2. Reservoir Characterization is a Multi-Disciplinary Analysis
1. Geologic Analyses Incorporates:
Core and DST Data, Well Log
Interpretations, Sequence Strat Well
Log & Cross Section Interpretations.
4. Geophysical Evaluation &
Interpretation Incorporates:
Structural Evaluations; Fracture
Analysis (Derivative Mapping);
Microseismic; 2D & 3D Seismic
Evaluations & Interpretations for
Sequence Strat/Facies Analysis &
Modeling; and Reservoir Evaluations &
Modeling/ Analyses/Interpretations. We
can work with your geophysics team or
provide consultants.
Integrated Reservoir Models
Incorporate All of These Analyses
3. Source Rock Evaluation & Rock
Mechanics Incorporates: Hydrocarbon
Source Rock Evaluation & Typing (Organic);
Core, Core Plugs, & Drill Cutting Sample
Analysis for Elemental Rock Analysis
(Inorganic, i.e. XRD & Elemental Data); and
Conductivity & Proppant Analysis for
Completion Evaluations. We provide
evaluation and interpretation for these type
of data which are than incorporated in the
Reservoir model.
2. Geologic Database Analyses can
Incorporate: Borehole Temperatures, API,
GOR, WOR, Resistivities, etc. These Geologic
Attributes can be mapped to Identify High
Quality Infill Locations and Sweet Spots that
have Greater Producibility.
5. Reservoir Analyses: Including
Completion & Drilling Evaluations: Geologic;
Geologic Databases; Seismic; Source Rock
and Rock Mechanics; and Engineering:
Reservoir, Drilling, & Completion Evaluations
to Develop an Integrated Reservoir Model.
We will work with your Engineering Team to
built an integrated Reservoir Model.
2
3. Proposed Project Work Flow for Reservoir Characterizations
1. Geologic Analyses: (KIC will work directly with your geologic and engineering teams)
Interpret existing (available) cores and DST’s; review published reports, articles, Master & Ph.D. Thesis;
evaluate and interpret well logs. Incorporate existing (available) DST data; generate well log sequence
stratigraphic cross sections; develop reservoir stratigraphic fence diagram(s)/3D models; and perform
Look Back Evaluations on selected wells. These analyses will assist in identifying PUD’s (1P, 2P, & 3P
locations) and identifying & high grading infill locations with potential greater producibility. The
deliverables for geologic analyses will consist of at a minimum: geologic maps, facies maps, sequence
stratigraphic cross sections, 3-D fence diagrams, and reservoir type logs. Examples of the Geologic
Analyses are presented on slides 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9.
3
4. Unconventional DST’s:
Numerous DST’s have been performed in older wells. These
DST’s were performed in conventional wells with the
expectations of good hydrocarbon recoveries and pressures.
The DST’s that indicated marginal recoveries and pressures
were either completed as dry holes or were marginal
uneconomic wells. These DST’s are excellent examples of
DST’s in unconventional tight oil reservoirs.
Core Resource Libraries:
Available for lithofacies analysis for any formation.
Lithofacies analysis is critical in the identification
of transgressive/regressive systems tracts in well
log sequence stratigraphy and the correlation of
well log patterns between wells.
Geologic Analysis – Cores & DST’s
4
5. Geologic Analysis – Well Log and Sequence Strat Interpretations, Parkman Sandstone
Location Map - Powder River Basin
Lithologic well Log correlation based on the Formation Top of the Parkman Sandstone. As
a result, there is a great possibility to actually drill through 2 different reservoirs that
may have different reservoir parameters (oil saturation, pressures, water saturations,
etc.) and may yield a well with underperforming results and expectations.
Lithologic Parkman top.
Time Chronological well log sequence strat correlation is based on the time chronological
top of the identified prospective reservoir. This correlation allows for the proper
placement of the horizontal well bore to stay in the target zone in the identified
prospective reservoir. As a result, expectations for a successfully drilled well are
achieved and the potential for a successful completion and well performance expectations
are also achieved.
Sequence Stratigraphic Shelf Model
for the Powder River Basin
5
Lithologic CorrelationTime Chronologic
Correlation
6. Geologic Analysis – Well Log and Sequence Strat Interpretations, Frontier/Turner Sandstone
6USGS DDS-69-U, 2010
7. Upper Permian Sequences, Reinecke Field, Midland Basin
Geologic Analysis – Well Log and Sequence Strat Interpretations, Upper Permian Sequence
QueenQueen
Grayburg
Grayburg
San Andres
San Andres
Index Map
Length of Cross Section14 Miles, Well Spacing not to Scale, Vertical Scale 1”=200’ Modified from Rick Sarg, June 2016.
