Part 1 review the essay criteria, and then draft a plan for co

1. Part 1:
Review the essay criteria, and then draft a plan for
comparison/contrast essay
Part 2:
Comparison-Contrast Essay
Write a 500- to 750-word essay using comparison and contrast
as the chief method of development.
Use your own thoughts, observations, and/or experiences as the
sources for this essay. Research is NOT required or expected for
this essay. However, if outside sources are used, a Works Cited
page must be included and in-text citations must be added.
Writing Assignment
Purpose: to inform, persuade, or clarify
Method of Development: comparison-contrast
Choose your own topic, but make sure that the topic allows you
to be able to compare/contrast it. A compare/contrast essay
should be written in third person point of view, unless including
a personal anecdote as an example. You want your essay to have
a point as well. Do you want to demonstrate that one thing is
better than another? Do you want to demonstrate that two
things that people believe to be the same are actually different?
Or, do you want to demonstrate that two things that people
believe to be different are actually the same? If you have
something in mind but you are unsure if it will work as a
compare/contrast essay topic, please send me a message through
the Messages link for assistance.

2. Project Assignment 1: Project Proposal
Students will develop an individual project that employs tools
and techniques learned in the course. This may include the
modification of an existing HRA method or the development of
a new HRA method applied to a chosen domain problem.
Students are not expected to collect or analyze data, but will be
required to detail a HRA data collection and analysis plan and
suggest implementation strategies, similar to the structure of a
funding proposal for an exploratory project. Any topic can be
chosen, as long as the existence of human reliability issues can
be cited.
The project proposal, which is due at the beginning of the
course, is not expected to have details related to the application
of HRA tools and techniques that will be learned later in the
course. However, the student is expected to discuss a human
error issue that negatively impacts human health, safety, and/or
performance in a particular domain and has not yet been
appropriately addressed.
The project idea is expected to mature and develop over the
course of the semester with some later modifications to account
for knowledge gained through lectures, reading, and
discussions. This will allow students to receive feedback on
their proposed topic as the course progresses.
The 1000 word proposal should include the following five
items. Please include section sub-headers for each item.
1. Problem Statement – what is the human error and why is it
important?
· A problem can be defined as important if it has a measurable
impact on a critical outcome (financial, health and well -being,
performance, etc.). Justify the problem importance and its

3. relevance to human error.
· Provide at least two sources with citations to justify problem
importance (newspaper articles, journal papers, documented
initiatives, industry white papers, government documents,
verbal or written statements by key stakeholders, etc.). The
sources must include a statistic and/or a subjective statement of
importance.
· Provide a two-sentence concise summary of your problem
statement. Please note that the required justification is separate
from the two-sentence summary.
· Required Template: Humans fail to [problem] resulting in
[human error outcome]. The criticality of this problem has been
verified by [source] through [specific qualitative/quantitative
source content].
2. Why hasn’t someone found a solution previously?
· Discuss challenges and any prior attempts (not necessarily
HRAs) to address the problem.
3. Focus– what is the problem focus?
· Select one interaction category or a hybrid of two categories
and justify the relevance to the problem statement.
· REQUIRED: Human-Human, Human-Group, Human-
Organization, Human-Artifact.
· Select one human theoretical category or a hybrid of two
categories and justify the relevance to the problem statement
· REQUIRED - Select only one level of cognition as the
foundation for your human process: Low level cognition
(memory, sensory processing, etc.); High level cognition
(decision making and problem solving).
· OPTIONAL – Interaction of cognitive level (low/high) with
other theoretical categories may be appropriate for the selected
problem focus, although this is not required: Sociological
(relevant for simple human interactions, excluding human-
artifact); Organizational (relevant for more complex
sociological structures, human-org interaction).

4. · Provide at least two sources with citations to justify the
connection of the problem focus (interaction category and
human theoretical category) presented in #3 to the problem
statement presented in #1. Examples of sources include
newspaper articles, journal papers, documented initiatives,
industry white papers, government documents, verbal or written
statements by key stakeholders. The sources must include a
statistic and/or a subjective statement of relevance.
· Provide a two-sentence concise summary of your problem
focus. Please note that the required justification is separate
from the two-sentence summary.
· Required Template: The problem focus is a [category]
interaction between [stakeholders and/or processes and/or
components], driven by [human theoretical category], resulting
in [human error outcome defined in #1]. The existence and
criticality of the problem focus has been verified by [source]
through [specific qualitative/quantitative source content
referencing problem focus]
· Note: Individual theories are not required to be listed here.
Theories will be addressed in Homework 3.
· Note: The two sources required for #1 and #3 can be the same.
However, they must independently address the justification of
the problem statement and problem focus.
4. Project Goals (high level discussion) – what do you hope to
gain from this HRA?
· How will the analysis potentially help to address the identified
problem focus?
5. What sources of information will you use for your project (be
specific)?
· List and justify the use of at least two sources (stakeholders
and/or data) that will be used to detail the processes associated
with this human error. The sources must be specific to the focus

