2. According to Maciones (2002), gender refers
to the personal traits and social positions that
members of a society attach to being male and
female.
For him, it is a dimension of social
organization, shaping how we interact with
others and how we think about ourselves.
3. INFLUENCE OF GENDER
Biological Influences
It involves pubertal change, sexuality and
an examination of Freud’s and Erikson’s
notions on anatomy and destiny.
4. PUBERTAL CHANGE AND
SEXUALITY
Pubertal Changes for boys
Testicular size, function and fertility
Public hair
Body and Facial hair
Voice Change
Male musculature and body shape
Body odor and acne
5.
6. Pubertal Change for Girls
Breast Development
Public hair
Vagina, uterus, ovaries
Menstruation and fertility
Body shape, fat distribution, and body
composition
Body odor and acne
7.
8.
9.
10. ANATOMY IS DESTINY: FREUD AND
ERIKSON
Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson’s
“anatomy is destiny” theories that gender
behavior is influenced by a person’s sex
organ. According to Freud, human behavior
and history are directly related to
reproductive processes. Erikson agreed
with Freud and further stressed that
anatomical differences affect psychological
differences. He noted that male individual
are aggressive while females are passive.
11. SOCIAL INFLUENCES
Parents are the most critical and
influential development agents of
socialization. Other social influences are
culture, school, peers and the media.
12. PARENTAL INFLUENCES
Boys are given more independent while girls’
sexual vulnerability causes parent to monitor
them closely.
Severe restrictions on adolescent boys disrupt
their development.
13. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY OF
GENDER
It states that gender development of children
and adolescents occur through observation
of gender behavior, which are appropriate
and inappropriate, through the system of
rewards and punishments.
14. PEERS
Peers also play a vital role in modeling and
responding to gender behavior. In adolescence,
peer approval or disapproval is a powerful influence
on gender attitudes and behavior.
15. SCHOOLS
The pressure to achieve and to excel in
academic is more likely to be heaped on boys
than on girls because they will grow up to be
the breadwinners.
16. THE MEDIA
Social researchers assumed that mass
media carry sexist messages. Exposure to
mass media by the sexes would inculcate
stereotyped messages in them.
17. COGNITIVE INFLUENCES
Cognitive influences on gender stress that
children organize their world on the basis of
gender after identifying themselves as
either male or female.
19. GENDER STEREOTYPES
Gender stereotypes pertain to images,
impressions and beliefs about males and
females. These vary in culture and
socioeconomic status. These are largely
negative in nature and may be prejudices
and discriminatory.
20. SEXISM
Sexism is characterized by endorsement of
traditional gender roles, differential treatment
for men and women, especially the
stereotype that females are less competent
than males.
21. GENDER SIMILARITIES AND
DIFFERENCES
Most women have the capacity to bear children,
whereas men do not.
Males are more active and aggressive than
females.
Both sexes use the same facial expressions, adopt
the same language and describe their emotional
experiences similarly.
22. Both sexes are physically capable of learning to
cook and sew, yet Western societies assigned
these tasks to women.
Both sexes are capable of learning how to weld
metal and fly airplanes but these are assigned
traditionally to men.
Davis Buss (1995) stressed that men and women
differ psychologically in domains where they have
encountered different problems.
23. ANDROGYNY
Androgyny is the presence of both masculine and
feminine traits in a person. An androgynous person
may be an assertive but nurturant male or a
dominant but sensitive female.
24. GENDER ROLES
Gender roles or sex roles are aspects of gender
that refer to a set of expectations prescribing how
males or females should act, think and feel
(Santrock, 1998). They are the attitudes and
activities that a society links to each gender.
25. WOMEN BEFORE …
When slavery was legal in most parts of the US in 1848,
women were subordinate to men.
Women could not own property or keep their salaries if
they were married.
They would not draft a will and were barred from filing
lawsuits in court including suits seeking custody of their
children.
Women could not study in college and their husbands
would beat them up using a stick no thicker than a thumb.
26. Women also could not exercise the right to vote
because people think they naturally lacked the
required intelligence and political will.
They were seen as mere decorations in homes
and were fitted for household chores.
The roles that women played were those that
portrayed them to be dependent, nurturant and
incapable of holding power.
27. WOMEN NOW …
Women complements men in terms of
capability in running the affairs of the home,
politics, career development or any chosen
professional field.
In Olympic competitions worldwide, women
excel in various fields just like their male
counterparts.
In politics, particularly in the Philippines,
women hold high political positions and are
emulated as models of the youth and held in
high esteem by the elders.
28. Women have entered traditionally male
domains like the military, the police and
other occupations requiring physical
strength and assertiveness.
The women of modern times display a
positive and highly secure gender
identity.
They feel very comfortable in being
feminine while performing their duties
and responsibilities, even those
perceived to be dominated by men.
29. Women are no longer
typecast in roles that paint
them soft, submissive and
emotional.
They are now
empowered, independent
and principled.
