Chemistry 2nd Part (রসায়ন ২য় পত্র ১১শ-১২ শ)

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Rashayan- Dbitio Patra (Chemistry-2nd Paper, Ekadash-Dbadash Shreni) -Written by Prflf Dr. Suvash
C/1andra Pal and others Published by: Shams Chemistry Publications, Plot-128, BrihottaroJessore Bhaban,
Nilkhet, Dhaka, First Edition April, 2014: Price: Ninty One (News) Taka only.
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....................................................1..111111
Environmental Chemistry

fiif ).) I <1ijl116WI ~ -~-
1ft~ ~~ct ~- ~ ~ ,,m ~ ~'fti ~ ~I ql~&C•HI ~
~ C11$·lff ~ 5.5 x 1015 ~ I ql{i1'5Ci1 W~ ~ "'fPfrttfi ~ ~ ~ I
441ifWtifl ~ ~ ~ f5'il ).) ~ <tl[i1'5'1 '6 ~ ~·~ 'fRtctt ~'611t ~ I ~
~f'lic ~ ql(Jl'5C'l'll ~ ft~~~~ I
<tlfatt!i'l mtTt mi ~ 1 ~' (:>) ~"'flfi'f'll'A. (troposphere), (.() :iildilml'A
(stratosphere), (e) CiiC"llMl'A (mesosphere) ~~ (8) Gfl41Ci1lf1!i411'A (inosphere) 1 ~ ~ ~
tmr ~' ~9f11tiitt,''5t9f '6 ~IC'll+-'Al"114JM4~ CM'6llt W1t I
) I ~"'flf1r4Jl'A (Troposphere)
~=1-IOkm
~9f11tiitt = 350-200 K
'5t9f = 200-100 1ii (Torr) (I Torr = 1 mm Hg)
G4IC'114-'Al"1141M4 ~ g 03 + hv ~ 02 + O
..
.( I ~lt'GIMP4Jl'A (Stratosphere)
~=10-20km
~9f11tiitt = 200-400 K
'5t9f = 10-1 "
110
140 t130
120 l!IC'IUMHll'i
)8 ~~11'~
D ~ ~~ <tl{llt!iC"l ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~lmr ~ ~
~~·'e~~~fit~t~ ~~~~'
~I 0~~~'<3~~
~~~~~I
).) ift'l'IO't'll ~tllft., (Components of Atmosphere)
GfJlth1:>tcq41l;a crt ql(11'5"1 ~ ~ ~ ~ Gf1rUil'! (atmos) ~~ ~ (sphaira) ~ "'9t:l
~ 1 GIJfDiPI (atmos) llft1Q ~ ~ (vapour) ~~~~~~(sphere) Cft 1"Slf 1
~ "IJllht"ffiHl'A ~ Cflii9fi1'5'1 Cft ql(11'5i1 I
't? ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ firdtct'A ~ ~· ~ ccflif ~·~I ~
~WR~~~~ ~-.fft ~I~ ,,mW~.~ 1600 km~ 9fl1'w ~
~ ~~t'f1t ~ ~~ ~~ 441(118'1 ~I
..-------------.

'IJl'I,..., ~~(")
i11~tlilC'fi1 (N2) . 78.084
<:sj~C11f91 (02) 20.946
~~(H20) 1-4
<:s!IC4114-<sill'fl!JM4 ~ 02 + hv ~ 02 + + e
N2 +hv ~ N2+ +e
~ 1 CllC'llMHFSI (Mesosphere)
-~ = 50-150 km
~9f1JtiJft =175-400 K
.. '5l9f = 10-1 -10-4 mt
<:silC'114-•sU>tl!JM4~ g N/ + 02 -+ N2 + o/
O"+~-+ 0+02~
O" + N2 -+No+ + N
8 I ilJIC~PiJa!Jl'A (Thennosphere)
~ = 150-250 km
~~=500-1500K
'5t9f =.104-10-7 ff
<:s!IC.,14-'A!Jfl!JM4~ 8 N2 + hv ~ 2N
O" + N2 =No++ N
No+ +e=N +O
N2++0=NO+.+N
).).) ~lllftit'lt ~ (Characteristics of Atmosphere)
) I ~li{11'9C'1'A '8i ~ 01'9f ~ I ~- 01'9f ~ ~ ~ lftll 7 kg I
~ 1 ~ ~i:oerc<1 ~l'flta'1~., ~ :>tMl691~ 1
~ I ~li{llb'l ll~et1•1rq,4 1fi'n cxn.t ~ I 1'tlf ~ ~ .. rq,4144 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'A
~Q~I t
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~l(iftit'111 t"lliifl-. ~~(Components and Compositionof Atmosphere) I
~ ~ w~ ~ ~1{11'5'1 • 1 ~' ) 1 et'fR t9fl"fl91:>ti{~ (Major Components)
~I ctl1ct '911'1191'11{~ (Minor Components)'
~ I Glrq,'lliiMJ "1111191 (Trace Components)
~ '!'1'1t+~ ~~ ~~w"11'11ti1ta~ ~ ~·.orem ~ 1
~ ).) I ~l(ii« ..11 ~
()) ~l(lf«ifi ~t"ll'fl ..""l'(

~(Xe) 9 x 10
~(Kr) 0.000114
~ (Cll.t) 0.000179
~firnlil (He) 0.000524
~(Ne) 0.0018
'6~ (03) 0 - 7 x 10-6
Ne
iill'.dilCIM Sl-Gliiill:S (N02) 2 x 10-6 0.001818 %
1--~=-~~-----~~---+~~---=~----...,.--~ H2 He
GIJIC111~411 (NH3) trace (Glf?!i'ta ~ct) 0.000055 % o.ooosza %
1---+-~---~~~------+~~~~~~~ Kr CH..
11Ci111'1.<s (CO) 0.00001 0.000114 % 0.000119 %
'$llC4ilf&i1 (h) 1 x 10 fAl ).~ I ~l(iiwtift •
1: ~ lfT11 11 km <cil(ll&t"HI ~ '111~1~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~
~ ~ ~ Cll{il&Cil<A ~~~ C~ ~I,,.'Cll{il&Cil<A ~ ffl1J 5.5xl015·~, ~ ~
ClJ1t '6~ lf-t 'lf1lli ~~ ~CIS ~ I
).~ ~·itC'llb(tt>t ~ 'ISMIUau, wt't, ~ ~ ~ <qlcwtt ~ 9tft411CC.,t ~
(Effect of Changeof Temperature, Pressure, Density and Water Vapour on
Cyclone-Flow Tide)
<11il&Ci'l '!l~ '6 Dlt9RT '6l'A'6Ci1HI ~ ~ ~Cf'.~ etCilltl'>I ~ I ~' ~ ~
~·~~ '6 Dtt9Rt ~9RT ~<JR I~ '9fi'f '6 ~ lfetl4'•tm ~~I '9lti'f ~ ~
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GllC'llbi11 ~ ~ I
) I ~l"'liililll "tft;qt"(-,'11 ~ (Effect of change of temperature) : ~ ~'411"1'A "61~
'61'51'6'11) ~ ~-"Cltl ~ ~ '6 ~ f.rnlrct ~I l418 (fl~~~~~~~
~~ ~ ~ ~ ~$C"l'A ~ ~ ~ ~'Pftif ~ l111J I lfC"1' ~ et14l•tm ~'Pi -qsC1f ~t~
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~ 11t~ ,-.ft<1c'6'SI ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ oo-t~ ''ft<Ctci'SI ~ct~ ~ ~ 1 ,_~ ~•"1-a
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~1i"1Qml~~~~~~~~~~~I~~~~~~
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~ I 'stt9lf ~ I ~ ,tt <tlf*SC'lt ~~ l>t9f 760 min Hg-~if 41~41~ ~ I C"Tii~i1
~1lt ~ ~ ~' "l1J!lf ~ '('1'8IC•A1 ~ C4t-l ~ ~ wr{5l9f 1l~ I ~ ""1
l>tt9Al ~~ ~Wit ~ ~ l>t9f ~ llt'e11T I ~ ~ l>t9f 760 mm Hg ~ ~
~mm Hg <1SC11~1 ~~~~~~~~~~,~~~~!~bltfVtt4t ~ ~~ ""1 Dt9f ~ ~ m't ~~I ~ ~ Wf1 Df9f ~ ~ 'lf1 l>tt~ ~
~~~~0"11
• " I ~ -e ~ ~ 91ft"""'iffl ~ (Effect of change of density and water
vapour) 8 ~' ~ -e etC'lltll(l"t ~ <tl{ll'5C'lt ~ '(3· ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1
<ti(*SC'l Wf1 DT9f ~ ~ ~ ~~ 11m I ~~ ~~ ~~ ~ '(! l>t9f~ ~ ~ I
~ <tl(il'5C'lt~~ C~ ~ 91:.ft<slJt 9ft'e1lt ~ I <tlf*SC'l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~
~~ "l'C9f ~ ~. C'1tl'f !l ~ ~ ~ I
s.e ~ 'J."ll;q~ (Gas Laws)
'fJtt"Rf W9Rl ~ ~ "4tf ~ ~ ~ ~ ltt4181411l ~ ~ ~ 4CtCW:ii I
~~~~~8
:> 1 <tCi4C'lt ~(Boyle's law) 8 I G4JIC<sli11Cil'A'Pf (Avogadro's law)
~ 1 bl~c>Bt ~(Charles' law)~ t 1 5l.;;Ci1'A "ft'.~ Dt9f ~ (Dalton's law of
C't-~ ~ (Gay-Lussac's law) partial pressure)
"1 '5f9f..!f9f1milt 'Pf (Pressure-temperature ~ 1 1211,ICll'A ~ ·'Ctlt~ 'Pf (Graham's gas
law) diffusion law)
fiJPr ~~ FNlfh5 GtlC'llbi!l'A ~ ~ ~ ~ 4Ci44~ ~ ~ ~ I
).~.). '1Jtt'lt 'Pf (Properties of Gases)
ffJPr ~ ~"4$ ~I ~if ~ ~ '(3'9fil -' m ~~- ~ ~ ~ ~I
~ ~ 9ftciJf ~ ~' ~ ~ ~ ~ffi9f ~ ClFtlf ~~ ~ 9fltiJRf ~ ~ "4tf I
~9f1rnlrt ~ 'e Df9f ~ "4tf ~ ff~ "fflJ ~~ 9ftif ~ ~ 1li9ftfi ~ ~ I ~9f1rnlrt
~ '(3l)f9f~~1i!'Pf ~ ~ ~9'1Q ~ ~ I
~~~ ~~~
I~ I I ~ I wt9f~ , I '1JPr I
~~~' ~~~
wt"f~
~ PlfaR1(l91 ~ ~ ~~•:'1IC'!> 11t*"'ltiHI ')tt9f JtllJtt'!loq (homogeneously) C1lt-t 1 ~
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l>t9f ~ ~ ~ ~~ 9f11i I ~~ '5tt9f '(3 ~9f1rnlrt~ ~ Rtlf ~ ~ I l>tt~ lPt'f
~ ~fiRJ "11ta*"'lf<l4~ ~ I
).-e.~ cttlt'i11"Pf (Boyle's law)
1662 ~ ~~~ ~-1ftllr (Robert Boyle) ~ '9Rl ~ Dt9f ~~~if cmftCt ~
:PiRl<t¬91 '1"'1~ ~ GtlMiiil'SI <mfif I AA~~~~' tfJTt'ff ~9Rl l>t9f ~ ~
~ ~~ l>t9f ~ ~ ~ ~ I 11~iJPl'lif 1"'111"'1 ~ ~ ~~ 'Pf ~~I ~
~Ci4Cdl'Si ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~9f 8

'51lll'IC.,t ~I~ (L) filf'1FWrGl<si (mL), ~ OOiJ (cm~~ (nr')
SI I!!~ W'ft ~11filltl<s1 (nr'),
1 m3 = 103 dm" = 106 cnr' = 103L
IL= I dm3=103 cm3 =10-3m3
"5tt9ft ~I 1 atm = 76 cm Hg =760 mm Hg= 1.01325x105 Pa = 1.01325x105 Nm-2
SI I!!~~ "11'1'4'1 (Pa)
'1141ifliiilt ~I SI "1'4iNsCb 'bl~ I!!~~ ~'1~11 (K)~<Rt~ I
lf1l1't"141 ifliiil 0° C = 273 K
ip
"fb '1141iiliiill ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Jti t9fl • '5tt9t~ llWl91"'1lfls• ~ 1" ~~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '6l~ Dl9f m't ~ ""tJl"lft'SI ~ ,m '3illl!SC"4ta
~~ m 1 ~<Pt~®"lc;q, ~ ~ Dt9f ~ 'bl~ ~~ ~ ~ "!4lii!Sc:-i'SI mtct m 1 ~
~T ~ 2P Dtt9f ~V l!l<f~PDtt9f ~2V~ I
"4CIC'Bl "JPR •tlfCi~cp ~I~ 'bl~.~~~ V '6 ~ ~~ ~ ~9f P
W"f <IC~C'l~ J'[dllij<ll~,
V oc _!_ (~'bl~ T ~)
p
<rt, V=K_!_ (K=~~~)
p
<rt, PV = K (I.I)
~~'bl~ I!!~~ ~Cf ~ ~ ~Cf Dt9f (Pi, P2, P3, ) ~'f ~ ~
~(Vi, V2, V3, ...... ) '9fl'6'ID ~ l!l<f~ ~ '51ISl6'1C4 ~Fm Dt9f ~~Cf~ ~"fl?f ~
~ ~ ~ ~ I ~l!l<f,
P1V1 = P2V2 = P3V3= =PnVn = K
'wr-lf6WRI '>tlf(IC':O ~CIC'lt ~~(Graphical Representation of Boyle's Law) I
~'bl~~~~ ~~~Dtt9f ~ ~ ~' v ~ x ~
l!l<f'- '5l9f p ~ y ~ ~ ~ ~ I!!~ 9f'Sll1'dl41'SI ~ '9fl'6'ID ~ (f5iil ).~ ~) I I!!~
~fir "1il'1141tt'(t (isotherm) "1Tt1r ~ 1 ~~VI!!~ R~ _!_ I!!~·~~
. p
'5ilii!SC'1'A ~ ~ I!!~~-~~~ I I!!~~~ I!!~~~~~ CfCif I
i~ /T, Ti i ~1>T2>T,
T1 V // ~ T3 PV --
T2 , ~~T-~'1
....__ T3 ,~,:- T1 > T2 > T3
0 p-1 • 0 p ..
oo '1Jtt)ff V~~ ('1") ~ PV~ P
fAr)."I~~~

s.e,e bl'f,"1'il ~~ C't-'l"tlt+si,_(Charles' Law or Gay-Lussac'sLaw)
~ Dlt9f ~ ~'f ~ fiit1r ~ ~~ lf"er-; ~ ~ ~ 1787 ~ -e
C't-~ 1802 ~ '1'6&i'dlC<t ~ ~ ~ ~~ -e Gll4J16Q1'511ft5:fJ ~ ~ ~~
~ ~ ~' ~ -~ ~ ('t-iJJtltfl ~~~I~ ~9f g
~ '5tt9t -1R(~ ~~~ltfW M vtf4'• Wl"iiilctil ~ ~~ ~
~"frrM° CJtf1JGftq; ~ Qtif~flPt (0°C) '119'i11Cilt4i "5flUSC.,t m ~-.W~~~ 9f11r" I
.. Wr~Dtt~~-~~~~ 0°C~~ t°C~~~V0-eV1
~ ~ )[llll¥J1m
V, = v0(1-1-
2~3)
=V0(
2~~;t) ,.. (1.2)
~~~~~I
).e.e.) 9Al1r ~ .,91iiliill ~~ dB ~91'(. (Absolute Zero Temperature and its
Significance)
~·Dtt9f 0°C~~ n~~'f ~~~ vow.r~~~~"f~t't
~~GliJ::>tlC'R; t°C~~~~
· v, =V.+v.
2~3
=v.(1+
2~3)
=v. (t ~~;3) (1.3)
~~<elc<t ~~~ ~ t°C ~~~~m
v = v + v ( 2)-t 0 0 2713
=V-V-t-
0 ° 273
= v. (1-2~3}
= v ( 213 - t) (1.4)0
273
Dt9f51"1Rl<tf?h~W?~~~~ 0°C ~ -2T3"C ~~~~'!"t<f
V_m = v.(27~;:73) =0 (1.5)
~-273°C~~~~~~I~ -273°C ~~~~~'i111
~~ff; ~9m I cmfct ~~ ~~ C~~ICiil'Si ~ ~ ~~~~~~~I
~~ blifCJ1'51 "!lllli~lm ~ ~~ ~ ~ Gll4J'6Ci1'51 ~ ~ ~ ®'il'Slt~ ~
~ ~ '-J:U ~ ~ ~ ~ 1fU' ~"liiliill (absolute zero temperature) ~ I
- 273° C ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~'CCJ 9ft1f ~ Wl"tiiliill Cftwf I

