical subcontract price. Was Gloge’s tender
revocable after close of tender? Gloge knew that Northern would select a mechanical tender and rely on it, and Gloge also
knew that the tenders of the general contractors to the owner would be irrevocable for the time set out in the contract
documents. Perhaps these facts of themselves might justify holding the Gloge tender to be irrevocable. But, in addition,
the trial judge accepted certain expert evidence given at the trial by two witnesses who had been in the construction
industry for many years. That evidence demonstrated that it was normal and standard practice for general contractors
to accept last minute telephone tenders from subcontractors, and that it was understood and accepted by those in the
industry that while such tenders could be withdrawn, that such tenders must remain irrevocable for the same term that
the general contractors’ tenders to the owner are irrevocable ….
COURT DECISION: Practical Application of the Law
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4. xv
Preface
Front-Page Law
This feature takes its inspiration from headlines in the media. The authors have identified
the relevant topic that relates to the news article, explained the legal/business context, and
included a question for discussion.
Your Business At Risk
Most chapters open with a feature example that relates the chapter content to the
management of risk in a business organization.
Management Alert: Best Practice
These features illustrate risky situations in which business law principles can be used to
avoid serious hazards or seize business opportunities.
Chris Goddard places a ball on his living room floor
and watches as it rolls to the south side of his Beaches
home.
This is no poltergeist at work but rather a structural
problem that has left his home, and a handful of others
along the southeast side of Glen Manor Drive, slightly
tilted to one side.
“It was one of the features and characteristics that
drew us to it,” he said.
The crookedness also had little effect on his neigh-
bours, who were unable to resist the posh two-storey
duplexes with a beach for a backyard. Unfortunately, they
did not put in proper foundations to counter the effects
of a stream that ran below.
The tilt on some homes is more obvious than on oth-
ers. For example, Derek Ferris’s home and his neighbour’s
home lean toward each other, causing his eavestrough to
fit snugly underneath his neighbour’s and their chimneys
to kiss.
Because both homes are effectively trespassing on
each other’s property, owners have “encroachment
agreements.”
He did have some initial concerns when he first saw
the place, but those worries were soon dismissed after
the house was checked out by a structural engineer and
given a clean bill of health.
“Any settlement that will take place will occur in the
first few years of life,” said John Zimnoch, a sales associ-
ate with Re/Max.
Mr. Zimnoch said the crookedness does slightly
affect the value of the homes and limits the number of
prospective buyers.
“A lot of buyers will come along and see the houses
and think there is probably a structural problem,” he
FRONT-PAGE LAW
Yes, our chimneys kiss. We like it that way. Life on a tilt:
Faulty foundations on street in Beaches root of the problem
YOUR BUSINESS AT RISK
Negligent acts and accidents happen. Businesses must be aware of when, how, and
to what degree they will be responsible for unintentional or careless acts, and to the
extent that they may recover for careless acts done to them. A single liability suit for an
accident that could have been avoided can run to millions of dollars and may bankrupt
the dreams of the owner or investors.
MANAGEMENT ALERT: BEST PRACTICE
• Make employee safety a genuine corporate priority.
• Mark products with serial numbers to allow tracking
and recall. Take proactive steps for safety’s sake.
• Document business processes into manuals for
employee guidance.
• Document and discipline employee misbehaviour.
• Use appropriate warning labels.
• Archive customer correspondence and complaints.
• Participate actively in industry and professional
associations to keep abreast of best practices.
• Devote meaningful resources to employee training.
• Instill pride in a job well done. Refuse to reward poor
performance.
• Keep complete production records.
• Record sources and dates of raw materials and
supplies.
• Conduct in-house product testing.
• Record and learn from feedback and problems.
• Issue complete instruction manuals, documentation
and registration cards to purchasers.
Business managers can take concrete steps toward reducing the risk of negligence and liability.
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5. xvi Preface
Clients, Suppliers or Operations in Quebec
Businesses in the Common Law provinces that deal with Quebec firms will be subject to
the rules imposed by Quebec’s Civil Code. To emphasize this reality, the Clients, Suppliers
or Operations in Quebec feature illustrates how common transactions may be treated
differently in Quebec.
Checklists
These numbered lists substantiate the key points in the chapter.