GP1 = Guadalupian Sequence Boundary 1
LD10 = Leonardian Sequence Boundary 10
Transgressive Systems Tract
Highstand Systems Tract
Lowstand Prograding Complex/Wedge
SBSB
SB
SB
LD10
LD10
GP1
GP1
GP2
GP2
GP3
GP3
GP4GP4
GP5
GP5
SW NE
Well A
Well B Well C Well D Well E Well F
7
8. 8
Geologic Analysis – Well Log and Sequence Strat Interpretations, Niobrara Formation
9. Sequence stratigraphic cross sections and
lithofacies correlations will be incorporated into
the reservoir stratigraphic fence diagrams/3D
Models, which will be integrated with the Reservoir
Analyses and interpretation.
Geologic Analysis – Reservoir Stratigraphic Fence Diagram/3D Models
9
10. 2. Geologic Database Analyses:
Incorporate any previous work acquired by Your Company for detail evaluation and geologic
interpretations. The previous work may include petrophysical analysis, service companies data, such as
BHT, GOR, detail core studies, purchased databases etc. An example of the Geologic Database Analyses is
presented on slide 11.
Proposed Project Work Flow for the Reservoir
Characterizations
10
11. An Example: Geologic Data & Database Analysis
The TGS borehole temperature model database can present
multiple geologic attributes and assist in the identification of
sweet spots and geothermal reservoir compartments. As a
result, infill locations can be high graded, volatile oil & gas
reservoirs identified, PUD’s identified, timing and migration of
hydrocarbons, all of which can result in Greater Producibility.
11
CReppe, 2014
12. 3. Source Rock and Rock Mechanic Evaluations:
Existing/available inorganic and organic geochemical and rock mechanic’s data would be interpreted &
incorporated as well as conductivity & proppant data. Additional geochemical (inorganic and organic) and
rock mechanical data may need to be collected but not until the existing data has been assessed.
Deliverables will include: frackability maps (potential of a rock to frack) which includes lithofacies
evaluation, oil migration maps (depending on the data). We provide evaluation and interpretation for
these type of data which are than incorporated in the Reservoir model. An example of the existing Rock
Mechanical Data is presented on slide 13.
Project Work Flow for the Reservoir Characterizations that
is Dependent on Existing/Available Data
12
13. Source Rock & Rock Mechanic Evaluation – Geochemical Data (XRD)
Depth Quartz Feldspar Calcite Dolomite Siderite Pyrite Kaolinite Chlorite Illite Smectite
1902 29 8 7 10 2 4 5 7 10 18
1911 13 9 7 5 6 4 12 6 8 30
1914 3 8 2 0 10 5 10 0 5 57
1917 26 7 13 6 2 7 6 7 10 16
1934 28 8 10 8 3 7 6 7 9 14
1935 17 4 20 5 0 16 20 0 10 8
Core Resource Libraries:
Available cores will be interpreted, some of which
may have inorganic & organic data. This data will be
incorporated with the existing log interpretation.
The amount of quartz and calcite is important in
determining the frackability of the rock (potential
of a rock to frack). Hence, the depths 1902, 1917
and 1934 are going to be much better candidates
for fracking than the other depths. The
combination of the quartz/calcite and clays will
provide evidence to determine the best fracking
candidates.
13
14. Project Work Flow for the Reservoir Characterizations that
is Dependent on Existing/Available Data, Consultants
4. Geophysical Evaluation & Interpretation:
Evaluate and interpret existing 2D & 3D seismic data for structural evaluations, fracture derivative
analyses, and microseismic. Geophysical evaluations will be incorporated into the geologic evaluations and
the developed reservoir models for the given formation(s). Existing structural interpretations and
reevaluations will be incorporated. Deliverables to include fracture maps, structural traps. We can work
with your geophysics team or provide consultants.
An example of the Geophysical Evaluation is presented on slide 15.
14
15. Existing geologic structural interpretations will be incorporated
into the Geophysical Evaluations and Interpretations for structure,
fracture & derivative analyses, sequence strat analysis, and
reservoir modeling for the given formation(s). Integration of
existing of 2D & 3D seismic is required. We can work together with
your geophysicists, or provide contractors and integrate seismic
interpretation into the Reservoir Characterization Model.
Geophysical Evaluation & Interpretation
Structural lineaments in the Powder River
Basin: Martinsen, 2003
15
16. 5. Reservoir Engineering Analyses Include Completion & Drilling Evaluations:
Reservoir Engineering evaluations will be integrated with the Geological and Geophysical evaluations for the
given formation(s) Reservoir Characterization Models. The results of this Reservoir Engineering analyses
will assist in identifying and high grading infill locations, potential hydrocarbon sweet spots, and PUD’s (1P,
2P,& 3P) locations for greater producibility. This will yield greater Rates of Return (ROR), Rate of
Investment (ROI), and Net Present Value (NPV) for Your Company. Deliverables will include producibility
maps. We will work with your Engineering Team to built an integrated Reservoir Model. An example of the
potential results of the Reservoir Engineering Analyses which includes drilling and completion evaluations is
presented on slide 17.