).o.o.. 4'fl'f "M•U•ll ~(Absolute Temperature .Scale)
. '°f11f ~ !'t9flmln ~ -273°C ~9tiffailC4 ~ ~ I.fl~~~~~~~
l°C c.fl~ ~ ~~~elf~~~~~ 4'fflf lf1'*11ftclil ~ ~ ~91'41iilt 9f1l'IT
c.-r ·~I ~ (cpij~ ~~ ~9Rf ~ c.fl~ ~ ~ ~I ~ ~l~l.iJJtlt'R ~~
C+*1f94 ~ ~ 1 '4*1~ ~ °t5l9tifla!IC4 K V11T ~ "iRt ~I CJ'f*1PBU'>1 ~ !'t9tiililllt4 t
c.fl~ 9Rf1l ~ ~9tifla!IC4 T ~ ~ CRt ~ I 9f111--ru ~~ lfRGft ~ ~ ~-
-2730C =OK .
~ 0°C = 273K
~ t°C = (273 + t) K ~ (I .6)
~'- C4'1N5i1 ~ C4R !'t9f1mllt !SRr CJ'ff.U611S ~ CJ'fiiPBUJ'f ~ ~ ~9f"llil 273°C
~I c.fl~ ~ ~ ·~ !'t~ ~ ..ett I ~c.fl"Cf,
t°C = (273 + t) K = T K (1.7)
s.e.e,e .9ft1r ~41iiliiil ~ 'tli(ICiO *&t'f'C"lt ~ ~ "1-'J"llt+a ~ ~lif., (Dertvatton of
Charles' Lawor Gay-Lussac'sLawwith the help of Absolute Temperature Scale)
~ ~' f.ifift otc9f ~~·f.ifift ~ ~ ~ t~C '6 t~C~~ ~ V1 -e V2
~ ~ l>left>t'A >J:.~li>tlC'A
V1 = V0 (
27~7~
ti ) = V0
2;3
(T1=273 + t.) 1 (1.8)
ill~ V2=v.(27~7~
12)
= V0
2i3
(T2 =273+t2) ••••.•••••••••••••...••. (1.9)
(1.8) ~ J'f~<P'A'1ct~<P'Slct ..m "<51'1 ~
V1 T1-=-
v. T2
V1 = V2 , (I.IO)
.T1 r;·
~tft'A'l'OIC<ct, Vt ~ V2 = = Vn = K (I .11)
T1 T2 T0 ..
ctr V = K
T
qr V =KT
ctr V oc: T (~ P~) (1.12)
~~Cf flwtt"t ~ 15tR ~ °'1il ~ ~ ~ 91111 (c.-tf9ii) ~91iUCiil11 'tifl~"ll~• I
~~ 9f1'111'!t~ 6tlf'C"111 ~ I ~ ('t~ ._!SS'Olct'A ~9( ~ ~ ~ ~
~~ ~ C't-'J"llC... ~ ~ I

)."·"·a-'&19t-'Wt"f11liiil ~ ~ "Dtt'R~ (Pressure-Temperature Law)
"6l9f-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "1-~ ~ msa 1i9f I~~ ~9f g
~ etlCI'«.. ~~'Wtff ~'IM CCl"tfWe41'Mi1Ntt "1illi'*lif's41
~~ ~ ~ Dt9f, P l!lcn. ~ !l~, T ~
Pcx:T(~, V~)
~P=~xT
~PIT =~ ·.- (I)
~ I!!~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 9tfi<1'6i1 ~ T1, T2, T3 ~ ~ ~ DT9f
<M1«11 PpP2,P3 ... ~ m 1 ,.,,, .. Wl
~=~= PJ = =~!!_=K ~
T1 T2 T3 Tn
WI 27°C .!19fi4fallt1.~-.flt·~~~<~ ltl*5if 90 L l'lt~ 57°C~>~
<Rt'r ~~ Dt.9t~ ~ ·~ ~-~ 81 L ~ 1 •~ Gilifb-t ~7
ha•~,~ s..56L]
;qc1t'l'i ~ -e 51-t'c:>Hi ~ ~ (Combination ofBoyle's·Law and Charles' Law)
IOO llRS, T K !l~ ~~ P Dtt9f ~~~ct~~= V
cttlC'l'i "J.Clllii411l, !l~ (T) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (V), Dtt9RJ (P)
<iJt!llij"'llCi!S 9fra<CtRt% ~ ~ Vex:_!_, ~ !l9f1milt T ~I
p
~ 5l-fc:>1t "J.Cllli'411l, Dt9f (P) ~ ~ ~ ~ct ~ ~ (Y), ~ !l~ (T)
~~~I~ ve r, ~Dt9f P~1
I!!~ '519t (P) ~ 119111IClll (T) ~ .. "tftct~ ~ ~
Vex: T lfl V= KT (K~) -.n·PV =K (~)
p p T
I!!~ ~ 11RS, ~ ~ ~ ~ v "'lf°i<l~6 ~ v1 '<3 v2 "5'l41!S0'1, P Dt9f Y1ra<1Rt%
~ P1 '<3 P2 Dtt9f I!!~ T !l9f1milt 9lra<1Rt% ~ T1 '<3 T2 !l~; ~~ V, P I!!~ T-1!1~ ~
~ 9lra<1...ti1 ~ P1V1 = K, P2V2 = K
T1 T2
~ PV =P1V1 =P2V2 = =PnVn=K ~] (n~-~~"3t)
T T1 T2 r,
-300 -200 -100 ' 0 100 200 300 400
---- t(OC) -------+
fRI ).8· I V cpn1f ~"tilliiil, t {°C) ~
~)
)."·"·8 ~b trtli(IC'U 51-t'c:>tf ,_~{Graphical ~epresentati.onof Charles' Law)
~ Dft9f "5'14N5c-1<A t Pi
(V) R9fb ~Yf~lilll<A
v
(t) ~fiill f5if ~.8-~
~~I
.. Sfi{ ~ ~
~ '5Tt9f !l~~~
~4154 ~~
"iiUSMtt'llt (isobar)~ I

V= Kn [V = ~~~<f'-n=t1A ~-~~] (1.13)
~~ '5fJICel'11Cilt"P~ ~ I
).~.a- ~' ~ -e eoltel'iltil<a ~ ~ ~ (Combination of Boyle's, Charles'
and Avogadro's Laws)
ctCllC'lt ~ I ~ !l~ ~ ~ C4R ~~!lit ~'Pfif ~· Dtt'Pfif <ulll-J"11Nl4 I
l
~ Jtiilli,i<ilm V oc P (T =~), : (1.14)
~ V= ~~~Cf'- P= ~ ~9Rl ~ '5l9f
61-fC'lt ~ I ~ "5lt9f f.if5ft .~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (C4'1~~) !l~
~~I~ Voc T (P=~) (1.15)
~V=~~~<f'-T=~!l~
~ '5UICOl'11Cilt "J.'llliJ:aqlm, Vex: n (P '<3 T~) (1.16)
~~~9fm~~~~~
V oc n
4ff I
(4) I.!!~ ~ Mfi1'6l<•~il 1ft1:fl 300 K "!l~ 250 kPa Dtt<Pf ~f#t411~ '1J'Pr ~ 1 Mfi16Htt6
106 Pa "5l9f ~~~I ~ ~ •Ul>t~ Mfil'<Sl'Affl ~ ~ ~ "ftG'i{ewft't· c~ I ~
lft'<31A ~'t Mfil'<Sl~ft ~ ~ ~··~. I Mfi1'61CiHI ~~· = 1800 K
(~) •1Jl>t~ ~~ ~ 'fJt'f Mfit'<Slii 14.9 atm '5l<Pf ~ ~ 9fmf 1 Mfil'6l'At'6i1 1lt"1 27°C
"!l~ ~ '5f<Pf 12 atm I ~ ~ *'i{ 1'ft'ft1r Mfi1'6l'AfD'A ~!l ~~I ~
!l~ MM'6liit'6 ~ ~1 Plw I 99.5°C)
).".8 eoltel'iltil<a ~ (Avogadro's Law)
1811 ~ 'dtJICilPf~ 'dtJICOl'11Cil ~~~ ~ ~ '<3 ~ >t""i~ ~"4fG ~
(hypothesis)~~ I ~~<Pf s
~~ ~"iitlail ~ ~ ~ "tll'IC-,t ~ ~ "i1lt-f "I'-~~~ I
'15lilJ'!?IClle'A, ~ "5l9f ~ ~ !l~ ~
~"111%4SIC<! <ft ~ "1RI<!~ ~ I
~" ~ ~ 'l:Sll{l!)(Oi1 ~ !l~ ~ ~ "5l9f
~ ~ !l ~ ~ Fcl;c;pt~ >tililOA~ ~
9fNnrt llrn I I.!!~ >iil'lC'AtlJl 'dt~'llC•lt <ft~ 'dtlUS~I
~ (isochore) ~~I
~~
~~ ot9f-!St~ ~ ~'t I

'
).".f'.) '1f1Wl1f ~ ~, R-dR • ~91'( (Physical Signi_ficance of Molar Gas
Constant R)
"1~4'Sl'f (1.18) ~
R = PV = Dt9fx~
nT ~-~-.nt x ~~(K)
'<q'1't'
~ Dt9f = CiJPIJlqai
~ ~ 1
~'.R= x x---
~ ~-"f'.~ ~~(K)
'<q'1't' ~3 1
= ~ x C1l1Wf-~~~ x ~~ (K)
'<q'1't'x~ 1
= °'11'f-~~ x ~~ (K)
~ 1
= x--.--
==~-· K r~==='~J::-':t:1).".a-.~~~ R dff1'R~ (Calculation of values of R in Diffierent Units)
~) CGS ~SI ~ R (~ ~)-dR 1'R I~ "t~'JPI~ ~ c~-1!1~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ STP-~ 22.4 L ~ 22400 mL ·~ 1 ~ct Dt"t P=76 cm 91HMt1Ct'SI ~~ ~'
9Rfl1 ~~ T = 0°C = 273 K
. 3 32
0°C ~~ ~~ = 13.595 g/cm, C.G.S "t"'"''® etN54(et ~ g = 980.7 cm ts';
p = 76 cm~ mft Dt"t = 76x13.595x980.7 dyne cm-2
PV 76x 13.595 x 980.7 dyne cm" x 22400 cnr' mol'R=-=--~~~~~~~~~~~~~-
T 273 K
PM
qr d =- (l.18B)
RT •
~'- Of'll ~' J1~4'A'f (l.18A) l!!Cf'. (1.188) ~~~~~~M'S
~d~CRT11m1
w
(d=-=~~)
v
~ct (l.18A) c;qs ilji1f.!•UIJ1 ~ ~
P=(~)(~)=d(~)
~ ~ ~ 1fM K I!!~ 91fii;qct R ~ ~' l1t ~ '1JPf ~ ~ ~ 1 ~~
PV = nRT (1.18)
~ct (1.18) c;qs ~ '1nt'ff "1~+sl'1 ~~I I!!~ ~Cf~~~~~~ 'S
~ ~ ~ llnT 1 ~ ~ 'S'ISM ~ g I!!~~~~~ M ~ ~- C1fl1'J-~~ n = w/M

~I n-l!l~ll'M "1~4'Sl'f (1.18) I!!~~ PV = w RT
. M
wRT
qr M = PV (l.18A.)