Shaded Examples
Examples are shaded throughout the text to reinforce the chapter material.
Most of the Common Law jurisdictions in Canada have
or are moving toward a basic two-year limitation period
for commencement of most civil actions (from the date
at which the claimant became aware or should have
become aware of the wrong). The Civil Code of Quebec,
however, provides a wide array of limitation periods
ranging between one year and ten years for civil actions,
for action commenced in that province. See CCQ, Book
Eight, Prescription.
CLIENTS, SUPPLIERS or OPERATIONS in QUEBEC
1. Was an act committed that is prohibited by Common Law?
2. Was it intentional?
3. Was it outside of a contract (or trust)?
If the answer is “yes” to all three, an intentional tort exists. Regardless, other liability may
still exist under criminal law, contract law, or the law of negligence (unintentional torts).
CHECKLIST FOR INTENTIONAL TORTS
Alport and Bush enter into an agreement that will provide a benefit for Cooke, who
is not a party to the agreement. Under the privity of contract rule, Cooke could not
enforce the promise to confer the benefit. Only the person who gave consideration
for the promise could enforce the agreement. However, if that person refuses to
take court action, Cooke would be entitled to do so. The reasoning here is that if
the trustee of the benefit refused or was unable to act to enforce the promise, this in
turn would affect Cooke’s rights as beneficiary of the trust. This would also be the
case if the trustee, once in possession of the funds or benefit, refused to confer the
benefit on the beneficiary.
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6. xvii
Preface
Charts and Diagrams
Charts and diagrams have been included throughout the text serving to illustrate and
clarify important concepts.
END OF CHAPTER MATERIAL
Chapter Summary
A summary at the end of each chapter reviews the important concepts of the chapter.
Key Terms
Within each chapter, key terms are highlighted in boldface type when they first appear,
with a running glossary in the margins of the text for quick reminders. For reference, there
is a comprehensive list of key terms at the end of each chapter with page references for
each term, and a full glossary at the back of the text.
Review Questions
These questions assist students with their review of the chapter material.
Mini-Case Problems
The brief mini-case problems allow the students to apply the concepts learned in the chapter.
Case Problems for Discussion
Each chapter concludes with extensive case material that offers students the opportunity
to apply the law to specific fact situations and arrive at their own conclusions as to how a
case should be decided.
FIGURE 11–1 Law of Contract
FAILURE TO CREATE A LEGAL RELATIONSHIP EFFECT ON ADDITIONAL RIGHTS
FLAW AGREEMENT OF INJURED PARTY
Void/Voidable
Voidable
Voidable
Voidable
Voidable
Voidable
Tort of Deceit
Mistake
Innocent
Misrepresentation
Fraudulent
Misrepresentation
Negligent
Misrepresentation
Undue Influence
Duress
AGREEMENT
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7. xviii Preface
Weblinks
Weblinks are now found online at the Online Learning Centre, mcgrawhill.ca/olc/willes.
Canadian courts and legislatures have recognized that public electronic access to the full
text of legal judgments and statutes is an important aspect of access to justice, and virtually
all are now available via the Internet. Of note is the work of the Canadian Legal Information
Institute (CanLII) whose Web site, www.canlii.org, provides free comprehensive access to
current Canadian cases and legislation. Other commercial data banks cross-reference
cases in a number of different ways to permit advanced computer-accessible searches, with
holdings that include an increasing number of older leading cases.
COMPREHENSIVE LEARNING AND TEACHING PACKAGE
For the Instructor:
Instructor’s Online Learning Centre (OLC)
The OLC at www.mcgrawhill.ca/olc/willes includes a password protected Web site for
instructors. The site offers downloadable supplements, newsletters, the computerized
Test Bank, PowerPoint presentations, Instructor’s Manual, and Case Citator.
Course Management
McGraw-Hill Ryerson offers a range of flexible integration solutions for Blackboard,
WebCT, Desire2Learn, Moodle and other leading learning management platforms. Please
contact your local McGraw-Hill Ryerson iLearning Sales Specialist for details.