30. MEN
Today’s male has stepped into the role of nurturer
to his family.
He is now actively involved in his children’s
upbringing, spends quality time with his family and
is more positive and highly secure of his gender
identity.
31. He confidently does
household works and other
tasks previously relegated
to women without feeling
ashamed or insecure of his
masculinity.
Men are anchored in
occupations outside the
home.
33. WOMEN’S ISSUES
Sexual Harassment
Sexual harassment occurs when an
individual is unable to perform a task due to
unwelcome and unwanted sexual advances by
either the same or opposite sex
Forms of sexual harassment include
sexist remarks, vulgar sexual language, covert
physical contact (deliberate and improper
touching of private and sensitive body parts,
patting) specially in the workplace.
34. Low Wages
In a number of workplaces, the principle of
“equal pay for equal work” is continuously
being resisted. Reasons for such gender
discrimination include unsubstantial
scientific claims like women are weak,
women are emotionally unstable, women
give birth frequently and go on leave which
adversely affect their productivity.
35. Equal Work Opportunities and Promotions
Women oftentimes encounter attitudinal or
organizational biases that prevent them
from reaching their full potentials in the
workplace. They are often blocked from top
management positions in business and
industries.
36. Sexist Advertising
and Music
The media has often been
criticized for the stereotyping
of women and exploiting
them via sexy
advertisement. They have
been portrayed either as
sexy vamps out to seduce
the male population in liquor,
cigarette and personal care
products advertisements.
They are viewed as sex
objects.
37. A number of popular music of today
have lyrics of sexual overtones most
of which pertain to women. These
lyrics in some ways are shaping the
minds of the listeners, particularly the
youth in the areas of sex, violence,
drugs and Satanism.
38. Domestic Violence
Domestic violence is a global
problem and is harsher in societies
that devalue certain family member
like children born out of wedlock,
stepchildren, disabled children or
women in general. The oppressive
situation of battered women is so
intolerable. Like prisoners, those
battered women are confined to
their homes, suffering from
progressive loss of self-esteem,
making them prone to repeated
abuse. They are generally cut off
from physical and emotional
assistance and moral support.
39. Adolescent
Pregnancy
Adolescent pregnancy
create health risks for
both mother and child.
Moreover, adolescent
parents are more likely
to have low paying,
low status jobs or be
unemployed than
those who delay
childbearing.
40. A sound sex education, family planning
and access to contraceptive methods
alone will not remedy an adolescent’s
unwanted pregnancy. They have to have
opportunities to improve their academic
and career-related skill, job opportunities,
lifelong consultations and extensive mental
health services.
41. Working Mothers
The Filipina mother has
metamorphosed from a
responsible loving
homemaker to an empowered
career woman.
Maternal employment is a
fact of modernity and a
positive response to social
change that meets the needs
not met by the ideal of a full-
time mother and homemaker.
42. MEN’S ISSUES
A certain Herbert Goldberg stressed that men
cannot sense and articulate their problems and
feelings. His important message to men is to
become more attuned to their inner self and
emotions and work on developing more positive
close relationships.
In 1990’s, Robert Bly, stated that today’s
males are “soft” as a result of absentee fathers
and strong attachment to their mothers.
43. Adolescent Fathers
Adolescent fathers have lower incomes, are less
educated and have more children. As soon as
they are out of school, they land low-paying jobs.
Most young fathers have little notions of what a
father’s role is.
44. Sexual Harassment
Prisons are vulnerable
settings for sexual
harassment. The absence
of heterosexual partners in
prison cells make men turn
to the same gender for
sexual favors and release.
In workplaces, men like
women are also unwilling or
willing victims of sexual
harassment in exchange of
work promotions and
others.
45. DISCRIMINATION AGAINST GAYS AND
LESBIANS
People harbor many
misconceptions against gays and
lesbians, otherwise known as the
“third sex”. They not only suffer
harassment and discrimination but
have minimal rights under the law.
They are discriminated on when
seeking employment. They are
victims of such unwarranted
emotions are disgust, fear or
hatred.
Gays and lesbians suffer not
only sexual harassment but also
verbal harassment.
46. AGE DISCRIMINATION
In a lot of businesses,
there are instances when
workers are laid off and
replaced by younger
workers, ignoring the
capability and experience
of aged workers still able
to perform efficiently. Even
some elders are still
capable of working, they
are no longer hired in
companies.
47. GENDER ROLE DEVELOPMENT
In the Philippines, human
resources is considered one
of the most important assets
of an organization. Both
males and females
constitute the workforce.
To achieve excellence
and high productivity, as an
organization has to exert
effort in empowering its
workforce.
48. GENDER EMPOWERMENT
Republic Act 7192 which was approved in November
18,1992 is an act promoting the role of women in national
development. Women are regarded as full and equal
partners of men in development, hence the law mandates
that all government agencies in the national level – state
colleges included – must allot 5% of their budget to
Gender and Development (GAD) which refers to the
activities or programs designed to empower the human
resource including women.
