4. Organelle Functions
Organelle Location Function
Cell Membrane External boundary of the cell Confines cell contents; regulates entry and exit of
materials
Lysosome Throughout cytoplasm Digests and breaks down old organelles
Peroxisome Throughout cytoplasm Breaks down toxic materials in the cell (alcohol)
Mitochondria Scattered throughout cell Energy powerhouse of the cell (ATP)
Golgi Apparatus Within cytoplasm Process lipids/proteins for export out of the cell
Centrioles 2 rod-shaped bodies near the nucleus made of microtubules Controls the spindle fibers during mitosis
Centrosome Consists of the 2 centrioles and a mass of proteins near nucleus Form the spindle fibers during mitosis that pulls
chromosomes apart
Smooth ER Within cytoplasm Synthesize lipids
Rough ER Flattened sacs near nucleus Synthesize proteins
Ribosomes Attached to Rough ER Synthesize proteins
Cilia Hair like structures on surface of cell membrane Movement
Microvilli Hair like structures on surface of cell membrane (smaller than
cilia)
Increase surface area of the cell; involved in secretion
and absorption
Microtubules Throughout cytoplasm; part of cytoskeleton; thick proteins Moves organelles inside the cell; form the spindles
during mitosis; compose cilia, flagella, and centrioles
Microfilaments Throughout cytoplasm; part of the cytoskeleton; thin stringy
proteins
Moves organelles inside the cell; also involved in muscle
contraction
Nucleolus Within the nucleus Synthesis of ribosomes
Nucleus Near the center of the cell Contains the genetic information
Nuclear Envelope w/ pores External boundary of the nucleus Allows materials into and out of the nucleus
Knowing functions are not required on the lab, but are helpful when clues are given in the question
5. Movements through the membrane:
Diffusion
Movement of molecules
from a high
concentration to a low
concentration
No energy required
6. Movements through the membrane:
Filtration
As blood flows through the capillary, smaller
molecules are filtered out through tiny openings
and larger molecules stay inside
7. Testing Solutions
Water Glucose Sucrose
Benedict’s Test
(test for glucose)
Color change from blue to orange
Iodine Test
(test for starch)
Color change from orange to dark purple
8. • Type of cell:
• Type of solution:
• Water is diffusing:
RBC
Isotonic
Into and out of RBC equally
9. • Type of cell:
• Type of solution:
• Water is diffusing:
Crenated RBC
Hypertonic
out of RBC faster
10. • Type of cell:
• Type of solution:
• Water is diffusing:
Lysed RBC
Hypotonic
Into RBC faster
11. • Phase:
• What is occurring:
Interphase
Nuclear envelope is visible
DNA replication
Cell performs its normal job
Mitosis
12. • Phase:
• What is occurring:
Prophase
Nuclear envelope is
disappearing
Chromosomes forming
Mitosis
13. • Phase:
• What is occurring:
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up along
the center of the cell
Mitosis
14. • Phase:
• What is occurring:
Anaphase
_______ are separating
Mitosis
15. • Phase:
• What is occurring:
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Nuclear membrane reforms
Cell membrane forms
Mitosis
