4. 4. Union of Epiphyseal Ends: (known by x-ray or dissection)
A. In the upper limb:
1. The Humerus:
•The trochlea with capitulum at 14 years.
•Both bones with the shaft at 15 years.
•Lateral epicondyle units in the shaft at 16 years.
•Medial epicondyle units in the shaft at 17 years.
•Head of the humerus units with the shaft at 20 years.
2. In Ulna and Radius:
•The upper end of ulna with the shaft at 16 years.
•The upper end of radius with the shaft at 17 years.
•The lower ends of ulna and radius with the shaft at 20 years.
3. In the Hand:
•The distal ends of metacarpal bones and phalanges unit with their
shafts at 18 years.
5.
6. 4. Union of Epiphyseal Ends: (known by x-ray or dissection)
A. In the upper limb:
B. In the Lower Limb:
8. 4. Union of Epiphyseal Ends: (known by x-ray or dissection)
A. In the upper limb:
B. In the Lower Limb:
1. The femer:
•The lesser trochanter units with shaft at 16 years.
•The greater trochanter units with shaft at 17 years.
•The head of femer units with shaft at 18 years.
•The lower end of femer units with shaft at 21 years.
2. The Tibia and Fibula:
•The lower ends of both unit with shafts at 18 years.
•The upper ends of both units with shafts at 21 years.
C. The Clavicle:
The proximal end unites with the shaft at 23 years.
9. D. The Pelvis: 6 + 15 = 21
• The pubic ramus unites with the ischial ramus at 6 years.
• The Y-shaped suture at the acetabulum closes at 15 years.
• The ischial tuberosity unites with the ischium at 21 years.
• The iliac crest unites with the iliac bone at 23 years.
E. The Sternum:
• The body unites with the xiphoid process at 40 years.
• The body unites with the manubrium at 60 years.
F. The Hyoid Bone:
The body unites with the greater cornu at 40 years.
All these ages are for males…..
Females closes 2 years earlier
10. 1- anatomical part
2- view
3- age [if male or
female] and why?
X- ray of the hand &
wrist
[anteroposterior
view] showing:
non -union of the
distal ends of
metacarpal bones &
phalanges: so the
age is less than 18
years in males [ < 16
y in females]
Notice also non-
union of the distal
ends of radius and
ulna
11. X ray of the lower leg,
ankle joint and foot
[lateral view]:
The age is less than 18
y in males or 16 y in
females [due to non-
union of the distal ends
of the tibia & fibula with
their shafts]
12. X- ray of the hand &
wrist
[anteroposterior
view] showing:
non -union of the
distal ends of
metacarpal bones &
phalanges: so the
age is less than 18
years in males [ < 16
y in females]
Notice also non-
union of the distal
ends of radius and
ulna
13. X- ray of the hand &
wrist
[anteroposterior
view] showing:
union of the distal
ends of radius and
ulna: so the age is
more than 20 years
in males [ > 18 y in
females]
14. X ray of the lower leg, ankle joint and foot [lateral
view]:
The age is less than 18 y in males or 16 y in females
[due to non-union of the distal ends of the tibia &
fibula with their shafts]
21. X- ray of lower limb [both lateral & anteroposterior views]
showing:
non -union of the lower ends of tibia & fibula: so the age is
less than 18 years in males [ < 16 y in females]
22. X- ray of lower limb [both lateral & anteroposterior views]
showing:
Union of the lower ends of tibia & fibula: so the age is more
than 18 years in males [ > 16 y in females]
24. X- ray of knee joint [both lateral & anteroposterior views]
showing: Union of the lower end of femur & upper ends of
tibia & fibula: so the age is more than 21 years in males [ > 19
y in females]
25. X- ray of hyoid bone [ anteroposterior view] showing: Non-
union of the body with greater horn: so the age is less than
40 years in males [ < 38 y in females]
28. Types: Finger prints may present one or more of the
following forms: 1) Arches (6%).
2) Loops: 68 % [radial (3%), ulnar (65%)].
3) Whorls (25%). 4) Composite (1-2%).
Finger printing for identity
purpose: then 3 points:
1. Type (in case of loops, do
not mention ulnar or
radial)
2. Percentage
3. Method of intake: by
staining the palmer
surface of distal phalanges
by printer (aniline) ink
and pressing against white
paper.
33. Human hair Animal hair
Cuticle One layer of cells More than one layer +
scales
Cortex Broad Thin
Medulla Thin, interrupted &
may be absent
Thick & continuous
35. Animal hair:
•Cuticle: formed of more
than one layer of cells
•Cortex: narrow (1/3
thickness of hair)
•Medulla: thick,
continuous (2/3 thickness)
36. Human hair:
•Cuticle: formed of one layer of
cells
•Cortex: broad (2/3 thickness of
hair)
•Medulla: thin, interrupted & may
be absent (1/3 thickness)
37. 2- Examination of the hair
root :
The root is degenerated
and atrophied with absent
sheath → hair fallen by
itself
The root is healthy and
bulky with torn sheath →
hair is pulled by force (i.e.
violence)