... (-.) 20°C ~~ '6 740 mm (Hg) Dtt'Pf 0.842 g ·~ ~ 400-mL ~ ~~
I i'fJtJl~'A "4l'1M4 1R' 'ff P (~ s 51.94JI
(~) "lllPtfBfit'1 (C2H2) '1J?r '(i~ ~"I~ ~.FRt· ~ ~~ '9liIT ~ ~ I ~-
~ .._M111cca~ f3tfite1c1 · Jift<qtlt( ~ Q 1 25.0 Ltiili!iCiHI ~~ Prfit&l'A 34.7 atm ~'Pf. c.!l~ 25°C
~~~~ 1{00 1 §1fitet't "4Jl~~fitc•fA ~ ~:fif:llr ~' [~ s 922.5 g]
('f) 250°C ··~~.··,'6 770mm Hg Dtt9f S02~ ~ ~7 [~ 1 2.65g/L]
('fl) 20°c 5t~~4·~~-~~~·0.12dm3 1 ~ •
'fJtt'R ~~ 47° C~ ~ '4'it 't(tl'r '5l9f fua4t ~'ilft.·~ ~ 15414'%i1 7l.5cm3 ~ I
·~~~? [~I 13.15 cm3]
).e.~ •1.Vtitt ~(fill• wt9t ~ (Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure) 1 ~ Cft '!)'C!ilf~ '1TPf
'A!Jtl41M4 ~ ~ "'i'A"GS1CH ~ ~cfilit9f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Wf I f.ITifi
~~ ~ "4IJJ!iCi1'SI '1Jt"f fil?tt~-~~ ~ Dl'Pf ~ I ~ Dl~ fil?tt~ '11$ Dl9f ~ I ~
'1lt"f ~ 91RltC1c6 ~ Q~ "'1 ~~ ~ ~~ "It~ fil?ttctif ~ ~ ~ ~ ell
R
_ PV _ I atm x 22.4 L mol'" _ O OSll I" K_1
1_1--- . - . itre atm mo
T 273K
Cft R =0.082 litre atm K-1 mol"
(tt) •11'111CI R-"ff ~I R = 8.3-14x 107 erg K-1 mol'
~ 1 calorie=4.183xl07 erg.
~'- R = S.3l4xl0: = 1.987 cal K-1 mol"
4.183x10
(~) fir111-t111tllc111Rifa1ct R-"ff ~a P = 1 atm,
(l.OPa = lNm-2
l.OJoule = l.ONm
I.ON= 1.0Kgms-2
V =r 22.4 litre mol ", T = 273 K
=8.314 JouleK-1 mol "
tTI R = 8..314x107 erg mol " K-1 (~dyne cm= erg)
SI ~~lit"' R-dff~·a ~ 107 erg=l J (~)
~~ R =
8314~107
JK-1 mol" =8.314JK-1 mol'"
10
SI~ R dff '1l'ftiff·~~
iJl. ~~ ~ Dl~ "111JIC4'1 (Pa) c.!l~ 5ll41!ii1C4 ~ ~ (rrr') c.!l ~<Rt ~ I
~~Cl, ~~ "'iYiiFeC!i, 1 mol ~ ~ '9liU STP ~-
p = 1 atm=10l.325kPa = l.01325x 105 Nm-2
V =22.414dm3 =22.414xl0-3m3
T = 273.lK
R = PV = l.01325xl05 x22.414x10-3
T 273

. - P1V1
··Po----
V1+V2
5l~Ci1'A "ft~fi't<1s Dt9f '!dlliJ'11t:a
p =Po +pN
P= P1V1 + P2V2
V1 + V2 V1 + V2
.<ft P(V1 + V2) = P1V1.+ P2V2
).~.~.~ <&I.Ve-Ht "llefMt4.'5'f9t ~ •trfil~• 1P'(ln ~91911l1•t (Mathematical Formulation of
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure) 1 ~ ~' ~~ ~ ~ G4Ci14•1if ~ ~ ~'
A, B, C ~ ~ 1 ~~ ~ Dt9f P, ~ V, o$ ~-~~ n ~~ ~~ T C4'1Nsi1 I
~~ ·~fiRf "ft~fi't<1s Dt9f ~ pi, Pi, p~ ···················Pn ~'ift. ~-""-~ ~ ni, n2,
03, lln I ~ ~ J'1~4'ACf·~
PV =nRT (1.20)
nRT
p =- (1.20A)
v
~ ~ ~ ~ J'1~4'A'~ ~9f ~ lfm I~'
P1 = n1RT (1.20 B)
v
i1~tGltMCi1'A ~
P2(V1 + V2) = P2V2
~~ ~a-
Dt9f ~ ~ ~ ~ Df9f ~~ ~ ~ I ~~ Dt~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ 'bl~· '5t't (partial
pressure ) ~ ·1
~ ~ ~ ~ 9il<s1111'1M4 ~ 12141.Carfif ~ ~ ~cm ~ Dt9f ~~'- ~
~YfMICi1'51 '5tt9Af 'Jlt~ Cln•t'!JI ~9ftiff '9fiIT ~ ~ ~ ~ I 1802 ~ ~ •tC<l'l'f~
tt''lltt''l '!dll41t:a ~41~ ~ I ~ Ci!'Vt-.t ~I~• 'it't ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~9f 8
~ •l"liiliiilt 9ffWllff M ~ °'1if ~ 1lf11l!Sif ttJPr ~dt'tt '111'·'5t't ~ ~ '"'~"
t"ll'TI_, •tJIJJf"1Ci(11 "511~ '61t9fi ~1"1•tiij'I ~I
~ ~' T ~~ V G4l4'6Ci1'51 ~ ~~ ~ ~ n ~t.~ ~9fllifM ~ ~
Mra,.411~9'1 ~~~I~ ~'ff CSffS l)f9f p ~~ ~~ ~~ •tJIJ'1J'1S{C~'R ~t.filf4 Dt9f
~ pi, p2, p3, ······Pn ~ '!Stcf
~t.filt4 Dt9f '!JlliJ'1IC'51, P =Pt+ p2 +p3 + + Pn. .. (1.19)
).~.~.) <&19'C*51 "'fl~'519t~~ (Application of Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure)
~~ ~ ~ vi mL I ~ P1 Pa (9iJIJiC4'1) '5tt9f G4~C@fi1 ~ 9!cf ~I ~~
G4IC'514ft ~ ~ ,U9f ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ l1Rf ~ V2_mL ~~ P2 Pa '5tt9f
i11~c:'GlfMi1 ~ 91cf ~I ,U9f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o$ ~ ~ (V1 + V2) mL I
~~' P= ~~'R1Dt9f
Po= G4fi!cetCi1'51 ~~fi't<1s Dt'Pf V1mL V2mL
PN = i1l~c:'G1cetci1'SI "flt.~ Dt9f P1Pa P2Pa
~~ <IC4'C'l'SI '!JIP~!ilt<a,
G4fi!cetCi1'R ~
Po(V1 + V2) = P1V1 [:. P1V1 = P2V2]

~WI (c,) ~~ IOL fitfittSICH ll'OO 27°C ~~. OAg_ He, 1.6 g 02 ~'Ctt. 1.4 g N2
'1Jt7f ~ I He ~ "5ltt~ '5t91 f#w ~ I ~~ C1illJ' '5l41f ~ ..mI [~ 8 2.46]
(~) ~~. ~ GIHmtCtfi{, i{~"lcetii ~~ ~ 5~Gl·f~ ~ ~ mfCt: I ~ ~
~ '5l9f 800 nun Hg ~~ GIKrtCVM . '<3 iil..QalCettii'SI ·~ '5191 ~ 100 mm Hg '6
300 mm Hg I "iia'llUC!S~ ~ 'dtlii'!Ciiil~ ~ ~ <R I
[~ 8. GIAlC6fi{ = 12.5%, iift~IC6fi1 = 37.5%, C02~so %]
('t) J2 g Glf91Ceti1 ~q'- 28 g i11-~lcetii '1Jt7f -'ti'5191 200 mm ~ "'lfitceti1 '6
i11':tcQIC6fCiit ~~ '519f ~? [~ I 100 nun, 3100 mm]
'111WJ-•--tI~~~ ~t.llf ~' -c:t~~ ~ ~~-~ ~~~t.~ ~ ~'f <R"tli ClJ ~?t'ft.llf 9fl'e1IT llt11 ~ ~ I ~t. ~ ~' ~ -~ ~
"5T9ft4 (P), ~ -ct~~~4 ~~ ~ ~-~?tl'.llf ~ ~ <R"tli '1JIJiftu<s1 ~'-~
"5T9f 9fll{31JT llt11 I ~
'1Wr flldt'Ri °'1ift9115flC ..t ~I~ wt't = •bl"lltt '111Wf-•--t x '111Uwt't
n2RT
P2 = ----y- ···················:···· (l .20C)
n3RT
p3 = -- (1.200)
v
'ft~~ Pn = nnRT (1.20E)
v
0
_ n.RT n2RT n3RT n0RT
~'Pi+P2+p3+ +pn ---+--+--+ +--
V V V V
RT
en Pi +P2 +p3 + +pn =-(n1 +n2 +n3 + +nn) (1.21)
v
(1.20 A)~~~ (1.21) ~ Jif~4'51'f ~ ~'f ~
P n n
------= =-=1 (1.22)
Pi +P2 +p3 + +pn lli +n2 +n3 + +nn n
~ n. +n2 +n3 + +n0 =n (1.23)
~'t(l.22)C~~
P = P1 + P2 + p3 + P4 + +pn (1.24)
~ '1Wr flldtiff C1J1Uwt'tJ1i '"1tlifl.."1Ci(t "'I~ '51t9lt "11'1•C'lt ~I
~~ (1.20 B) ~ ~ctt4 (1.20 A)~ ~~'f ~ 9fl'611Tllt11-
P1 =~ ~~ P2=~xP
P n n
n n
en P1 =-1 xP p3 =-3 xP
n n
~~ ~, ll2' Il3 ~ ~t.~fift4 '111Wf-·~~I
n n n

x
~9M-$ = - cm per sec
t
~--.Jtff ~ '5M, ~91~1dil ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~~ $ ~if ljj'Pf '6
!1'~ WCJRf ~ ~ I ljj9f -e !1'9f11t1n ~ ~ 9fttcl ~~ ~ ~ ~ 9fM I ~ ljj'Pf '6
!1'9f1mm ~ ~ C4R ~ Cl1~1Cil<sl 11~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ <tl ~ ~ I
~ ~9fif-$ ~ ~ WCJRf M~'SI~ I
1829 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~- M~.. 1:si ~ ~ ~~ $ l1""1~ ~~ ~
~ ~' 1ft ~l(ICil<sl ~ ~9f"il ~~~I~~'
(<JS) ~9R (~) RPRrct ~ ~9M
fiaf).~·~~~
~-'$ (Rate of Diffusion) I C4M • Cl14JIC'1'R 11~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'t ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~9fi{ "$~I~ t ~ C4M Cl1{11Cil'R 11~ ~ x cnr' ~ ~ ~' ~
T Jr-, ·1
·--v•; •'fWf ~'!.
·-. /.
~ 1PITTlif ' ~q
s.e,C «tlf(IC~t tfJPr~~ (Graham's Law of Gas Dtffus·lon)
~ (Diffusion) I ~ ~Ma4JI~ ~ 111~ ., ~ (lt ~ ~ ~g~ -e J'1~51Cq
~~~~~9M~I
ilJflf(t'1 I ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~~ c<m't ~~ H2S ~'911'1~41~ ~'?f lltn ~ ~ ~
~'t '9ftif ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ H2S-~if ~~~~I ~ ~ ~ ~g~65Jcq
bl<stfVrC4 ~ ~~9f 91~~1b<st ~ -:-.-_ --'<T I~~~~ H2S -e ~ ~~ ~ Wf I
• ~I ~9f ~ ~ ~ WG 9fttiJr ~ ~ ~ '9ftif -~~ ~ ~ 111~
'91'Sl""'91C<sl'Sl'llt~~~'t~~~~~~~~~m~~·~~~I
~I ~ ~ ~lltl~'Slt'f ~ ~H2S-~if ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~9M ~I~
'9ftf.m ~ KMnO 4, NaCl,~ ~ .. 'V ~ ~ ~m ~g~'5;;s1cq ~ ~~ ~
~I ~9f <lt ~filt<p ~ ~ ~zyrt 91<sl""'1C'Sl<sl ~~ ~ ~"<slt 91<sl""'91C'Sl<sl 'llttfl ~~ ~ I
~ ~ 'llt~ ~ ~ ~ ~if ~ 5lil"Sl<A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lfm
Cq'f1ffl<sl ~~ C~ I ~if '4m't ~ Cq41~ffl'R ~ ~'.~ ~ ~ ~PJfafi ~-e~ ~ ~
fQ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ tl'CllCH Clif11WJ ~ ~ t)itt ~ Clif1l1wr ~ ~ ~l•l-t'6t
• Clif11Wf C85t" ~ ~ P1IP1C4~~~I
~ ~~~ ~~~ 1 '4m't .. ~~"Cli1~911!>,tlCb '1rrn 'frrn~t.'iU
~~ ~~ !5lm ~9f ~~ 1 ~~ 'llt~ ~wr-e m~ ~ 1 ~ ~
~m~~1~~~~<n~~~~~~-~~9fttijf~
~~~~11'~~~~~~1
'dfi<qJI~ ~ ~Pffl'1 (Effusion) I ~ 9fttiJr ~·~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~(f$ ~ ~
~ ~· ~ ~ 911aif1:;b ~ ~ f'a~ ~ Wf I "ClifllC'lt ~lel~• ffa~ 91ft;qct
1fiil~elc<q~fQ 9fC'( ~ ~tfci1t wfOiilC• '6fi<qJl9fi1~~1Jtt'1~1"
~~-.

t1 r2 M1/V
~~ :: = ;: =~ ~: (1.28)
~ ~' >i~4'A'f (1.28) ~ ~ ~.:l11t(IDBI ~ ~ ~ 'Gf't'1M4 ~~<Rf l1m I
w 1 (cis) 16 mL 1':1~QiltGti1 30CJ'tt~oo·~~-q1 I.fl..-.·~ I.fl~·~ I.fl~~~
~ S0 2 ~~ ~1 [~ 8 2.8284nit]
(-.r) I.fl~ "!'If ~ ~ fimr· 432 mL I.fl.··~ A..'*ff Off ~···~ 1lftt't 36 ·.~I
~ 288 mL ~ I.fl~~ B, ~ c.fl~ fla·fPitv c.fl~ Dt'9f ·.'6 ~~ Off~~ -rrttt 48
1ilf.W 1 B-ltl~ ~Rl4 ·~ 64 ~ A-c.fl~ ~'IM+~~? [~ 8 16]
(~)I.fl~.!Sl'9f1fliJJt '9 Dtt9t °'1if 9fttiJRf I.fl~ f1a ~··~ c.fl-.fTJ.·'1'J?f '6 Gtfi!ttttii'A ~
~~ $ lMlaF<tii 5 : 6 I Gi~Cet~il ~· 17 ~ ~ ~ ~ '9 5Jt"1R4 ff fim1 <A I
[~ 8 24.48 '9 48.96]
r1 t2
-=-
r2 t1
:: = ;: =ff····················································································· (1.27)
~~' d= M [~M=~~~c.fl(f'.V=~~]
v
lo!!~ 6l~ '6 '5lt'Pf ~~~~~~I ~t.
d = M1 d =M2
1 v ' 2 v
>i~4'A'1 (1.27) ~
~-
t2 r1 M2 /V
-=-=
1'f ~ 'e 'SMiiliiili ~ ~ 410l"IC.,t ~ - ~ liilff{,-Wt '11Wl~"llf"fiiii" 1-
~ ~'Pf '<3 ~~ lffer ~ ~ ~ d c.fl(f'. CfJT'Pftittf ~ r ~' ~ I.fl JtlillijJ'il(31
I
r oc Jd
I
<rt, r = k~ Jd (1.25)
~~kc.fl~~,~~~
k k
r .11~0, r
1 = Jd ~'"'! 2 =Fi
~ r1 '6 r2 1~'62~~CfJT~~c.fl~ d1'6 d2~~~1
~Ill<! ;: =~ , (1.26)
~~,c.fl~~~~~~~~c.fl~~V~ctCfJT~~~t1'6
v vt2 ~ 1'ftt~ I ~'- r1 = - l.!l(f'. r2 =-
t1 t2

).8 ~ '1~«'fil ~(Postulates of Kinetic Theory of Gases) .
~ ~ ~ ~'51M~• ~(kinetic-moleculartheoryj-e ~ I ~ ~ "<3 ~fZl;qs ~
~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ R'8il~'AI ~ 4C'A(A~ ~ ~ ~SIM~•"'~ ~ I ~~ ~
~ ~ ~ 1 ~fir~ (Bernoulli),* (Kronig), ~11"1 (Clausius),~
.'ln'f.l ~l/2 ·~''•·
1B•lil"t•ttiaio191~w9fJrtiffi ~
Pl'lfl4ft ~.~ ... )
~attltt 1J!il. 11~ ~ a
) I ~ Mtf Wf'6 I f'tftt9 ftJl'f 1_cf~ I
~ l~-~~l'ltt~~ I
'-' I 'Plficfft ~ ll'211JKif ~~ etl+ICH. ~
~ ~~ ~~ )15, ~$ -e siU ~ Dt9f
iTt<3 I
8 I ~~~ft ~ '54141!SCi'HI ~ ~~
·'51t~ ttN5RIR1 ~ ~ I
ct I ~9fm 9ftfc;q¥1 •~ 'fils ~.·~'!rt 1111J?
5l~"HI 'Pf·'1-tfJfti·~ I
)t~f7RWWN!·I
~I ~.~~·1'j_cf·.~~·~'.~ f
'-'I f'lffff··· ~ 1fro· fltilililftC4 ~'
~1c.,tff;c4 ~·,~ ·~ C1'1ttB1ff;c4 ~~
~ lft'e I
81~~0thltlf·"4J1
<?I ~!SM~.·~~···~•.tQ·~ I
'1:t·1~~~~~~-l1Rrr
(-q) ~~ 235UF6 ~~ 238UF6 ~if~~cut~'$~~ I
[~ 8
235UF6-~'if
~~~
238UF6
~if cut~~ 1.0043 ~ OOXt~]
(!) ~~ ~ 4'to ~ ~ ~·~ ~ '54141Cii'A f'a X ~~ y ~I 41t>.,i'ift'A ~ 200
cm i ~~~~x~"'f~HCl~~~y~"'f~ NH3 ~~·~
~~ c;f'S1lt ~I~~ P ~~ csmn~'Pf!f ~ ~ C"fl'f Ix~ P ~~~
~? [~ 8 81.1 cm]
).e.v STP ~ SATP (Standard Temperature and Pressure and Standard Ambient
Temperature and Pressure)
STP ~ 141.,"1f( a~~' T = 0°C ~ 273 K, Dt'Pf, P =I atm ~ 101.325 kPa,
~' v = 22.4 dm3 mol"
SATP ~ 141.,"1f( I~~' T = 25°C ~ 298 K, Dt'Pf, P = 102 kPa ~ 1.01 bar
~' V = 24.789 dm3 mol"
SATP ~~ 51141!)C.,'A ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ SATP ~~ Dt'Pf ~ ~~~~~I
<IC~Ci'i'SI <>J:.~l~lm, ~ 'Slt~ <IJl~li91IN54 ~'<I''- blflCJ'f'A <>J:.~li~lm ~ C4'1Ns~ ~~
~~ I ~ SATP ~~ 51141'!)~'51 ~ ~ ~ I