5. identified in #3 (human interaction and human theories). For
example, if your problem is focused on decision making (high
level cognition) in a team environment (human-group
interaction), then you need sources (stakeholder interviews,
team protocols, meeting notes, etc.) to detail the specific
decisions that are required in this context and the decision
criterion (input).
· Source examples include instructions manuals, protocols,
flowcharts, organizational charts, guidelines, and any other
documentation of the process. Provide citations.
· Include justification for the relevance of data and/or
stakeholder sources to the focus identified in #3.
· Include titles, organizational affiliation, and any other
relevant information for stakeholders who will be utilized for
the project.
· Describe how you will access and utilize the selected sources.
· Note: The data and stakeholder sources can overlap with the
sources identified in #1 and #3 if the requirements for #5 are
independently addressed by the source.
· Note: You may use yourself as one of the sources if you have
direct knowledge of a process or component that is not
publically documented. However, you cannot be listed as a
primary source to satisfy the aforementioned two source
minimum requirement. You many only use yourself as a
supplemental source. Non-publically documented sources are
only relevant for topics that involve confidential information or
the use of internal resources from an organization.
Page 3 of 3
Project Proposal for Human Reliability Analysis for TY
Cooperation
In some situations, you don't get a second chance to make a
quality product. There is a need to get it to work right the first
time - every time. Lives depend on it. We have configuration
program support tools at my organization, Maryland. We

6. provide the explosive devices that operate emergency and
escape systems onboard specifics platforms and provide other
mission-critical. We are the only organization in capability to
manufacture, test, maintain, distribute, and dispose of
configuration to our customers within and some external. The
functionalities that my organization Virtual PLM Support
system are:
· development and qualifications
· Acquisition Management
· Production Engineering Support
· Maintenance/rework
· Integrated Logistics support
· Testing
· Inventory Management
· Production improvement
· Quality Evaluation
· And disposal
The Virtual PLM Support System (VPSS) is an interactive
corporate data network built using web technology. It uses the
Internet to establish a global configuration program data
system. VPSS provides configuration items users with access to
data, information, and key processes required to do their job.
Automation of the Business Processes between the Fleet,
Management, and Support Commands eliminates paperwork and
redundant data systems. By inputting data only once at the
source, there is less chance of error, and it becomes instantly
available to all. VPSS enables authorized users to access data
required for daily decision support immediately. Because data
maintained in a central location, it can automatically update all
affected systems. For example, if a Service Life changes, the
logbook and stockpile lot tracking data are instantly updated.
Revisions and interim changes are incorporated at the
organization, and Users input unique data points only.
Everything my organization does to support you with
configuration items is dependent on accurate data. VPSS Trace
(Installed Asset Tracking) and Stockpile Tracking data

7. determine future stock requirements. The VPSS system relies on
tracking and technical data to determine which configuration
item users can order for maintenance and deployment. Data
within the VPSS System affects everything from the number of
items stocked to when you will order replacements and schedule
aircraft for maintenance and item replacement. VPSS eliminates
the risk of aircraft potential grounding due to outdated Service
Life records by maintaining records electronically. Current data
provides the necessary information required to determine
service life, process service life extensions, conduct deficiency
investigations, and recall defective parts when deficiencies are
confirmed. Inaccurate data directly affects the readiness and
reliability of emergency and escape systems in operational
products. Each of you has a unique role in keeping assigned
data current and accurate.
Human fails to [verified technical data before given
concurrence] resulting in [delay to complete the project time
and budget]. The criticality of this problem has been verified by
[process failure mode and effect analysis (OSHA)] through
[Human Error Investigation Software Tool (HEIST) and
research journal articles and accident data collected].
As a result of these issue my organization where able to conduct
this project due to the facts that the was not enough funding to
tackle this issue, although similar research has been embarked
on by the United States of Transportation under the federal
railway Administration. The organization also conducted
investigation due to for the space of ten years with similar
about 75% on accident and rework are as a result human factor
errors. Based on internal research and data collected as a result
of series of mishap incident. Efforts have been carried out in the
area of the system and software upgrades to reduce or
minimized the risk.
The problem focus is a [human-machine and Human-group]
interaction between [The user and PLM process tool interface],
driven by [low cognitive (Memory storage and retrieval)],
resulting in [accident, delay to complete the project time and

