Jeremiah Fred Lab/Field ASssignment

1. What I Learned in my Geology
Class

2. The Sierra Nevada Mountains
These mountains were formed by many vicious actions of the earth. Such actions as volcanoes erupting, faults
buckling and folding, plates colliding, and earthquakes. In the Mesozoic period is when the Sierra Nevada
mountains were formed (1942, Lillard).

3. Grover’s Hot spring
This is a Grover’s Hot spring in Markleeville, CA. The water is from ice and snow melt that seeped into the earth’s
crust and is heated from the hot temperature towards the core. It then reaches a boiling point and percolates
finding an escape route to the surface.

4. Red Tail Hawk
This is a red tail Hawk on the hunt for dinner. Raptors are an ancient relative to this bird. It is a bird of
prey and is a fast and powerful creature.

5. Quartz or Quartzite
This was a piece of quartz I found in the desert foothills near Gardnerville, NV. It is a Metamorphic type of rock that
was created when a quartz rich sandstone is altered by the heat, pressure, and chemical activity of metamorphism
(2005-2018 King). It is a very hard rock and I couldn’t even scratch it with a chisel.

6. Sandstone found Near Nevada State Prison in
Carson City, NV
This is a sandstone rock which is the state of Nevada’s state rock. Sandstone is the second most common sedimentary
rock. The mineralogy of sandstone is that it is composed of sand sized grains and a sort of mortar like silica calcium
carbonate (2018 Encyclopedia Britannica). It was quarried by prisoners in the late 19th century And was used to build
the state Capital and many other building in the area.

7. Andesite
Andesite is an extrusive igneous rock that is formed when lava flow reaches the crust’s surface and cools very fast.
Andesite may have come in contact with granite and mixed during the melting process and crystallized (2005-2018,
King).This specimen was found in the foothills near Woodfords, CA.

8. This Might Be An Angular Unconformity
This might be an angular unconformity. It is in an angular position but it could just be the way the formation was
created. An angular unconformity is an erosional surface on tilted or folded strata over which younger strata were
deposited (2015, Monroe, Wicander). This seems that it is possibly an angular unconformity.

9. This is volcanic overflow
This picture is of lava flow that exited the earth possibly through a fracture and cooled quickly. There are
plenty of loose pieces of this volcanic rock covering this hillside. This formation can also contain a different
rock near the bottom that is colored lighter. Possibly a sandstone with nonconformity.

10. Principle of Original Horizontally
Nicholas Steno states that because sedimentary particles settle from
water under the influence of gravity, sediment is deposited in
essentially horizontal layers (2015, Monroe, Wicander). This helped in
relative dating because if there is a tilt of sedimentary rock that is the
same as the horizontal than the tilt occurred after the sedimentary rock
was formed. Thus, the event of tilting is younger than the sedimentary
rock.

11. Citations
• Lillard, Richard G., 1942, Desert Challenge, pages 96-99, University of
Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NB
• King, Hobart M., 2005-2018, “Quartzite”, Retrieved from
https://www.geology.com/rocks/quartzite.shtml
• The editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, 1/23/2018, Encyclopedia
Britannica, “Sandstone”, Retrieved from
http://www.Britannica.com/science/sandstone
• King, Hobart M., 2005-2018, “Andesite”, Retrieved from
https://www.geology.com/rocks/andesite.shtml
• Monroe, James S., Wicander, Reed, 2015, The Changing Earth (7th Edition),
Cengage Learning, Stamford, CT