fiar).~I ~)~~~~~~(~)~1'00~
tfJPf ~ OOll,'111 1'00 fl:~'(l'AS ~
(-.f)(<ti)
fRr ).11 I~ '51i"10(t ~ C1ftl~ ~ ~ Slll'ICiffl ~~ ~
~'11W~~~~~~·
C I ~ ~'.t"f~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "'f'<Pl'f ~ ~ ~ I ~fiR "'lt'°"IC'Sl'R ~
~~ ~ C'141IC"l'R ~ ~ ~'1' ~9f<15 ~'l(f( llW I ~~ ~ ~ ~fir
"'f'Pf~ ~'1' ~ I
lT I ~ ·~ C'141IC"l'R ~ '~ ~'l:"f~C~'R ~ "'f'~~ lFCl'f ~-Dtc9Rf ~ ~ I
~~ ~ ~~'st~~ c<tfilt~ I
~ I ~ ~'l:"f ~'R ~ '1f!>W ~· ~ ~ '1"Cf 'ff!)~ ~ C<P'lNsii 'bl~
~~I
•
•
. ~ l[t1f ~ Gij<rt£1i1~'6
'Wr.~~
•
•
~~~~~·~I~ ~'l"f~Ct('R ~~~I~~~~~~ ~141bCii'SI ~
~~'fTI
.
• ..~--+-- MClfC"f'SI ~-a 'I!!'~ ~lfftR
~~~~'Pf~Cfqf
~~~'I!!'~
~ '1~'5(¥l ~(Postulates of Kinetic Theory of Gases) I
~1'1~·~·
~I ~~5Pf~~~~c:tf~I ~~~~~~I
~I ~~~~'"!"fii[<A'51~~~1~~~~~S~~~~I
e 1 ~~fir C'11"11<Pl'R ~ -e ~'1'~9t<1S (elastic) 1
8 I ~ "'f'~C4lb91~"1bl ~ I •
Cl' I ~ ~'.t"f ~CO f.u;'SfC"T'R •
~~ ~ ~ ~ '(3 '1JT"'f' ~
C'141IC"l'R ~'fl ~'Pf ~'1' <tt
~~I
(Maxwell, 1860), C4'1f&i (Kelvin), C'41WtUfiOli4 (Boltzman,1868), ~ M•l~il "i'ct~'fl<a 'JPfl'f 1
~~' ~ S ~~~~~~~I~~-~ ~lSli'l'd
~~~9f ~~~ '6 C+'lf&i 1 ~ ~ ~-~~fif ~~"Wff I

,._.a (<Ii) 25°C ~~di~ C02 ~di~. 27°C ~'9ii4lail~ di~ ~ll:QilCetili ~ ~
~~? ['88 6.l7xl021 J, 6.21xl021 J]
('ltf) zs-c~· lg C02mft"1'i~I"l'" iffi-1'® C'R<cR 1 [ftit g 84.46 J)
(~) ,25°C "!t~· 5 altlf. N2 ~~ m~ 1 [~ g 1858.79 J]
).~ ~ ttJPf" ~ i'fJPr (Ideal Gas and RealGas)
'1JPf "Pl' "'liJ'l'SICf ~ ~ ~ 'i{f- ~ ~ ~ !f~ ~ '5ftft 'Offt ~ l1rn I
~') ! ~'fJPf '6 ~I ~i'flPrl
).~.) ~ ttJPf (Ideal gas)
CtJ ~ '1JPr ~ ~~ '6 ~ Dtt9f i'fJPr J'["f>ii[~ ~' C1C~CG'1'51 "Pl', ~ "Pl',
"'IJIC'61'11Gil'SI "Pl' ~ Dtif ~ ~ tt11'f ~ I ~ ~ 5{fR't PV = nRT J'1~4'51'1 ~
M4lf!~ ~ I ~ ~ ~~ ~ dl'4fTi ~ "-rt~~ l1rn I ~ ~ ~ ~ C1Jfiti]f
~ ~~ "'1'51'4~'1 ~ GCl4'~Cii'SI ~9Rf f.1'5~~"1 ~ ~IC'1'51'4'6 ~ tfJt'f (fCl'f I ~ ~
i'fJT'C'Rf C1JfitiJf ( aE J = O
' av T
~ '5l9f '6 ~ ~~ ClllUlfG ~ ~ ~ i'fJPr J'1~4<act CW{ 1)tl'f I fff b; '5l9f ~
f.r!{ '!t~ ~~'-~ ~ C'lfitiJf di J'1~4<sief ~ ~ 'i{f I ~ ~ ~ G4l'iwf1SIC<q ~
~'i{f I~ '1JPr !!~ 4l•M4~1flijJ I
).~.~~~~·(Characteristicsof Ideal Gases)
~ 1 ~ '!t~ '5l9f '<3 ~ ~ di~~ I ~ ~ ~ ~~ PV ~ P
(~9f) ~ ~~ ~ l1rn ~ ~ P-~ J'flllS<sil"I !!~ J'l<si'lC<siteft ~ (~ ).~) I
.( I '5l9f "IYf~qft!S ~ ~ ~9f1mm 0° C ~ -273° C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I
~~ ~)
).<t ~ •tf'6"'51 'l~fl'1 ~ tffe-tf9:a ~(Calculation of Kinetic Energy from
Kinetic Equation of Gases)
~ ~ ""~'~ ~ ~ 9fT1jlf ~ ~'1 '1JPr ~~~fit~~
~~~~~·llm~~~'5l9f~~I~~~~~
~~!1~~~$!l~~~~~~~~~~Dtt9Rf~~
J'1~4'S1Cf ~9f~ <Rf l1rn I ~,
. PV =JS mnc2
!!~ P= ~'5l9f V= ~' n= ~~~~ m=~~~' c= ~~
~~~if~C<i"f
!!~~if~~~~~ J'1~4'Sl'fe4 ~i1f.fi1JIJ'1 ~ ~9f ~ l1rn I ~
PV = _!_ mnc2
3
= ~x_!_mnc2 = ~x ~ ifNs•fN;t (~ n ~ ~ ~·~ = _!_ mnc")
3 2 3 2
3 3
:. ~i~ =-PV =-nRT (~~~ PV=nRT) (1.36)
2 2 .
~ ~9f1mm ~ ~ J'1~4'Sl~t (1.36) ~ '~N!t'SI ~~<Rf l1ro I