Integrated Learning
Your Integrated Learning Sales Specialist is a McGraw-Hill Ryerson representative who
has the experience, product knowledge, and training to provide the support to help you
assess and integrate any of our products, technology, and services into your course for
optimum teaching and learning performance. The Integrated Learning Sales Specialist
can show you tools that will help your students improve their grades, or help you put your
entire course online — your iLearning Sales Specialist is there to help. Contact your local
iLearning Sales Specialist today to learn how to maximize all of McGraw-Hill Ryerson’s
resources.
iLearning Services Program
At McGraw-Hill Ryerson, we take great pride in developing high-quality learning
resources while working hard to provide you with the tools necessary to utilize them. We
want to help bring your teaching to life, and we do this by integrating technology, events,
conferences, training, and other services. We call it iServices. For more information, visit
www.mcgrawhill.ca/olc/iservices.
Teaching, Learning and Technology Conference Series
The educational environment has changed tremendously in recent years, and McGraw-
Hill Ryerson continues to be committed to helping you acquire the skills you need to
succeed in this new milieu. Our innovative Teaching, Technology and Learning Conference
Series brings faculty from across Canada together with 3M Teaching Excellence award
winners to share teaching and learning best practices in a collaborative and stimulating
environment. Pre-conference workshops on general topics, such as teaching large classes
and technology integration, will also be offered. We will also work with you at your own
institution to customize workshops that best suit the needs of your faculty.
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8. xix
Preface
McGraw-Hill’s Create Online gives you access to the most abundant resource at your
fingertips—literally. With a few mouse clicks, you can create customized learning tools
simply and affordably. McGraw-Hill Ryerson has included many of our market-leading
textbooks within Create Online for eBook and print customization as well as many
licensed readings and cases. For more information, go to www.mcgrawhillcreate.com.
Instructor’s Manual
Prepared by the authors, each chapter presents the chapter objectives, chapter commen-
taries to assist in lecture presentation, reproductions of the figures from the text, and
answers to Review Questions and Mini-Case Problems. Comments are also provided for
each of the Case Problems for Discussion.
EZ Test
The test bank, which contains over 1,000 multiple-choice, true or false, and essay ques-
tions, is provided in McGraw-Hill Ryerson’s EZ Test. This electronic testing program is
flexible, easy to use, and allows instructors to create tests from book-specific items. It
accommodates a wide range of question types and instructors may add their own ques-
tions. Multiple versions of the test can be created and any test can be exported to use with
course management systems such as WebCT and Blackboard. The program is available
for Windows and Macintosh environments.
Microsoft® PowerPoint® Presentations
This presentation system offers material that can be edited and manipulated to fit a
particular course format. Figures included in the text have been included in this package.
Case Citator
The updated Case Citator presents a reference list of the most current case law divided by
Canadian jurisdictions and points of law. The Case Citator is organized on a regional basis
and citations from recent cases relate to chapter topics. It is available as a downloadable
supplement from the Instructor’s Centre of the OLC.
For the Student:
The Online Learning Centre at www.mcgrawhill.ca/olc/willes offers aids for each chap-
ter including: Learning Objectives, Quick Quizzes, Internet Application Questions,
Newsletters, Key Terms, and a Searchable Glossary.
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9. xx Preface
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Text revisions require constructive comments from users as well as from others in the
academic community, and we, the authors, are grateful to many reviewers who have
provided suggestions and advice to assist us in the preparation of this new edition. Their
feedback and comments during the review process were most appreciated, and to them
we give credit for making this edition a more useful and responsive text for the business
law student. In particular, our special thanks go to the following reviewers who took the
time to review our manuscript and provide us with their kind advice:
Douglas Beatty, Lambton College of Applied Art & Technology
Mark D. Bridge, University of Victoria
John Cavaliere, Sault College
George M. Cummins, Memorial University of Newfoundland
John Lane, Holland College
Hugh Laurence, University of Toronto
Ralph Lembcke, Fanshawe College
Sandra Malach, University of Calgary
Gerald E. Palmer, University of the Fraser Valley
Jim Silvos, Mount Royal University
As always, our very special thanks go to Fran Willes. For all ten editions she has not
only managed the many administrative details associated with the preparation of the
manuscript for publication with unflagging dedication, but also used her unique manage-
ment skills to organize the authors and their work to ensure that production deadlines
were met. Our special thanks also go to Tracey Haggert, our copy editor, for her skill,
enthusiasm and professionalism in her careful editing work on the text. Special thanks
also go to the McGraw-Hill Ryerson staff: James Booty, Sponsoring Editor, Kamilah Reid-
Burrell, Developmental Editor, and Cathy Biribauer, Supervising Editor for their kind
support and encouragement in the preparation of the text for publication. Our thanks
as well to Liz Harasymczuk, cover and interior designer, and Chris Hudson at Bookman
Typesetting for their professional and thorough work on the layout and design.
