Advanced Irrigation and Precision Agriculture Training

Integrated Rural and Agricultural Development
Association (IRADA), Satara
Online Training on
“Advanced Irrigation and Precision Agriculture”
Primary Data Requirement for Irrigation and it's
Impact
by
Er. A. N. Gaupale
M. Tech. (Irrigation and Drainage Engineering)

Integrated Rural and Agricultural Development Association (IRADA), Satara
•
Advanced Irrigation and Precision Agriculture 2
WHAT IS IRRIGATION?
It is artificial application of water to fulfill crop water requirement
as per there demand
It is used for grow agricultural crops, maintain landscapes,
and revegetate disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of less than
average rainfall.

Benefits of Irrigation
Increaser in crop yield
Protection from famine
Cultivation of superior crops
Elimination of mixed cropping
Economic development
Domestic and industrial water supply

PRIMARY FACTOR REQUIRED FOR IRRIGATION
Soil Soil Texture
Soil Structure
Physical properties
Water Sources Type of water sources
Quality of irrigation water
Topographical Data Slope
Contours
Agronomical Factor Type of Crop
Crop Spacing
Water Requirement
Crop Physiology
Climatological Factor Temperature
Humidity
Rainfall
Evaporation

SOIL
It is upper most weathered disintegrate layer of the earth
composed of several minerals and organic matters.
To an Agriculturist, it means loose material laying on earth’s
surface formed by disintegration of rocks, which can support
plant life.
To civil Engg., it means all the inorganic material on the
earth’s surface produced by weathering of rocks being either
residual or transported.

SOIL STRUCTURE
Soil structure is the arrangement of the
soil particles into aggregates of various
sizes and shapes.
Aggregates that occur naturally in the
soil are referred to as peds, while clumps
of soil caused by tillage are called clods.

TYPES OF SOILS
Alluvial Soil
Black Soil
Red Soil
Literate Soil
Mountain Soil
Desert Soil

SOIL TEXTURE
Soil texture is the fineness or
coarseness of a soil.
It describes the proportion of sand,
silt and clay.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1. BULK DENSITY:
 It is the weight of soil mass in a given volume of soil.
 Bulk density increases with compaction and tends to increase
with depth.
Soil Type
Ideal Density For Root
Growth (g/Cm3 )
Above That Root Growth
Restrict (g/cm3 )
Sandy < 1.60 > 1.80
Silty
< 1.40
> 1.65
Clayey
< 1.10
> 1.47

2. HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY(K)
It is a property of soils and rocks that describes the ease with which a
fluid (usually water) can move through pore spaces or fractures.
It depends on the intrinsic permeability, degree
of saturation, density and viscosity of the fluid.

3. WATER HOLDING CAPACITY
It is defined as the is amount of water that can be hold by given soil for crop
development.
These levels commonly are referred to as
1) Saturation
2) Field capacity
3) Wilting point

• Surface water
• Lakes
• Ponds
• Streams
• Rivers
• Storage reservoirs
• Ground water
• Open wells
• Tube wells
• Artesian wells
• Infiltration galleries
SOURCES OF WATER

Surface water
Surface water is water on the surface of the planet such as in a river, lake,
wetland or ocean.
It can be contrasted with ground water and atmospheric water.
Non –saline surface water is replenished by precipitation and by
recruitment from ground water .
It lost through evaporation, seepage, into the ground where it becomes
ground water.
It is used by plants for transpiration, mankind for agriculture, living
industry, etc or discharge to the sea where it becomes saline.

GROUND WATER
Ground water is the water present beneath the earth surface in soil
pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formation
Open wells

Tube Wells
Artesian Wells
Infiltration Galleries

TOPOGRAPHY
Topographic relief will affect the type of irrigation system, water
conveyance system (ditches or pipes), drainage requirements and water
erosion control practices.
■ Ground Slope
Slope is the incline or gradient of a surface and commonly is expressed in
percents.
Slope is important to soil formation & management because of its
influence on runoff, soil drainage, erosion, use of machinery and choice of
crops.

CONTOURS
A line on a map that joins points of equal height or depth, in a way
that shows high and low areas of land
An imaginary line on the ground
surface joining the points of equal
elevation is known as Contour

AGRONOMICAL FACTOR
Different crops need different type of soils, different types and amounts of
nutrients, and different types and amounts of water.
The amount of water required by the plant is also dependent on the growing
season and the climate where it is grown.
By selecting right crop for the given soil conditions and climate, one can optimise
yields and save water requirements for irrigation.
The crop water needs mainly depend on:
 The crop type
 The growth stage
 The crop spacing

AGRONOMICAL FACTOR
Type of Crop

GROWING STAGE

CROP WATER REQUIREMENT
Q = A x B x C x D
Where,
Q = Water requirement per plant (lit/plant)
A = ETo = E pan x Kp (mm)
B = Crop coefficient (KC)
C = Canopy factor
D = Area allotted per plant (m2)
Epan = Cumulative evaporation for two days
Kp = Pan coefficient (0.8)

CROP WATER REQUIREMENT

CLIMATOLOGICAL FACTORS
Temperature
Humidity
Rainfall
Evapo transpiration
Wind Speed

SOILAND WATER TESTING
1) Why soil testing?
 19 nutrients are required for crop growth out of these,
16 nutrients are important and 3 nutrients are needed for
specific crops
1) Natural Nutrients: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
2) Main nutrients: Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium,
3) Secondary Nutrients: Calcium, Magnesium Sulphur
4) Micronutrients: Iron, Chlorine Zinc, Copper, Boron,
Molybdenum and Nickel

FROM WHERE SOIL SAMPLE
COLLECT ?
Soil sample should be taken when there
is no crop in the field, before sowing i.e.
immediately before application of manure
or after harvest.
Samples should not be taken within two
to two and half months if chemical
fertilizers are applied in the field.
As per Soil color, soil roughness,
sloping orchards, arable lands etc, field
divided into different parts.

FROM WHERE SOIL SAMPLE COLLECT ?
Living space, manure landfill, swampy area, near
house, farm dam etc. Space should be omitted.
If there is crop in the soil, sample should be taken from
the row of crops.

HOW SAMPLING DONE?

WATER TESTING?

WHAT PARAMETER SHOULD TESTED ?
SOIL TESTING
1.
Physical Parameter
(7 Days)
Bulk density,
particle Density,
Hydraulic conductivity,
water holding Capacity,
soil Moisture,
soil Texture
2.
Chemical Parameters
(3 Days)
pH, EC, OC, N, P, K, Ca, Ca+, Mg, Caco3, SO
3. Micro Nutrients
(2 Days)
Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Boron, Cadmium, Nickel

WATER TESTING
1. Chemical Parameters
pH, EC, K, NA, Ca, Ca+, TDS, TSS,
Cl
2. Heavy metals
Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Boron, Lead,
Nickel, Cadmium

SOIL HEALTH CARD

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