This is ppt based on universal gates..(17/08/2018)...hope it may help someone.

1. INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL TRIBAL UNIVERSITY
AMARKANTAK(M.P)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
SEMINAR TOPIC – DISCUSSION ABOUT UNIVERSAL GATES
PRESENTED BY –
JATIN MAHATO
M.SC. PHYSICS
( 1ST SEMESTER)
GUIDED BY –
MR. RAJESH KUMAR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

2. CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. WHY THE NAME ‘UNIVERSAL GATES’?
3. NAND GATE (SYMBOL , TRUTH TABLE)
4. CONSTRUCTION OF NAND GATE USING TRANSISTOR
5. NOR GATE (SYMBOL , TRUTH TABLE)
6. CONSTRUCTION OF NOR GATE USING TRANSISTOR
7. APPLICATIONS
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
9. REFERENCE’S

3. INTRODUCTION
 The basic logic operations of Boolean algebra can be
realized in practice by using suitable digital electronic
circuits. Such gates are known as logic gates.
 A logic gate is an elementary building block of a
digital circuit.
 There are only a few basic types of gates - namely
OR , AND , NOT.
 A Gate has one output and one or more inputs.
 They are called gates because they control the flow
of signal, their output is either 0 or 1, meaning true
or false.

4. Why the name universal gates
• NAND & NOR gates are the two basic
logic gates from which any other
logic gates can be built. Due to this
property, NAND and NOR gates are
sometimes called "universal gates".

5. NAND gate
 NAND is a combination logic gate in which a NOT
gate follows an AND gate.
Symbol Truth table

6. Construction of NAND gate using
transistors & diodes
inputs
output

7. Realization of different gates using
NAND only

8. NAND to NOR

9. NOR gate
• NOR is a combination logic gate in which a
NOT gate follows a OR gate.
Symbol
Truth table

10. Construction of NOR gate using
transistors
inputs
output

11. Realization of different gates using
NOR only

12. NOR to NAND

13. APPLICATIONS OF LOGIC GATES
● In real world, logic gates are used in almost
all the electronic devices such as phones,
computers, washing machines, lifts etc.
● The storage memory which we have in our
phones, laptops etc are made of flip flops
which are indeed designed using gates.
● They are also used in the Arithmetic Logic
Unit(ALU) in microprocessors which consists of
adders, multipliers etc.

14. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thanks my guide
MR. RAJESH KUMAR ,DR. ISHWAR PRASAD SAHU, DR.
ARVIND KUMAR,DR. SUMAN GHOSH,
to give me a opportunity to do wonderful power point
presentation on the topic of Universal Gates
and also thanks to my UG PROF. SANDIP MONDAL &
our lab assistants for the guidance.

15. REFERANCES
• Fundamental Principles of Electronics by
B.GHOSH
• Wikipedia
• Image source - Google
• www.electrical4u.com