This text provides a general outline of the current law. However, the constraints imposed
by the wide range of subject matter permit only a very limited treatment of what are often
rapidly changing, highly specialized and complex areas of the law. The text is in no way
intended, and should not be used as a substitute for the advice of legal counsel in the
jurisdictions concerned.
JAW / JHW
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10. xxi
Abbreviations
ABBREVIATIONS OF LAW REPORTS
A. & E. Adolphus and Ellis Reports (UK)
A.C. Law Reports Appeal Cases (UK)
A.P.R. Atlantic Provinces Reports
A.R. Atlantic Reports
All E.R. All England Reports (UK)
Alta. L.R. Alberta Law Reports
App. Cas. Law Reports Appeal Cases (UK)
Atk. Atkyn’s Chancery Reports (UK)
Atl. Atlantic Reports
B. & C. Barnewall & Cresswell Reports (UK)
B. & S. Best & Smith Reports (UK)
B.C.L.R. British Columbia Law Reports
B.C.W.L.D. British Columbia Weekly Law Digest
B.L.R. Business Law Reports
Black.W. (Bl.W.) William Blackstone Reports (UK)
C. & P. /Car. & P. Carrington & Payne’s Nisi Prius Reports (UK)
C.B.R. Canadian Bankruptcy Reports
C.C.C. Canadian Criminal Cases
C.C.E.I. Canadian Cases in Employment and Immigration
C.C.E.L. Canadian Cases in Employment Law
C.C.L. Canadian Current Law
C.C.L.I. Canadian Cases on the Law of Insurance
C.C.L.S. Canadian Cases on the Law of Securities
C.C.L.T. Canadian Cases on the Law of Torts
C.C.P.B. Canadian Cases on Pensions and Benefits
C.E.L.R. Canadian Environmental Law Reports
C.E.R. Canadian Customs and Excise Reports
C.H.R.R. Canadian Human Rights Reporter
C.I.P.R. Canadian Intellectual Property Reports
C.L.L.C. Canadian Labour Law Cases
C.L.R. Construction Law Reports
C.L.R.B.R. Canadian Labour Relations Board Reports
C.O.H.S.C. Canadian Occupational Health and Safety Cases
C.P. Law Reports Common Pleas (UK)
C.P.C. Carswell’s Practice Cases
C.P.D. Law Reports Common Pleas Division (UK)
C.P.R. Canadian Patent Reporter
Ch. App. Law Reports Chancery Appeal (UK)
Ch. Law Reports Chancery (UK)
Ch.D. Law Reports Chancery Division (UK)
Co. Rep. Coke Reports (UK)
Cranch Cranch’s United States Supreme Court Reports
D.L.R. Dominion Law Reports
De G.F. & J. De Gex Fisher & Jones Chancery Reports (UK)
De G.M. & G. De Gex Macnaughten & Gordon’s Bankruptcy
Reports (UK)
E.R. English Reports (UK)
E.T.R. Estates and Trusts Reports
Exch. Exchequer Reports (UK)
F. Federal Reporter (USA)
F.C. Federal Cases
F.T.R. Federal Trial Reports
Godb. Godbolt Reports (UK)
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11. xxii Abbreviations
H. & C. Hurlstone & Coltman Reports (UK)
H.L. Cas. Clark’s House of Lords Cases (UK)
Hare Hare Reports (UK)
Ill. App. Illinois Appellate Court Reports (USA)
J. & H. Johnson & Hemming Reports (UK)
Jur. N.S. Jurist Reports, New Series (UK)
K.B. Law Reports King’s Bench (UK)
L.A.C. Labour Arbitration Cases
L.C.R. Land Compensation Reports
L.R.B.R. Labour Relations Board Reports
L.R.C.P Law Reports Common Pleas (UK)
L.R. Exch. Law Reports Exchequer (UK)
L.R.H.L. Law Reports House of Lords (UK)
M. & W. Meeson & Welsby’s Exchequer Reports (UK)
M.P.L.R. Municipal And Planning Law Reports
M.P.R. Maritime Provinces Reports
M.V.R. Motor Vehicles Reports
Man. R. Manitoba Reports
Mod. Modern Reports (UK)
My. & Cr. Mylne & Craig Reports (UK)
N.B.R. New Brunswick Reports