8. budget]. The existence and criticality of the problem focus has
been verified by [journal articles and Organization review]
through [Lack of safety guidance and similarity matching].
The Human reliability analysis will help address the challenges
in human errors based on cognitive theory. It identifies for the
design and support of the technical data package process
through a web-based approach of human-system interface of this
complex system we operate, which will reduce the number of
reworks and delay time. And by developing a set of knowledge-
based which will aid the support of information sharing within
our organization domains. It will help save my organization
money and time in many ways to look at other business
initiatives that will profit the organization. I choose long-term
memory with similarity matching that was stores data for
durable periods, occasionally for an organization. I am also
considering two supplemental theory namely: The behavioral
approach of divided attention. Note that this might change
during the more findings. The social theory will be reorienting
attention to salient stimuli through computational mechanisms
to fill in typical input information values. These reconstructive
memories are based on knowledge accessibility. I have two
sources associated with the low-level foundation theory, which
talks about how memory in terms of encoding, storage, and
retrieval of information and how this phenomenon has altered
memory, which might cause human error effects on
productivity. The second source explains why companies'
taxonomy on engineering change management couple with
actions to prevent, handle and manage engineering changes
within the organization product life cycle within development
and verification through processes. The third source discussed
the investigation conducted for human error within the context
of critical safety of software applications' design, focusing on
task and structure of job issues for the processing, which is an
integrated perspective for human working with a flow system.

9. Reference
McDermott, K. B. & Roediger, H. L. (2021). Memory
(encoding, storage, retrieval). In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener
(Eds), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign, IL: DEF
publishers. Retrieved from http://noba.to/bdc4uger
E. Arica, O. Bakaas, P. K. Sriram. (2020) A Taxonomy for
Engineering Change Management in Complex ETO Firms. 2020
IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and
Engineering Management (IEEM), pages 285-289.
“Task Analysis for the Investigation of Human Error in Safety-
Critical Software Design: a Convergent Methods Approach.”
Task Analysis, 2000, pp. 197–214.,
doi:101201/9781482289275-11.
Directions: Fill in the outline and then save it as a .rtf, .doc, or
.docx document. Upload the document using the assignment
link. Make sure that you delete all red-colored text and that you
insert an MLA heading, a header, and a title before you submit.
I. Introduction
A. (Attention-getter, background information)
B. My favorite restaurant is _______________________
because ________________________,
________________________, and
________________________. (Note: fill in the “because” parts
with the three major reasons you will use to show readers why a
particular restaurant is your favorite.
II. First, I enjoy eating at _______________________ because
_______________________________. The reason listed here
should be the same as the first reason named in the thesis
statement.
A. _ Subtopic to help support/prove topic sentence #1_

10. 1. ____ Specific detail ______
2: _____ Specific detail _____
B. _ Subtopic to help support/prove topic sentence #1_
1. ____ Specific detail ___________
2. _____ Specific detail _________________
C. _ Subtopic to help support/prove topic sentence #1_
1. ____ Specific detail ___________
2. _____ Specific detail _________________
III. I also enjoy eating at _______________________ because
_______________________________. The reason listed here
should be the same as the second reason named in the thesis
statement.
A. _ Subtopic to help support/prove topic sentence #2_
1. ____ Specific detail ______
2: _____ Specific detail _____
B. _ Subtopic to help support/prove topic sentence #2_
1. ____ Specific detail ___________
2. _____ Specific detail _________________
C. _ Subtopic to help support/prove topic sentence #2_
1. ____ Specific detail ___________
2. _____ Specific detail _________________
IV. Finally, I love to dine at _______________________
because _______________________________. The reason
listed here should be the same as the last reason named in the
thesis statement.
A. _ Subtopic to help support/prove topic sentence #3_
1. ____ Specific detail ______
2: _____ Specific detail _____
B. _ Subtopic to help support/prove topic sentence #3_
1. ____ Specific detail ___________
2. _____ Specific detail _________________
C. _ Subtopic to help support/prove topic sentence #3_
1. ____ Specific detail ___________
2. _____ Specific detail _________________
V. Conclusion

11. A. Insert a concluding statement. It should be a summary,
prediction, call to action, or recommendation.