Paw Pa~
fRr ).)o I <4') tfltt'R~~ fRr ).)o (~) ~-..tR't ~ tfJ1t'R etllRlff-1'11 ~
~~~9ffe'~~~~~,~~~~~~~
~ Gllb'AC't MiJNs'SI ~ct~~ !ST ~~ ttfi't ~ "8f1itt l11111 ~~ ~lf'1t&c4 ~<c•lti9'~'1ll
· PV
1'Jth';q'lff~1~~z~~~QI~~~~~ Z=- I
nRT
0 200 400 600 800 I 0001.00.50
0.5
PV i.O
1.5
51lillC'1'A ~ ~~'. ~ 'fll>l>li[~, ~ H2,02,N2,C02 ~ >14"1~ ~~I
).~.s ~ tfJtt'R ~ ~ ~ tfJtt'R ~ (Deviation of real gases from ideal
behaviour)
PV = nRT ~ '1JPf' >i~4'Sl'1 I ~~ >1~4'51'1 ~ CCJtif ~ Gtlb'A~ ~ ~
~ Cl1'fl ~I ~ '1JPf' ~ ~ (!t9f1mllt 'e '5111) ~~ :>f~4'Sl'1 CWf "W"f '!IC'1'AC4 ~
~Cli'flQl~CCJtif~~~~~Cf~~~I
~" ~ '1JPf' ~~ 41$1M4 ~ ~ I GtlillC'f'A ~ ~ ~ ~-
H2, He, 02,C02 ~~'1JPf'1 ~ ~fir~~~'t PV=nRT ~~
~ ~ ~ I ~ g !l9f1mllt 'e 'Mi{ '5Tt9f ·~ '1Jl:>f:>fi£~ ~ ~ eul11 ~ ~ cmt I
~ '111>1>1)£~ C1t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ !ST ~ (Regnault), 'd()l~lf
(Andrews, 1869), eJJlillitl (Amagat, 1880) ·~ M•l~C'1'A "1~11'1"1iti 'fill'f"l ~ ~ ~ 1
'd()liil'11 ~ !l~ ~ '1JPf' ~ ~ '5Tt9f (P) ~ ~ f.ffi1 ~ I ~9Rt '5Tt9Rt (P)
R~ PV-~~ ilM>ii[~ ~~~~~~I ~- CWMF6cai ~~'~I ~~~
caolatl•fl ..r4~ I ~..,.... ~ elf. C4M ~ ~ <IC!JC'l'A ~ ~ Wf "!StCf ~!ST~· PV
l.{l~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ P ~ :>fillHl'l ~ ~ 11T'e1lt ~ (f5iJJ ).)o'e ).)o) I~
~ ~ ~ >iill'&'Sll'l ~~~~~I
1Pt1Ff .'I •
" I '1JPITTt 1lfff ~ ~ ~ emf cet:>flA'!S Q ~ CCJtif '!t91nr 'PfA;q<l;:i Q 'i{f I
8 I ~ ~~ ~ 'fJtt:>f1f Gtl4r'6Ci1'SI 'Pf~;qc;ti1 Wf<3 ~~ 51CSNl~'1 ~ ~ 'Pff'f;qiii ~ "iU I
).~.o~'1JPr~~~ (RealGas)
elf ~ 'tJPf PV = nRT :>f~4'S1'1 OlCi{ Wf ~ ~~'- ~ 51CSJ'8ict ~ ~ ·IT~
'!ql~!Sti1ii ~9Rt M'5~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ m -eW'Pf >t~41''1
( P+ ~:) (v -nb) = nRT~ f.Mh ~ I ~--rt W'll, ~ ~~ ~ ~ Oll!ij&~Cf
~ Gll4J'!C~'SI ~~ f4cS~~ I~ (aEJ ;t: 0
av T

~lPltlif ee
~~~ ff=nRT ~I~ z-r ~I~~~ PV*nRT ~I
~Z*l~1·
~ ~· ~ ~ ~ ~ 9fn I ~ z < 1 ~ ~ ~ lITTJ· Cll, '1Jl:>it&'R MRJN>'A ~ct
·~ ~I ~11 ~ ~ Cll, ~ ~ ~ ~~ 'Ul:>if&~ ~C411>i1~"N>I ~ c<ffWt I ~~
~ ~ ~ ~ cmr ~~~fir{ ·~1~H~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (~
C02, NH3, CH4 ~)I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Z > 1 ~ ~ 'Ul:>it&'A MRJ!>'A
~ct~~ I~~~~ Cll, ~ ~ Cml ~ ~ ~ ~'.C415i1~ I~~-
~ ~ ~~ '1Jl:>if&'A ~~ ~~~-~~I ~ H2, He, N2 ~I ~ ~
~'411)i1~11!SI "1th z..~~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m, ~ ~ •ct ~ '1JIJOtt&ta
MRJ!>'$1 ~ct ~ c<ffit ~ I
).~.ct ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~fJfw.si ~ (Cau5es of deviation of real gases
from ideal behaviour)
~~~~~~I fq ~~~ ~ ~ .. (~)~ ~
5ll~Niei1'$1 ~ ~ ~fim ~~~'tr ~~'. (~) ~ ~fim ~~~ct~ ~ct
~ ~'tr - ~ ~ ~ ~ °if!l I "1il1"141 ~ ~' ~ !;'f~ ~~ ~ '5tt9f
<tSC4l<Pf& ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~I ~ ~ ~ ~~'IMi~<P'Slef ~~I ~~ "1~4'Slef ~ ~ 'ft1Wpf
'1~+1'1~~1
~~~I ~lJRS, T K !;'f~ ~"4-~~ ~V ~9ftUJl~~I
~ ~ ~ ~fiRf ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ '1JT"f..~fir l>i11Cq'AI ~ "9fiU 'Pf1UlRf
~ ~ v 9fm ~ I ~~ ~lc<I l)illCq'AI ~ "9fiU ~ 'flPf..~fif (V - b) ~ 9ITT1,
~ b= ~fiRf~~l~~~tKtlf'~~ (V-b) I
Wft9lt ~~I~~' ~~~~I ~~ ~· ~ ~'6 YfRl<1'6~ ~
lITTJ I ~ ~fiRf ~~ Yf'RA41C'A'A ~~ct~ ~ ~ '6 ~ ~ ~911'<1~!S ~ ~
~~I~~~~ "<l'1'f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'ffi'f "4ift ~~·I ~ '5tt9Rf ~~
~~~cm ~"41t ~~·I~~~ ..~~~~~~~~~~
~~ lfCll ~'.~ "<l"'f ~ ~ I ~ ~ '1JT"f Cl1 "519( ~'f ~ !;'f, ~~ ~ ~ ~
W'f elf "51"1 ~ ~' ~ ~~I ~ ~ ~~ 1't~ ~~~ct~~ "51"1
~~ct =Pi ~ ~ 11t~ ~"4 ~ ~ '1J?f ~' ~ Dtt~ ~ct = (P +Pi)
2
~I ~" P + ~g~~ ~ ~I~~ ~ct ~- ~ n : I ~ ~ '1J1t'Rf ~
v
n2a
;r~M~~Dl?f~ (P+-2) I ~~a~~~'S~~~~~~~~~
v
ffu;sil~ 5ll&Gil'IM4·~ct ~ ~Yf"(jS I a ~~ ~ ~ ~ m ~fiRI lft~ ~'l ~ ~
~ 9fttCf I Cl1 ~~a ..~~~~~~'~~~~~!!>~~ I
~l ~l~~ DT9f ~~'- Gil{l!SCi1'SI ~ PV =RT :>i~<P'ACct ~ 9fl'61ft·lttfi ..
(P+~) (V-b) =RT I ~~~ctff;~"4 ~~ ~~I~~ J'f~4'R'"1C4~~
y2

).lr ~ Ptfitetto.-•+ac'1 tfJPf~ eftl1't' (Application of Gas Laws in Filling the Gas
Cylinders)
Ptfi1(SIC'S1 ~~~ 'dl~Cete:t, t(l~Qi!Cete:t, ~fi1{1111 '9. ~"ff f9f ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ PtM~l'Sl
"5f%4'AC'1 ~' ~ ~ ~' ~ <tC{IC'l'Sl ~' ~ ~ '<3 ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I
~ f>tfi1elC'S1 ~~ ~ '!)f~ (~ '!l~) ~~ct~-~~~ 1 ~ Plfitel'A
~ ~ct '5t'Pf ~ ~ 9fn I ~ '5t'Pf ~ ~ ~~ 30% ~ ~ PtM~IC'S1 ~
m~ ~ m~ ~,<tt{ICG'l'Sl ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ""5CR ~ ~ '!l~ ~
P1f'1elC'S1'R ~ '611{1!>Ce:t ~ ~ '!>l ~ '5t'Pf ~ ~ 9fn 1 ~~ <1cm;11'S1 ~ ~'1 ~
~ ~ S.T.P. ~ ~~ ~ Ptfi1(SIC'S1 12 kg~~ f9f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '5t'Pf ~ ~ I
~ ~' Ptfi1(SIC'S1'R ~ct ~ 20 L (-) ~~ ~~ f9f ~ ~~ ~Yfll11Ce:t'Sl ~ ~ M
g/mol 1 ~ Plfil~IC'Sl 12 kg~~ "<IT~~~ 1 l.!I~
12 kg ~'ff f9f '1JPr = 12000 mol l.!l"f f9f t1J?f
M
~ ~' STP-~ l.!I~ Cl1t1'f ~ ~ 22.4 L 1 ~ C'l ~
1 mol ~l'f f9f ~ 0°C '!)f~ 22.4 L ~ ~ CR'ti'f '5t'Pf ~ 1 atm
"<IT 1 mol ~'ff f9f ~ 0°C ~~ 1 L ~ ~ ~ Dtt'Pf ~ 1x22.4 atm
"<IT 12000 mol ~~ f9f ~ 00C '!>l~ 1 L ~ ~ ·~Rt•('5t'Pf ~ 22.4 x 12000 atm
M M
~'-
12000
mol l.!l"f f9f ~ 0°C '!>l~ 20 L ~ ~ ~ '5t'Pf "t(C<l
M
22.4x 12000 10714.3
----· atm = atm
20xM M
= x atm (~)
1
~ Clr, ~~ ~4l:"1C!Jf <l~C'l'SI ~ (V cc - , ~ T ~) l.!I~ ~~ ~ ( V cc n)
p
~ ~ ~ 1 ~Jtl<t"f!> m~ ~l: '1IR Plfit~IC'S1<a ~ ~ 11t'fl ~ c.£J~ f9f ~ ~
I .
:fill..t4t..~ I ~ ~ '6 cmR ~ llt'fl 'f'lii111{i14 ~ct ~ ~~ ~NlC<ll1e:t ~ I
. emf f'1'*4W ~'6 I .
an2
'9~~ct~~1n~~~~~~- (P+-2)(V-nb)=nRT
v
).C ~·blJlf"1tA'll~~~~ (Conditions of Ideal Behaviour of Real Gases)
~~~~~' ~ ~~'!l~ '<3 '5Tt'Pf PV = nRT ~"f ~~~I
~~~~~~~Cf~~ I~~~ ~9RJ ~ '6il"f•f5IC<I ~~I ~fff
~ g (~) ~ Dtt'Pf '<3 (~) ~ '!l~ ~ ~ '611l1-f'6IC<t ~ ~ I
Q; ~~ ~~ ~ Dtt'Pf, V-~~ 1fM ~~~I 1.£1~ ~ ~fiRJ vt~""'510R~ lfttfJ ~
~~I~~ ~l'lM4 ~ ~ ~CfJ~ ~I~~ v 1.£1~ ~ ~fim~ ~
(b) ~ctJ m ~ 1 ~ V-1.!1~~ 1ITCiRt ~ a/V2 l.!I~ 1l'M ~ctJ m ~ 1 ~~ P-~~ ~9ft'if
aJV2-~ ~ctJ 4WJ ~~I~~~~~~ '9~ :>t~4'Sl'itt PV =RT :>t~4'SlC'f ~~
m~I l.!I~ 4l'AC~~ Dtt'Pf '9 ~ '!)f~ cmA ~~~~~~I

fJtf'iYSI~ 5Rt4~'1 f.ttn9fl; ~ I ~<15ff; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Gili11Cl1~ Oitvt 0°C ~~ ~
Ptff1YSl~~~'6~~~~1~~ l5°C-35°C ~~~~~~~~~I
~ 'fJPf fJtf'iYSICH ~ ~' ~ ~~ ~ ~.~ ~ Yl~q~ "5t9f (P2)
~)j~4<a'1~~~~1~~~'6~~~~~~~~1~,
xx f3tfi1YSICH ~ = P2 x fJtfilYSIC'sB~ ~
. 273 (273+t)
• ·~~ ~ YIRl<i~ ~ ~ ~~ Dt9f '6 fJtfilYSICH ~~~~~~~~~I
~~ ~ C*1, ~ f3tfi1YSI~ ~<P~Cct ~ ~ ~'1 ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ <iM~<:SI~
~~~<f$~~~1
'ilfil~• ~ 'G Jtitl~
•5flf(t'1 ) I 27°C 1!l~ 0.895 atm Dtt'Pf 0.05 L ~"<Pfft 'Pftt;if ~l:COYalCetii ~ ~ ~ I ~
9fttijf -S1Jl)jffl~ ~-~~ ~ ~? ~ Glll1'RR'Pf ~ ~ I
~ I ~~li)ll<:SI
~'61Jl ~' ~9f10illt, T =27°C = (273 + 27) K = 300 K, Dt'Pf, P = 0.895 atm,
~, V = 0.05 L, ~ ~ ~' R = 0.0821 L - atm K-1 mol'
~ ~' ~ ~ )1~4<aCf
PV =nRT
~ n = PV = 0·895 x 0.05 = 0.001817 mol
RT 0.0821 x 300
~~, 1 mol ~ ~ ~ 6.023 x 1023 ~
:. 0.001817 mol ~-~ ~ 6.023 x 1023 x 0.00181
= 1.094 x 10211Ti
tfi I :(ll:Uileetii ~ 'Gl''l_-~~ = 1.094 x 1021
15'1'(*1 ~I~ ~ ~ ~ 1!l~ 27°C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ No't
Wf, ~ ~~·~~~~Dt'Pf 0.8atm~1.08 atm ~~<Rf~?
~·~~'~~fil4~~~= xL=V1
~~ Y1Rl<1Rt'!·~ ~ ~ = 2 x L=v2
01'6'ID~,
~ 1!l~, T1 = 27°C = (27 + 273) K = 300 K
~ Dt'Pf, P1 = 0.8 atm ~ yt~;qR5b ~~ , T2 = ? , YIRl;q~ Dt'Pf, P2 = 1.08 atm
~·~~~~~'
P1V1 = P2V2 ~ T2 = P2V2T1 = 1.08 atm x 2xL x 300 K = 810 ~
T1 T2 P1V1 0.8atm x xL
~~ 91f<l;qR5b ""!l~, T2 = 810 K = (810-273)°C = 537°C
~~Cf ""!l~-~ = (537-27) "C = s10°c ~)
•5flf(t'1" I 0.8 atm Dtt~ 0.2 C 02 ~~~ 0.88 atm Dtt~ 0.6 L N2 '1JPf ~"<Pff; 2 L '5Cl~!$Cii;a
~~ 9fttijf ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~~ Dt'Pf ~~I

