This document provides information about common eye disorders and their treatment. It lists structures of the eye like the retina, choroid, and optic nerve. Disorders discussed include glaucoma, cataracts, retinal detachment, and macular degeneration. Glaucoma causes damage to the optic nerve from increased intraocular pressure. Cataracts cause cloudiness of the lens. Retinal detachment is the separation of the retinal pigmented layer from the sensory layer. Macular degeneration involves age-related changes in the macula and central vision. Diagnostic tests and potential surgical treatments are outlined for each condition. Post-operative instructions are provided to avoid increasing intraocular pressure.

1. Eye Disorders Bullets
Jerard Lloyd B. Domingo
BSN 3A

2. Anaphysio MUST KNOW!
Fibrous Vascular Sensory (Retina)
Sclera
Cornea
Choroid
Ciliary Body; Ciliaris and
Ciliary Process (Aquesous
Humor
Retina
Photoreceptors (rods and
cones)
OSL, BipolarCells
(amacrine and horizontal),
ISL, Ganglion cells.
Lens Vitreous Chamber:
Vitreous Humor
Macula Lutea: Fovea
Centralis
Optic Disk
Central Retinal Artery
Central RetinalVein
Cranial Nerve: 2 optic

3. HighYield
Glaucoma Cataract Retinal Detachment Macular Degeneration
Increase in IOP that causes damage
toCN 2.
Cloudiness or opacity of lens. Detachment of Retinal Pigmented
Layer with Sensory Layer (neural).
Age-related changes with the macula
lutea (central vision) fovea centralis:
highest visual acuity
Tunnel vision; Loss of Peripheral
Vision
HazyVision; Painless blurring of vision Vitreal Floaters, cobwebs, curtains Loss of central vision
Types:Open-angle, closed angle,
normal tension, congenital.
Types: Nuclear,Cortical Posterior
Subcapsular , Congenital.
Types: Rhegmatogenous,Traction,
Rhegmatogenous traction, Exudative.
Type: Dry (90%) (natural degeneration
of retina) andWet type (10%)
d/t angiogenesis causes leak of blood
and fluid)
Dx: Tonometer (>21mmhg)
Opthalmoscopy (optic disc cupping)
Perimetry (reduced peripheral
vision)
Snellens Chart (low visual acuity)
Gonioscopy (shows angle of iris)
Dx: Slit LampTest (shows cloudy and
milky lens), Absent Red reflex.
Dx:Ophthalmoscopy (shows gray
retinal layer)
DX: Opthalmoscopy: presence of
drusen.
Amsler Grid Test (bfor assessing
central vision).
Surgeries: Selective Laser
Trabeculoplasty,Trabeculectomy,
Iridotomy, Iridectomy.
Surgeries: Intracapsular Cataract
Extraction (CE) , Extracapsular
CE,Phacolemulsification, Lens
Replacement (IOL)
Surgeries: Cryotherapy, Scleral
Bulking, Laser Photocoagulation,
Pneumatic Retinopexy,Vitrectomy,
etc.
Photodynamic therapy:Verteporfin – a
light activated dye that dissolves newly
formed blood vessels.
#NR: Do punctal occlusion (for 1-2 min.)
to avoid systemic effects, eyedrop first
before ointment 3-5 min. interval for
each drug, no mydriatics!, no blinking
just close, always wash hands.
Miotics: Assist in dim, provide adequate
lighting!
Alpha Adrenergic Agonist, beta Blockers, Carbonic
Anhydrase inhibitors, Miotics, Adrenergic Agonist,
Prostaglandins)
#NR: PreOp: No anticoagulant risk for
retrobulbar hemorrhage, stop all before
operation, no corti!. Administer Mydriatics
1hr preop!
Post-op: view other slide.
Post-op positioning: Lie on #affected side
– because gravity may help to push
vitreous and cause in reattachment!
#NR; any form of bright light may activate
verteporfin and causes adverse effects! -
avoid bright lights! Wear brimmed hats,
dark sunglasses.

4. Post-op rules for eye surgery!
Avoid!VD BREWS! It can INCREASE your IOP! (High IOP can damage Optic Nerve!!!
1. Valsalva Maneuver (coughing, straining upon passing stools, vomiting)
2. Driving (unless indicated)
3. Bending and any rapid head movements
4. Reading or
5. Eye Strains,
6. Weight lifting grater than 15lbs
7. Stairs without light
Always Position client to unaffected side.
If retinal detachment is the case, position @ affected side.