N.E. North Eastern Reporter (USA)
N.R. National Reporter
N.S.R. Nova Scotia Reports
N.W.T.R. North West Territory Reports
N.Y. New York Reports (USA)
Nfld. and P.E.I.R. Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island Reports
Nfld. R. Newfoundland Reports
O.A.C. Ontario Appeal Cases
O.L.R. Ontario Law Reports
O.L.R.B. Rep. Ontario Labour Relations Board Reports
O.R. Ontario Reports
O.T.C. Ontario Trial Cases
O.W.N. Ontario Weekly Notes
P. (Pac.) Pacific Reporter (USA)
P.E.I.R. Prince Edward Island Reports
P.P.S.A.C. Personal Property Security Act Cases
Popham (Pop.) Popham Reports (UK)
Q.B. Law Reports Queen’s Bench (UK)
Q.B.D. Law Reports Queen’s Bench Division (UK)
R.J.Q. Quebec Law Reports
R.P.A. Quebec Practice Reports
R.P.R. Real Property Reports
S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports
Sask. R. Saskatchewan Reports
Sty. Style Reports (UK)
T.C.T. Trade Commission Tribunal
T.L.L.R. Tenant and Landlord Law Reports
T.L.R. Times Law Reports (UK)
T.T.R. Trade and Tariff Reports
W.C.A.T.R. Workers’ Compensation Appeals Tribunal Reporter
W.W.R. Western Weekly Reports
Y.B. Year Book (UK)
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12. xxiii
Abbreviations
ABBREVIATIONS OF LEGISLATION
C.C.C. Criminal Code of Canada
C.C.S.M. Continuing Consolidation of the Statutes of Manitoba
C.S. <province> Consolidated Statutes of <province>
Edw. Edward, King of England, followed by Roman numeral
Eliz. Elizabeth II, Queen of England
Geo. George, King of England, followed by Roman numeral
Hen. IV Henry IV, King of England
R.S. <province> Revised Statutes of <province>, followed by year of revision
R.S.C. Revised Statutes of Canada, followed by year of revision
S. <province> Statutes of <province>, followed by year of enactment
S.C. Statutes of Canada, followed by year of enactment
Vic. Victoria, Queen of England
Wm. IV William IV, King of England
ABBREVIATIONS OF COURTS OF CANADA
OR A PROVINCE, APPEARING IN NEUTRAL CITATION
SCC Supreme Court of Canada
FC Federal Court of Canada
FCA Federal Court of Appeal
TCC Tax Court of Canada
CACT Competition Tribunal
ABCA Alberta Court of Appeal
ABQB Alberta Court of Queen’s Bench
BCCA British Columbia Court of Appeal
BCSC British Columbia Supreme Court
MBCA Manitoba Court of Appeal
MBQB Manitoba Court of Queen’s Bench
NBCA Court of Appeal of New Brunswick
NBQB Court of Queen’s Bench of new Brunswick, Trial Division
NLCA Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador (Court of
Appeal)
NLTD Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador (Trial Division)
NSCA Nova Scotia Court of Appeal
NSSC Nova Scotia Supreme Court
NUCA Nunavut Court of Appeal
NUCJ Nunavut Court of Justice
NWTCA Court of Appeal for the Northwest Territories
NWTSC Supreme Court of the Northwest Territories
ONCA Court of Appeal for Ontario
ONSC Ontario Superior Court of Justice
ONSCDC Ontario Superior Court of Justice, Divisional Court
PESCAD Prince Edward Island Supreme Court, Appeal Division
PESCTD Prince Edward Island Supreme Court, Trial Division
QCCS Quebec Superior Court
QCCA Quebec Court of Appeal
SKCA Court of Appeal of Saskatchewan
SKQB Court of Queen’s Bench of Saskatchewan
YKCA Court of Appeal of the Yukon Territory
YKSC Supreme Court of the Yukon Territory
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