450°C
200atm
Fe,Al203
N2 +3~2·
).~ ~IC'&t ~ ~l{116C'1 ~('ll'~~ (3ooo-3soo0c)~~ 1 ~if~~ N2 -s
02 ~~~N0~9fW~ ~qt_ ~NO~ 02 ~~~~~N02 ~~
~I N02 ~~ ~~ ~ ~ HN03 ~~I MMa4ll~~~i1 g
~~ct
N2(g)+02 (g) 3200oC ) 2NO_(g)
2NO(g)+02 (g)~2N02 (g)
4N02(g)+02 (g)+2H20 ~ 4HN03 (aq)
~~ HN03 ~ 9flf.m ~ ~ ~ ~qt_ ~ ~~ ~ (CaO) -e CaC03 ~~ ~
~~~~~~~~~flrt-t~ I
CaC03(s)+2HN03 ~Ca(N03)2 +C02 + H20
).~.) ii~ICifii ~'"~ (Nitrogen Fixation)
~Nitl1'51 ~ i11ltialC$ii1 ~ ~ Q?!Ma~IC4 ii~ICIM fifttll''lii qcllf I ~~ fi1tit"'M '1.l:'51C<i ~
9fmt I~'
~I~~~~ (direct fixation) ~(f'. ~I~ ;r~~~ (indirect fixation)
) I ~ ~ I~ <ft~~~ ~ '64JICC!lc'Gl<iJl<P'G'51 (azotobactor) ~ ~'4 ~
<iJl<p'ij~~I ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i11l~1Ceti1 ~ C1Ptif ~<tt. ~ ;r'.~ (fix)~ I
~I 9ftft1lf ~~ I craf~ ~ <ili(~6CV1 ~~ HN03 ~ ~ ~- ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~'9e ~ ~ ~ ~ct 'S ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~Rl-~ll ~
9lc111..e1c;q iil~ICIM fifc..."191 I ~ ~ 91'41N5C!S H2 ~ 'S ~ N2 ~- tll51<14'~ ~"~ct
MRl-~1~ NH3 ~9fW ~ I ~l NH3 ~ ~ ~ 'S SllG1JIC~IM4JI~ ~J5)1C(l5U (DAP) ~ ~
<RT ~ I ~ ~~ Yfiijif%C!S NH3 ~ HN03 ~"9fW '41" ~ ~q'. HN03 ~ ~ ~
~~9f:J~~~~I
Po Vo =Po V2 2 2
<ft 0.8 x 0.2 = p02 x 2
0.8x02
<fl Po = = 0.08 atm
2 2
=- 0.264 + 0.08 = 0.344 atm (tfi]
Glf~CifCi1'51 Dti>f, P02 = 0.8 atm
GlfCJttetti1'51 ~, V02 = 0.2 L
~ 8 ~~li311~
i1i~c'falCl!tCi1'51 Dti1, PN = 0.88 atm2
~1l:c:'G1cetc~;g~, vN = o.62 L2
~~,V=2L
~~'
i!i~c;'Gicet<ti1'51 ·1'5IT'-~ ~9f pN2 ~en. Gl~CetCi1'51 "'1'.~ Dti>f p02
~l~tla1Cett:-1'Sl ~' Gl~CetCi1'51 ~'

~~ "C
).)o 'filttR ~--e Cftt~ (Industrial Gaseous Waste and Air Pollution)
~ 4'141<srttt~~ "1•1'qf51b ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ f611MC'b ~ ~ ~
~ ~ '-tt C'f'Gfif ~ ~ C<lfilt iiliN54l'S14 ~~~I 'lt5N54l'S14 ~ ~ffr wrt S02,
N02, C02, CFC ~ I f.{o; ~'fiRJ ~~ '6· 'lt5N54l'S14 ~fif "llC"llbi!I CR1" wrt 1
"ll"l•lt &~tt~ (S02) I ~~ ~'4ff; ~ ~ I <ll{ll6C"l <fti ~ ~ ~l:fl S02
~ I ~ "41C11Rl41~ ~ ~ <IJ<il(IC'SBI ~ ~ ~ ~ 1'l'IJli l;i{ S02 ~'Pf:i ~ I
~?fef ~ ~~~9fm~~~~ 5'(llf'4~ ~I~~~,~
~ '6 ~ fi) '6 ~ "fli'fl0i'S1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~llCH~ ~I
ttRitaMil (Effect) 8 S02 <11(116~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ H2S03 ~~~ S03 ~~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ H2S04 ~'Pf:i~ I
S02(g)+ H20(/) =H2S03(aq)
2S02(g)+02(g) =2SO~(g)
S03(g)+H20(/) =H2S04(aq)
~efif ~~ ~ ~9f ~9fC8 ~ 1 ~~ ~ ~,m ~~ 1'1t5'SllNT ~~~~ ~ '6 ~ ~~C"f'S1
qJf~ ~ ~~ ~I ~ 'bl ~ pH ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ '6 ~'if ~~~ ~'
~i!etl~Cll'SI 414llill <ft~~ I ~IJ'fi!l~'S1 ~ (bronchial spasms)~~ 1 ~"«Rt, ~'
~ ~' ~~ ~N5M~b ~ ~Nifula~I~ ~~~I
~ &~tt~ (C02) 8 ~li!<il~ '6 ~ qJf"14'6IC<i ~ ~ <IMl(ICU lFtl'f
C02 ~~~ct 1110IMc4<R cmr C<lfllt ~ 1 C02 ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ m ~ 1 ~~,
<11(116'1 '6 ~ ~~451 50-100 m ~ ~, ~ ~9f t~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~
~~~C02~~~1
~ <rnf ~ '4R1tct <lltil6Ci1 C02 ~~ ~ct -~ C9ft"f <11(116"'1'51 'Ol'S1J'fl11J ~ ~ I
<11(116"'1 etlll'fb l!l C02 m ~ ~'tm t~45'f ~ ~ ~-I ~ 1ftl:fJtlf ~ ~
C02 ~'Pf:i ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ C02 ~-~~ct ~fula~I~ ~'tlf c-rn I
ttRitaMll (Effect) 8 <ll(116Ci'f C02 ~ ~ l1t ~ 'bl ~ ~ ~ ~N5RP~I I ~ ~
~~"tWf~I
i1~1CtM &~it~& (N02) I J'fli'ffils~fl4 l!l~ '6 ~ ~m ~~ ~ @itetlb
~ N02 ~'Pf:i~ I~~~ H2S04 ~~~~I~ ~"l<f~ ~ ~
~ct N02 ~ ~~~~ ~ i(lfct ~I
~faHllefif~ 8
(i) N2 +02 = 2NO(g) (ii) N0+02 =N02(g) (iii) N02 +H20 = HN03(aq)
ttRifilHll (Effect) I ~ '6 9iHC<IC-Rf t~ N02 '6 NO ~ 'lt5Ns4'51 ~ ~ 1 N02
• ~ <ft ~ ~ ~~ ·~~ HN03 ~9f:J ~ I ~'efi{J N02 ~' ~' ~ ~ '6
!*ll'fC4 ~~~I N02 ~4 ~ ~'6 ~ l1t ~ ~ '6 ~~ct~ I N02
~ ~ "!N5c<1e~"" ~ "4'Cif l!l~ l!l~ C4tm l!l~ f'1cJ1;11c;qs ~ ~ (}RT 1
s.» ~· ~~ -e ~- ~~ crt~fiMll (Origin of Green House Gases
and Green House Effect)
).)).)~- ~~-tfJPf(Green House and Green House Gases)
~ ~~ ~ ~'!41"'1 lpf, ., '6 •ll4"1<1Nt ~~ ~C"iC-iJ 'bl9f '6 ~ M~flb ~
~~~~I ~~ ~ - ~I~~~~~ <ft~ 001 '-tt _I ~ ~ 'bl'9f

) I 'Cl'llM'SI ~"ICJ ~
~I~ '6 ~. 'fli11f.HliC9f ~ ~ CWfl ~
~ ,. ~ (03) ~ • ~IP', wt~ C418 'G
~ 1't'f ~ R9J.Wf ~ ;ife:rlleettA'R 5lt1,l.'i"14' ~ "11
""°~ ~t'f tCll{(llbtt1 ~~ (ll:ti141-fi1"1( ~~ 51ftltetil
~ emf 'Gt9fTif emf I
~ I (CJLi) ) I llPIJ '611ft etillfii 'G ~ Pffqs4 t1l1"f
~ I !ft~ '6 '9'lf1f 'ftC'HI ~
~I ~~'f~
)I )l~ctJ~4lb ~1·~~~~~
~ I '~ ~R!silil 8 I ~ 9Jl'11M'R ~
(l' I "IRtCl(ct ~ 'Jl'llM'R ~
~ ~~·~ ~ ~ Slltt(l~Cii'A ~~~I l!I~ l!l lltf ~ttJletii 11'!" ~9f '6 "'1tl'fT J'f'A<i'AIO('A
~ ~ I ~ ~ Yikltctt»f-e l:~lllb !"f,1'flf dl"Cft. ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ 'iaT I <i~IC~
~ C'W'f ~ ~l~Cef'A ~ ~' ~' ~ '6 ~~~~~I
~ - eraR CflltW ~ iiltil~~I., C02 ~ C'ltf ~r.tt'tt 1IOO flMittkl ¥'11¥'1t• ~ I
C02 ~~ ~ ~ ~ Mttqfib ~ ~ I ~ l!lftt. ~ l!I~ ~~I ~ C02 ~ ~
'S~~~-~~-e~~~-e~~~~e~91Gf 1
l'1tff ~~ <itl{l11'5Ci1 ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ 'tltR ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ I ~ ~ ~ '!19f '6 ~ ~ ~ I 1(~~ (800-2500 run) ~ 51ctC•llfi:!S
(infrared, IR), l1t ,-'1111M ~ M4U!511 1 <il{lllEOll'A l!I ~ ft ~ '<iiti ~ ~ ~
l!I~ ~ I ~ ~ 1(JC'1IC<ii'A ~ ~ "1'Tt'1 ~ I ~CtJletCii'A SIR!sRI• 1(JC'll<ii ,~ ~
(}ffi I "1T<l'm ,~ ~ MMskl!5 '!19f ~ ~ 11.~1-pu QCiT ~ Dt1i I
l!I !19f ~ ~ ~ ~ 'Sl<iCi'llfi:!5 ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'1
21~ Ill 1lfi'a C02 'El ~ ~ Ill"'- ~ ~ ~ co, ~
~~~=~1:1::~ ~ s s ~ ~C02 lH20
<mJ ~ - 'fJtt'Rf ~ ~~ I 1.£1~ ~ HiO C0i H20
~~~~~lt!OOJ~I~ (
lit ~ MMsR!5 ~9ft<ii 11~1-pu Nti ~ c~ H20 ~ co, H20
~aft CS"1 I ~~ ~ - •1JIJ'f"1C~'SI ~ct l l C02 ~ ~
~ C9ftlt <il{l11E"1'il ~9f l:lr'A'f1'11!51'6 ~
~ I 1Ft1'f l'1tff <iiiiJ41~ <iI{llf '5"1'A '!19fllm
. ~ ~ I Sl~HI• ~ - 'fJtt'Rf -.m'f
<il{lll&Ci1'A ~9fllm ~ l!I ~fll;tJl'4 ~ -
ct~faHI ~I . ~ ).))lfr.f~ttM-11
).)).~ ~ - tfJtt'll • (Sources of Green House Gases)
~ ~ - •UIJif'.J'tC('SI ~"f ~ ~ ~ Slltt116ill ~ ~ I
-).~·bf•~~-~

).))."~-~(Green HouseEffect). .
~·~~·~~~~~'~®1~,~~NiraRl1-e~~N5~11
~)ii~ ~ I ) I 'l"M~IClll ~I C02, 03 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
G1cn1111~ . ~ ~R!)qfi1!) ~ ill(l•pu MMs~'!) ~ om ~ 1 ~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ 1
·~ ~ ~ lfm, ~ -1!l~C"! ~ "!t~ ~ ~ 0.3°C ~ 0.6°C ~ 1
2.;.030 ~ ~ ~ '!t~ 1.s0c-4·.s0c ~ ~ ~~ '!t 2050 ~ 6°C ~ ~
C~ 'Pfmt I ~~ !t~ ~ C~ ~ ~ ~~ C-.r;Jf !t ftil~i~'Pf ~ I
~ I ~ ""1'6tif'il tmet ~ I ~ ~ tJ'!ICct'R 1'tl'f ~~ !t~ ~ C~ ~
~. ~Ci'l'R ~ ~llliJiliJ ~ 1..'l~ ~~ 1'tl'f ~ ~ !'C'RJ ~ ~ ~ I
ct"111Ci1 C11 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~- ~ ~ ~~ ~'.'1IC'1c•m
-~4T-<nct-i1 ~' Ci1'11~'1Jl6, firsm, ~ t9f91_9 •C'l'R ~~"Wt~ 'fti DC'1' ~ I
e I ~ 'KiJFI 9fft;q'1 I~.~!t~ ~ ~ ~' ctl{{ll(Sif ~~ ~~ ~~
C11 9flfi{ ~ ·~ ~ "i~ctiii ~I ~9f1mlit ~ 1'tl'f ~~ ~ct 9llf.f ctl~"!{'!) ~ ~~
~ •C11<a ~ ~~ ~11' 'i(ClT ~ I ~·~~51(;'1 ~ ~ ~~~I ~ <!~41Ci1
51Ns1i''R ~ ~ ~ I
8 1 llfif 1ICCJ'il ~~~I~ - Cfi'!lect'R ~ ~~ ~ili1'5IC4'R
~ ~I ~ .. ~ Citt't, ~ llJIC'l~~I, ~' ~ ~' ~i1C4q,'11~"1 ~ ~
~I~~ ~9ftfi1', G4Jl'11f'f. ~~~I
~ I ~.,IYMJifj t9il~ il1Jtl I~·-Cfi'!IO!Hi ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'-~ m ~~
~ ~ iffi' ~ ~fCC'1tSI ~ ~ I
~ I ~;q~fifJIU'il t9ft ~ ~ I ~ - <fi'!IC<!<a 1'tl'f ~ ~ !ft~ ~~ ~fCC'1'R
~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ <fietlR!>'R !ft~ '6 ~ ~ ~~ ~ 'fmCt cro1 I ~~
Yif'iCliii ~ ~ "IW~·~ <2it~ ~~~~I l.'t'f ~ ~~fWIJ~ ~I
~~mi~~-~~~'

(~)~~I~~~~ 4C~4ffl ~~~~~I ~ ~'
~' ~' "'lt:lfil~I ~~ lltfl~ ~~ fl~~ ~~ ~I ~ Cl'flNsC~!S
l:~f.@;it'A l11l:tctra~I fl~ 4litl51'51 ~'dtl'48C'1'51 ~ fl~ ~ ~· ~~ ~ ! ~ ~~
~ ct'6ii!Ci1 ~ ~ ;q;aql9".IM!S ~'lft4R 1!1-. ~ ~'-t blatlctM ~ q)fCf!Cl'f'SI Cllt'tJ ~ ~ I
).)~CFC~ -e ~Q...V (Uses of CFC and Depletion of Ozone Layer) ,
~~ ~ lfl' ~ ctf!l1vt1CW'51, l!l~l'51fi1IC'51 ~ ~ ~ ~9f1l :alC1'11"'1Jli1C4it
(~ CFCl3 '6 CF2CI2) CfftlllSICCf ~~~I l!l~ !ft~ 'Wf, cJlu~l-1'4 ~' rorR
~d1, ~ '6 ~ ~~ l!l~ ~ ~ I l!l "fcpf ajlC'll"'IJMC4~'51 ~'.'4 '4"li ~~
~ ~ I ~ ~~ ~ Dft9Rf ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l1t11 I l!l'C'ttt llttfl
~'11 ~ CJPl<JllQl'IC'511414i1 ~ 'l1''.~9f ~fl~ (CFC) I ~ '6 ~ (C~ ~ C2H6) l!lif
CJPIC'SllQPIC'Sll • ~l1){~4 CiPlt1JICl'lttl - ~ 'l1".t'J1St9f CFC ~ 1
CFC~~~~ (freon) 1 l!l'C'ttt llttn ~-11 (CCh F), ~-12 (CCh F2)
fl~ ~-114 (CC1F2-CCIF2) ~'11 I
CFC dB~ I CFC •1Jll1l1i[lt ~ ~' ~' ~' "'IPl'41'61 '6 ~ "'la<l'fut I
CFC-'f ~ ~ • ....V (Depletion of Ozone layer by CFC)
~ ~ CFC ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ 1 !f~ CFCh (~-11) '6 CF2Cl2
(~-12) UV (ultraviolet)~~ MC<ilfit!S m ~ ~ 'AJINi4Jl'1 ~~I ~~ 03
l!lif ~ ~ ~ ~ "'ICJ!lll:5 ~ '51JIN4Jli1' ~ "'IMtevt~ ~ '51JIM4Jli1 ~ ~ I ~
Glilll:<s ~ 'RJINi4Jl'1 GIMtC@f~ ~ '51JIN4llCi'1'51 ~ ~ <m1 ~ ~ 'AJlffli4Jli1 ~ Glfitcet~
~ ~ I '91Rlc"'ft:q ~ <:SliMll:5 ~ iOINi4Jl'1 03 ~if ~ ~ '4CiJ ~ '5ll:<:S1CJ1ll:5 ~
Glf~cet~ ~ ~ 1 Pfffi1;~1tu 1!1"1t ~ ~ (chain reaction) 1 ~l: ~ MfJ1-~lii 1lt'Ot11
~~~~~~I
CFC13 uv > CFC12 + Cl e
CF2Cl2 UV ) CF2Cl +Cl.
Cl•+03~ ClO• + 02 £1~ 02 UV ) 20•
ClO• +O• ~Cl•+ 02
ClO• +03 ~ CI0 2 + 02
CFC~~~ ~ 9Rl11t'l ~ (catalyst)~~~ fl~ !l ~lt'U1r.~1-a ~
~ ~ ~ 03 l!lif ~'4 ~ ~ GIS'C9f ~ ~ I
).)" •.,th4'tt't -e ~f's41t (Causes of Acid Rain and its Prevention)
;qlii1'5Ci'1 ~ ~~ct ~' ~ll:dalCetit ~ l11'11JilCH <:Slilll:C5'51 ~~ ~ Cffl1 ~ ~
~ ~ fitf¥1C'51'51 llt!f ~~ '1Jl'l1' flrt-t ~ 9ftf.f.cn fitf¥1c:a<a ~ ~ 9frn 1 ~~ct~~-~~
!l ~~'.'!S1if t21f%41'A ~ ~ ~-c;qs ~t4 <:SllC'llb'il CRl 'Wit I
).)".) •.,th4'tt't (Causes of Acid Rain)
filtl!flfR ~ ~ ~ ~ 4'14l'At(Mt ~ I ~ ~ 41'141'51._,Ml4J ~' ~ ~ l'fl11qll:<s
<:Sll4Rl4 c~ !l - GIH1tvt~<a ~ ~ ~ S02 ~'Pijf ~ 1 'All11~M4 4l'A~firo!
H2S04 ~ ~ I l!lif ~ ~--t ~'Pf~ fiit-t l1rn I ~-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ N2 -e
02 ~ ~ N02 ~'Pijf ~I~~~ ~ll:c:'Gl"5tii ~ ~· ~ ~ ~ ~
80