Project Work Flow for the Reservoir Characterizations that
is Dependent on Existing/Available Data
16
17. EUR BOE
Wells drilled between 2011-2014
Wells drilled between 2014-2015
Niobrara Wells Exhibited Continued Well Performance
with Changes in Drilling & Completion Designs
Cal Reppe, Shirley Sommerville, & Lei Muehlbauer, 2016
North Park Basin – EOG Well
Out of Zone, EUR 52 MBOE
North Park Basin – EE3 Well
In Zone, EUR 494 MBOE
Stay In Zone, Avoid a Porpoise Well Path
Reservoir Analyses – Includes Completion & Drilling Evaluations
WELLS
Four of these wells were completed
with Sliding Sleeves, the 3rd well
was a Plug & Perf completion with
720 shot holes; 58,000 to 143,000 bbls
of fresh water gel; and 2,700,000 to
3,700,000 #’s of sand.
These four wells were completed
with a Plug & Perf completion; 35 to 49
Stages and 870 to 1,470 shot holes;
143,000 to 284,000 bbls of fresh
water gel and 1,700 to 3,600 bbls acid;
and 6,800,000 to 13,200,000 #’s of sand
(predominately 40/70 with one well using
20/40 sand).
These six wells were completed
with a Plug & Perf completion; 37 to 51
Stages and 800 to 1,400 shot holes;
215,000 to 277,000 bbls of fresh
water gel and 3,100 to 4,900 bbls acid;
and 9,000,000 to 18,000,000 #’s of sand
(predominately 40/70 with two wells using
20/40 sand). 17
18. Deliverables for the Reservoir Characterization
1. Geologic Analyses: geologic maps, facies maps, sequence stratigraphic cross sections, 3-D
fence diagrams, and reservoir type logs.
These will allow for understanding the reservoir lithofacies compartments and their characteristics
and identifying sweet spots (directly related to drilling and completion approaches and reservoir
economics).
2. Geologic Database Analyses: BHT, GOR, WOR and resistivity maps.
These will allow for identification of geothermal reservoir compartments; volatile oil & gas reservoirs;
and potential hydrocarbon timing and migration pathways.
3. Source Rock and Rock Mechanic Evaluations: frackability maps (potential of a rock to frack)
which includes lithofacies evaluation.
This is directly related to drilling and especially completion approaches to target sweet spots and
rocks with better frackability, oil migration, maturity, frack barriers, i.e., bentonites.
4. Geophysical Evaluation & Interpretation: fracture maps.
This will allow for better targeting and understanding structural component (traps) related to the
reservoir lithofacies.
5. Reservoir Engineering Analyses Include Completion & Drilling Evaluations: producibility maps.
This will allow for complete integration and targeting the most productive zones.
18
19. The proposed work flow presented in these slides for the Reservoir Characterization of any formation can
be accomplished with the existing geologic, geophysical, petrophysical information, and databases.
The proposed Reservoir Characterization study will be accomplished by a driven, focused oriented Geologic
Team consisting of Cal Reppe, Keith McDonald, and Vanja M. Stevanovic, geologists, in addition with Shirley
Somerville (reservoir engineer), and Jon Schweigert (drilling and completion engineer). The Geologic Team’s
knowledge and expertise will be utilized to achieve a timely and efficient evaluation of the multiple aspects
of any integrated project. In addition, this team is committed to work with the Geophysical and Engineering
Teams to deliver a successful reservoir characterization model for you.
The purpose of a Reservoir Characterization is to incorporate existing data from geology, geochemistry
(inorganic & organic), petrophysical, and geophysical evaluations with the Reservoir Engineering data. As a
result, the multi-disciplinary team will be able to develop a reservoir model/strategy for each
producing horizon that will optimize the IP’s, EUR’s, ROR, ROI, NPV, high grade infill locations with
greater producibility, and identify PUD’s. Therefore, enhance the overall economics of the reservoirs
and the asset. All integrated data can be applied immediately for an overall better performance
In the current economic climate in the Oil & Gas Industry, a Reservoir Characterization will propagate the
true potential market value of any asset for potential interested buyer’s and financial investors. The
proposed Reservoir Characterization will improve, enhance, and optimize your economics for any reservoirs
target.
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The Reservoir Characterization