;., .,..~~ .. 8
• .,th 'Nl:ctiil ~Ca:l~'I 8
<!~<PH•., ~MIC'l'A 3-4km ~11 '1lt-U 11~.. 1ft ~ ~ ~ I .
) I "ttl.. lt '9fiU ~'9ft'Jli <t$ ~ ·.fifffi (1000, mL) Q5tirl'dftct ~ 'CR I ilfHt•l_CH ~
11f14f'il• ~ (Na2 Cr207 +H2SO 4) IS· ·~·11tf.f ~<CR I iitPRf f.fftniif· ~~ I
~I -,f' ff~~~~ "ft'f "ft9f 5-10.m ~ ·9111 9Af ~fir~~~~~
'-if....14'-*'•fm.... ~ I
'O I 2:..3 fil'f.W"~·M<PFSl•f:ir "IRrc!f ~I . -
8 I dl~ 1tMfi1¥St"'4 ,_41CH ~ ~ ~-fit'G·Jtlt>f ~-· ~ ~ ~-I ~ ~ ~
~ ~.wf ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 11ttf.f ~(acidic) 1
(t I 8~ ~ ~~hS<P ~ ~- ~- "!Prs~---~ ~-IRll ~-I
'&I pHfiWR~~ft.pH~-~iit~~~~~I
~ ~ 1-,th ~pH 4.5 ~· fi4t5 WI !it:.~~~,,-~ 't'1J ~ t ~-,th~
~~(pH= 5.6 - 5.7) r~·tttai•t., 1tW1~•1'1illn1C02~1
~~ 8)
~ N02 ~~~I~ N02, 802 -e·H2804~. ~~ ~ ~~
~~~~1i<m11
802 (g) + H20(f)~H2803 (aq)
S03 (g) + H20(f)~H2S04 (aq)
N(?2 (g) + 02 +H20(f) ~2HN03 (aq)
~.)'O.~ •',th~ (Effect of Acid Rain)
~~ ~ ~ "'IRICctC-til ~9RS ~ ~ I ~
~ I ~' ·~,~ 9flfiRl pH !!if 1ftif 7 ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ I ~if~ et'll•tt~'R ~ '6 ~
~~~I
~I ~~~l!l~!l~t."f~~~I
'O I ~~ ~ ~ l11'1191C<Pl~I ~ ~ I
8 I ~ ..m ~ ~' ~ '6 ~li1<tl*1 ~~ ~ "Jfi1f~G ~ I
(t I ~ 5jijqw?jl~ GIJl'lfilMlllif d1<1'1Jit{ ~~ ~ Mf"faa!'ll'SI ~ ~ AI3+ ~9f ~
fiJt-t ~ ~ Q Gf~C4191 ~ Cfttft -~~I ~ ~ ~ ~ I
~I ·!Im~~~ pH 4.5 ~11 fi{ts ~~I !!~~~~~~I
).)"·"-~.,thct~lt (Prevention or Remedyof Acid Rain)
) I fitJ <Pl~li11'SI f51lfif~~ "fJPrctt f ~(flue gas)~ ..-1b<Pl'A ~ ~ I FGD ~ ~~ '6
~ ~ ~ f '1JPr ~ ~ ~<Pl'R<P 80i ~ ~ lfm 1 ·~ ~ ~ ~
~~ ~ ~~~ FGD ~~<Rn-~ 1 ~ ~Q-Jtl~fir ~9f g
CaC03(s) + S02 (g) ~CaS03(s) + C02 (g)
CaO(s) + S02(g) ~CaS03 (s)
2CaS03 (s) + 02 (g) +4H20(f)---+2(CaS04.2H20)
~ I ~~ ~ ad~<PICH ~ ~- C~, ~ '6 >tl'l•l<Atlffj6 ~ C~ ~~~I

HCI + H20 ~H+ +Ci-+ H20
HN03 + H20 ~ H+ +NO~+ H20
H2S04 + H20 ~ 2H+ +so~- +H20
~ ~ ~ ~ acrcct (ll:CS!il~'l ~ (OH-) ~9f!f ~ S!Sltl1'AC4 ~ ~ I
~KOH, NaOH, N.HtOH. I ~"AT ...;m ~ OH- ~9tfi ~ ~ I
NaOH+H20~Na++oH-+H20 NH4_0H+H20 ~NH;+ 0H-+H20
5ll'At~f.14Jlt:>t:st ~ ~' e11 ~· ~~ • ~ >t'1'Nsl~ Metllfil• ~ ~ 91Rtiilt'1 H+
~9e-~ "'l11n "3~I ~ HCI, HN03, H2S04 ~ 1 "l4 ..'81Cct ~fif ~~~ct
w ~ "'9tfi emf 'Ii ~ ~m I ~ 51Jlt>tfhs ~~' CH3COOH I Gli1JfPtt•, ~ ~ ~
• ~ ~ 91fiiiilt'f OH- ~9f:f emf 'Ii ~ ~ ~~ ~'fif ~ 91Rliiltct OH- ~9e ~
'Ii ~ ~ I ~' ~ ~. ~ >t"'t'f~t., ~~ ~ ~ • ~ 1$t,fiit4'81~
MCfJlftl'! ~ 1 ~ NaOH, KOH~~~~~ NH40H ~ ~ 1
).)8.) etltC~fUC'111 .... 1P' ~-""1ff ~ ~ (Neutralization Reaction of
Acid-Baseaccordln1 to Arrhenius Theory) ·
"1i1Cill'1 ~ fl~ '6 ~ ~ • ~ "1'AWfi'AC4 ~ ~ ~ '6 9ftfif ~9fif ~ I
~ ~ ~~ '6 ~ ~ ~cfilit9f MttJlftl"I '(C11 ~ W -e OH-~~ ~~ ~- H+ '6
OH- "1'i1Wfi'SIC4 ~emf H20 ~9tfi ~ I ~
. HCI + NaOH . NaCl+ H20 (H+ + OH- ~ H20)
).)8.:t etlt.C~ll>i ~ lftlt't' (Applieati~ns of Arrhenius Concept)
) 1~~~ C02, S02,N205~~1~"lefir.~W~CR11
S02 +H20 ~ H2S03~ 2H+ +so~-
N20s +H20 ~ 2HN03 ~ 2H++ 2NO)
~I~ <51ttl'•!i ~· CaO~Na20"l~~ '11M, ~ NH3~~ 1 '411't "'1t.
~OH- iftif '4tf I
CaO + H20 ~ Ca(OH)2~ Ca2• +20H-·
NH3 + H20 ~ }IH40H ~NH: +OH-
~ 1 ~ ~ -.t1t • ~ ~f'fw-""1Fli ~ Nfbltwa ~ ~llt ~ 1
8 1 "'f'rs ~ .. l'SIC4t <51141~441'1~ (ionization constant) ~ ~ ~ 1 ·
).)8 ~ ~ ""1ff 't""I~ etlt<Af.ttl't ~(Arrhenius Concept about Acid and Bases)
1887 ~ ~ 'A"114MM"f ettt~iil"1 (Arrhenius) ~ ~ '6 "Pl'At4'A ~~ ~
~ I iRf il'!li"llC'A ~ ~'t<li1Ceti1~ ~ ~ ~. '1~1tili1 ~ (ft} "'9e ~ 16IC"f'AC4
~~I~ HCl, HN03, H2S04 ~I ~"AT~~ W~9f!j~ I~ ~"AT~ I
"'""''~ ~WtC'1 ·~~~.··en· '1!5l"il'6lt ·'9m ~~~~·-.as lt...,fCct ~ ~· ~
pH~-~~~1
~' ~ 4'ttR 9fliiJ ~ ~ ·~ 11RI· fif;r. ~-· lfttn "fttil ~ ·~ 'lt1ft ~ l c1l"f ~
"'1"•1$ ~ ~ 1fll1 I .

).)<t.) • ~ "'ltcctit ~~•l•t (Classification of Acids and Bases)
3i1CJtJ<s-~ il'!>~IC"f ~ ~ ~¥1ll'A ~ ~Pt&~'(~ ~ ~ 9fmf I -~
) I etM~• ~.I HCI, HN03, H2S, H20, CH3 COOH ~I
~I eol.,lii~• ~.IHS04, HCO]·, HS-~ I
" I •11'tl111f1MsC!Jfill •IH30+' NH;' CH3 coon; ~ I
Gli1JfPrC4, ~~ti~'1'!>1'51 ~..rff ~ ~~ "fTtl I~·
) I "'l'l~CI' ~~I NH3, NH40H,H20, CH3 COOH, NH2 -NH2 ~I
~ I eol.,lii~C(i (!J1itf ~- • OH-' cor, s", NO]' ci-~ I
"I Cl'Jl'tlti~. (!J1itf ~I [Cu(H20)3(0H)t [Al(H20)5 (OH)]2+ ~I
).)f.~ a.,c4•-wntft 1'tW .lf"f1r-l ~ (Neutralisation Reaction According to
Bronsted-Lowry Theory)
!i1C~<s-wntft 11N, C11 ~faltlllll ~~ ~ (HA) ~ dl~ .. l'AC4'A (B) f'ifibialll ~ ~
~f'li '<3 ~ ~ ~"f!i~~ ~~~I~.
HCI+CH3COOH ~ CH3COOH;+ci-
"'I~ ~ ~~~ ~~
~- 1 G11:ac~Jirn1JJt. ~'ii' ~, ~m ~ Pic~1N=t!) ~ C11 c~ ~~ ~ '!t ~ "iffi ~~
H20~'il'~~~ H30+ ~<rnf I
HCI + H20 ~ H+ + Cl" + H20 H20+ H+ +er~ H3o+ +er
).)<t d.,t:llJi-~ ~ -e tltictt ""-"Ptff (Bronsted-Lowry Theo·ry and Conjugate
Actd-Base)
1923 ~ ;s.,cJGw -e ~ (Bronsted and Lowry) 91~ ~m -e ...ms ~~ ~ ~
~~l~~~;s.,CJGQi"-~ .. ~~I
~fitM ~I C1l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ CR'C'! 9fmf ~. ~ I
•lifl$'1 iCH3 COOH ~~ ~m I cmct ~~ ~ ~ ~ 9fmf I
CH3 COOH ~ CH3 coo- + H+
.. ltt+A ~I C1l ~ -~~ 00. C~~ct ~ 9fmf ~~~I
•lifl$'1 I NH3, co;-·~ I cmct ~1t ~~~ 9fmf I
~'Pltllf
).)8." etlt,~fll:it i1'6Cll'*" ~i41ct••l -(Ltmttations of Arrhenius Concept)
~ "lt~ ~~~cf~ "iffi I~~-~~ ~ifl<q,'!I ~~~I
~ I ~ ~ GliJ:JiflC'SI, C11 ~ ~m-~ ...ms~~~ !Rt'f ~ <rof I
~ I ~ '!>~liJiflC'SI, ~ ~ ~ '5Ji1J ~ ~ ~m-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "iffi I
~ '!t9f ~. NH4Cl ~ ~ NH3 -e HCI ~"f!i ~ I
NH4Cl(g)~NH3(g) s: flCl(g)

H20 + H20~ H30+ + oir
i HCO)' HS04 ~'<3 ~~ ClIT~ I I
).)<t.<t 51i"44' ~ -e "1ff (Conjugate Acids and Bases)
3i1CsGS-~ 1Jt"!, ~ '<3 .. l'AC<P'A 1100 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (It) ~ ~ I ~ l!I
il"!'Clll1t4 ~~ ~ ~ J ~'. ~ '<3 iipl'ACfl >t""14'C<P.'Pf~"flt~ I ~'
~ -H+, ~ '<it HB~H+ +B-
~'"'" "+H+ -"1"1~....- l!lilns ~ ~
~9fm ~ ~ HB ~~ l!lm.1 <m1't ~$ H+ iff.l cmt ~(ft. a-~~ ~·I ~ct
~$ H+ ~ct cmt HB ~ ~111Wki!S ~ I HB -e B- ~-ljjh llt~ ~ ~.~"<Pff; ~ I
l!I ~ HB Wft ~ a- ~it~ ~m~~a-~ HB ~~~I
51i"44' ..ltC+A. ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~9Pmtt'B 9fit ~ 9fl'<3Jlt ltl1J ~ .~
~~~'Vt~ CfC"f I
•'fli(t'I I H2S04 ~it~ 'litff ~ HSO~
. H2C03 ~it~~~ HCO;
H2SO 4 + H20 --:----+ HS04 + H30+
~ilns ~~
'4fi"4~ dl~CQRI ~ I ~ iipl'AC4'A ~ ~~- ~ ~~ ~ ~ 9fl'<31lt ltl11 ~ ~
.. 1•sK•<A ~ l!lm CfC"f ·1
l'flf(t'I I HCO), ~it ~ ~m ~ H2C03 I ~ HCO) ~it ~ ~~ ~ ~
~ H2C03 9fl'<3Jlt ltl11 I
HCO) + H20 ----+ H2C03 + OH-
~ ~~~
'5ii"4~ ~"1ff '1Wf I,~~~ ~ ~~ cmt ~ I ~ ~CRJ Wfi{J ~ ~
!f......,C...,.tJ*-IGT~i1 ~ I ~t. Q~-'litff RffiRn ~9ft"ip ~9f 8
1!11lns1 + ~2 = ~m2 +·~1
~~ ~m1 ~it~~~ 'litff1 (3 ~m2 ~it~~~ ~2 1
~'fli(t'I (Example)
l!lm1 + ~2~ ~m2 + ~1
H30+ + OH- ~ H20 + H20
HCI + H20 ~ H30+ + er
88 ~.···
).)<t."4i1C,.,Qi~~ ~iilct••I (Limitations of Bronsted-Lowry Concept)
l!I ~ ~~ ~ill<i'4i!SI "@It~~(~ Rl'J S02,BF3~) l!I~-~
MffiMllofiT ~ ~ lrm ~ I
S03+H20~H2S04 BrF3+BrF; ~BrF4+·+BrF;
).)<t.8 ~ ~~ C'lM' (Water is an Amphoteric Compound)
9ftf.f ~~ ~~ ~ I <m1't ~it ~ iff.l'<il ~ct~ 'ifi~!SI~ ~ I ~
H20 + H+ ~ H30+
H 0-H+ ~OH-2

~~ 8~
~"~~,~~~~~~~~~~ct~~~~
~~I ~~<f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Jfl1'Jl41tl4' ~I !51Cl1'51'4 ~-~ ~~
.. 1'51C4'51 lJ.'f&'r ~ ~ lJ.'M <fCl'f I
~~m-~~
-t •
HCl(aq) + H20(f) ~ H30+ (aq) + er (aq)
t t
~~-~~
).)~ ~ '8 ~ "1*"'1~ ~ ~ (Lewis Theory of Acids and Bases)
192l ~fit.~.~ (G.N. Lewis) ..,,,,~~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ .. 1'51'4'51 ~ ~
~I~~ Gli<>11C'51, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lfm ~ ~ (~ ~ ~ ~) ~ fifg'1f'f
-Ci'l~i1 ~~~~~:I ~ BF3 I
~~wrt,~~~,~-Cil~il~~~~~l~NH3 1
BFJ + :NH3~ H3N:~BFJ
~ ~~ ~ ...m ~ MfaRletl!5 ~
~'C'Jfit'Pf ~ llm, ~~ wrt l:til~il lJ'f1'f ~ (acceptor) ~~ ~ W11' ..,,.,~i1 lJ.~
~(donor) 1
).)~.) ~ ~~''" «t41tC'Ollf (Classification of Lewis Acids)
~ ~ ~ "t'51iil"J:C!> ~<IS ~ ~<IS1f~ ~l 'dltMUlil ~ ~ I ~ ~~
llt~~'l'OIC<l ~'Pf~ <Rt l1m I ~'
) I~~~ I BF3 ~ ·B~if ~ -...~ 6~ -til~i1~I~~~
~ ~~ ~ lC"1~i1 ~ ~I ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ...Cif~i1 ~ct~
~l~l.!l~~~~I
tl'f1'(11'1 I BF3, BeCl2, AIC13 ~ ·,
~ I "14t ~ ~ d tiit~'ltwt ~ ~ "ltatlit cc'ft'1'1f( I ~ ~. d Gl'SIMfJldl ~
"!Slm~~1~dG1'5IMTJli1~~~~~~~~~~-c'14Qlf1~
~~~~~<>1ilrAl~~~~~~I
tltitt'*1 I AIF3 ~ 3p- ---+AIFt ~- AICl3 + COCI2 ---+[COCI] +TAICI4r
" I C'f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ... ••'11'4•c1'ttwli~ ft-~l'J I
•llf liiji't 1 0 = C = 0 0- H-
a- a+ a-··. i ( )
~-1 O=C=O +: 0-H- ---...+O=C=O HCOi
, 8 I ~~I ~<P4'el(<q ~ 9Fitill'lefif ~ ~f'tw ~ ~ 9lflfi{ ~ I
lllfl@Gf i Fe, Ni ~ ~ ~~ I
Fe+5CO---+Fe(CO)s Ni+4 CO---+Ni(co)4
~ cPfalJl41~'1 ~ '~J<PF~f.i
<t I aq.,1'414 bill.,"1'{( I '!>INa<P!lc;.q 'Jft~ <PJIUIMJf~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ I ~~
~ s Gl'51MUl'1 ~ ~~ ~ .. lilt4'51 ~~~~~I

).)~." ~ ~- 'ili"11t11 ._~ tl1'l1Pf ~ (Acid-BaseNeutralisation Reaction
According to Lewis Theory).
BF3 ~~~~m~~ NH3 ~~~~1~~1ft~~9f~~~1~,
BF3 + :NH3 ~ F3B ~ NH3
~ ~m ~ ~ ~ RtfJ19~1•1!) ~
).)~.8 ~ ~- etclt't' (Applications of Lewis Theory) I ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~
filfJRl'l ~~~~~~I ~ ~ ijl<iC4'51 ~9f~NiC!> ~ ltm I ~I ~ ~
..nn ~ 51iilll:Sti~ 1'1'514" ~ ~ 51iell:SG~ ~ '<i'JMJt ~- lfm 8 I ~ ~ ~
Jifi1c<1-t ~ ~ ~ ~ I
).)~.<t ~ ~ ~iil;q'i11 (Limitations of Lewis Theory) a ~ 1 ~~'.llf ~ ~...mcp
~~~~ ~1~~9Af••ctl~cp!>l'51~~~~~~1~~
fl~JilC'A-~-~ ~ ~ )111C(lli ~ ~ ~ Im~ ')1l~ ~-~ M~l'A w-m I .
).), f1m ~~"~(Sources and Importance of Fresh Water)
~~~~ct~~~~~~~~~~'fl
(~ ~ ~ ~ w~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~'fl) ~ f1m 9f1f.f (fresh
water) ~ '1ctJ ~ ltm I fim 9flf.m ~ ~9f g
~ I firaT 9ftf.{ ~ ~ ~ I ~: I ~"t"! ~'1 l'dt!>I ~ "-tt I e I ~ 9flfif ~ ~ "-tt I
8 I ~"t"! "'l'(M'il!> ~ ~ "411 ~ OOi'f ~ct ~ ~ ~ I
Ag
I
•'ft(t'1I Ag~+ )C=C(--> -C-C-
1 I
).)~.~ ~ •ltt+il 4f+ltto'f (Classification of Lewis Bases)
) I ell~~ ~ 9Rfltt~ ~<1S ~ ~<1Slf'~ fifg~ ~ lOil~~ ~ I
l'tliiji"l 1 NH3, PH3, H20, H2S, HF, HCl ~ 1
~I ~ '1111~"1'(1( I ·~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ l:Ci'i~~ ~ ~ ~ ~
l:Cfll~~ ~~~~I~~~~~ I
g'fl$'1I Cl- +H+ ~HCl, F- + BFj ~ BF4~, 6CN- + Fe2+ ~ (Fe(CN)6]4-
~ I C = C r.-~ ~ 00'1'1I( I ~ c<f$M ~ ~m 51Jli1Rac-1 00'1 ~ 51Jl'1f4C~'51 1t
l:011~~ ~ ~ ~m Ag+,cu2+,H+~ ~ ~ 1t ~ ~ ~ ~ 1
~~C=C~~~~I
l'tl$"1·a Co3+ + 6NH ______.3
3+
8~

~ ).8 I ·,~..~_..<q ~ 9'1f.ff ~
9'1f.ff~ ~~(mile3) ~~
~~ 30,000 0.009
~ 9f'tf.f 3,000 0.001
~~~ 65,00,000 1.992
~~~1fm~,
~ I ~ ~ ~,. ~ 4,52;600 km' ~ <il11Yil4fl'SI <qli{11'5C"I ~ ~ I
~ I ~ ~ ~~ 1fl'Ut1i 4, 11,600 km' ~"fl~ Wf 1fm I
~'-~~~~Cf= (4,52,600 - 4,11,600) = 41,000 knr' I !Sl~JMW, ~,. ~
72,500 ~ MsCG1lfiif;l{1 9flfif <ili{116CG1 ~<mt ~~ ~~ ~ 1, 13,500 krrr' ~~Cf <mt I
<il~5<1C~{1~<:51~Ri'89flfif ~ {l,13,500-72,500) = 41,000 krrr' 9flfif~ i1~i11"11, ~~
~ 1fl'Ut1i "fl~~ ~ I ~ ~ ~' ,,-., ,-~, ~ ~ ~ <ili{116Ci'l ~'i}llli1
9ftf.f ~!3JIM{11fl~ ~ '1~~G1 >tlllJl<r(I ~ ~ 1
).)C.~ illi'1tt 4qJ4qf(I( ~ ~ "1t4qtlC'(t ~ (Sources of Fresh Water Supply for
Human Uses)
~~~ 9fTf.m ~~' ~ ~~ 9imf I~
~ 1 ~,m~(surface water) ~I~ 9fTf.f (ground water)
).)C.~.) ~ 9'1f.ff ~(Sources of surface water)
~ I~,~ '6 ~ll<ilC~ ~' ~ I ~ ~' e I~ 9f'tfif ~~ '<" ~ ~ ~'
8 I !Sll(Sli1lf{31 ~ ~ m-tf~ 9At ~~ 'Pflf.f, ~ I elf~ '6 ~ ~ ~
).)C.~.~ ~ 9'1f.ff ~(Sources of ground water) I ~ I~ ~9Rf 1ll~ ~~(bed
rock) ~ ~ ~' ~I ~ ~9Rf 11t~ <:S1lc'i1Pt~1-. ~ ~ ~ ~' ~I~~
~~ 911'1fi14 '6 <ql6Jf'1G11{1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 9flf.f, 8 I ~ ~ '!51Jl1~'11<Q ~ ~ 9f1f.{
).)C.e "l~~ka ~ 9"fiR~ (Global Distribution of Fresh Water)
~~~~-~~~~C'te11lwtt1 .
1,13,500 + 4,11,600 = 5,25,100
72,500 + 4,52,600 = 5,25,100
1,13~500
4,11,600
4,52,600
72,500
~~
).)C.) ~ 9"f.ff ~ (Sources of Fresh Water)
~ ~ ~~ ~~~'f'~~~ ~~I ~.'6 ~h1J ~ ~ ~~~·
<mft't 9flft~ ~Cf '9f1f.i ~ ~ ~ <qli{116"1 ~I <qli{116Ci'l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~'.
~' fil1fi'm ~ llITTt~ ~~ ~ ~ I
~,m'9At ~~ ~ ~ ,. ~ <ql~<s:q-., ~,. ~ <il~l5<1~, ~ ,m '9At
~~ ~~ ~ c;f'61Jl~ I
• ~ )." I~ ttfiiHlll 9'1f.ff ~

"4:1J~c.~, ~~ ~ ~'t~ 31,70,25,000mile ~ ~ ~ 97.208% 1
).)C.8 fim 9l'tf.ff ~ (Importance of Fresh Water)
(Cli) •r.cift ~ fim ~ ff't (Importance of Fresh Water for Plants) I
) I C~1iletC~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ' I ~-~~ rltMa4Jl'SI ~C4Jlst~ ~ ~ I
~I ~~~~I b-1Mfula4ll'A~~~~~1
'-' I ~Nil11C9f'SI ~ ~ ~ I ~ I M~fula4ll ~'-.~ ~ ~ ~ I
81~"ijl'5IM4~~~1 :>:>19Rn~~~1
Cl' I ~ ~ "ijj'5IM4 ~~~I )o I MMa4ll'SI ~'Pf'tVfR~ ~~I
~I ~g¥SIC I ~ ~ 'S ~ ~'Rf ~ ~ C2' I ~ <llC4'1'1fil14JIG1 Mfula4'1'SI ~~ ~'Pf'tVfR 'e
~~I ~~~~I
~I ~~~~~I ~I ~M~~l~'-~~~~I
" I ~ "ijl'5IM4 ~ ~ ~ I ' I rltl'ftC"fCO ~~ ~N5.,,'116I ~ ~
8 I ~ ~ 11'5IM4 ~ 11lef'- 11'5lM4 ~ I
~--t~~~I
~ ~"4tt@f ~ ~ ~m -e ~~'e1ITTt'@fiU~ ~~~~I~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9f1f.i ~-em~ 1 ~"IT DTm '@fiU mt ~ o~ "lf~ 1 ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ tml'f ~ ~ ~ 11l~ ~ tITTl't ~ ~C4<1IC'A~ 4tl114l4 I 11l~
11l~ ~ ~ I firm. ~ firat ~ <IJ<Ct~C'A'SI ~'t ®crilC'A'SI ~ ~ 9fm I ~~
~9flrn '<l5lr ~ I <fit~ ~~ ~ ~ llfl'f ~ 'ift ~ 11l~ <fit~ ~i'f ~ ~ 11l'@fiU ~
mt9flf.{~~~ I
).)lr 'tliirR't ~ll~ICH ~°'i<alii ~~' pH, DO, BOD, COD, TDS (Criteria of
Purity of Surface Water- Hardness, pH, DO, BOD, COD, TDS)
-9"f.m ~'t '6 ~'t~ ~ ~ fil5J ~~~cf .9f<J~~ ~ I ~~fir ~i'f 8
:>I ~(Hardness), ~I pH, '-'I~ "!Sff~Cilii (Dissolved Oxygen; DO)
8 1 !f1''1'SllJ'fl4JM4 51~cetii ~ (Biochemical Oxygen Demand, BOD)
<t 1 'AIJ'fl4JM4 51~Ceti1 ~(Chemical Oxygen Demand, COD)
~ 1 ~ ~ ~ (Total Dissoved Solids, TDS)
~ 11lOfif ~ 511Ci'llb911 ~ ~ I
).)lT .) 9l1f.ff ~ (Hardnessof water)
~ ~ 4Jli1PBilil, 1Uf'51(;91fJB1lil, 51Jl•JJiiM4'1il -e 51!4l<aC91'51 <11~41(eiib, <JPl'Al~5 -e l'fliiC~
~~~~~~~I~~~ J'fl<ll~'A ~ ~~ ~ 'ift I~~~'
~~~ 5,00,000 0.154
~~ 3,100 0.001
~~ 9flf.; 20,16,000 0.635
oot firaT ~ ~'t 32,60,74,400 2.792
• 3
8'1r

~~ 82t
~~ 9flfif, ~ ~ Wfl ~~I ~ ~· ~~ ~'1:>t){~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
9"f.f (softwater)~ I ~~9flf.l"is ~~~ 1~~~~1 ~ (~)
~~(temporary hardness) '<3 (~)~~(permanent hardness)
) I ~ ~ (Temporary hardness) 8 ~ <PJl'lPBJlil, 1UT'iC91Pt4'111 '6 5114''RC4'R
(Fe2+} <ill:<Pl(~~~~~~~~~~~~~I
~ I - ~ (Permanent hardness) I ~ 4Jl'1Pt4llil, 1lJT'i1CiiPt4llil, ~ '6
Gf11!JfilM!JIC1''R CiPl<Rll:<s '<3 :>tl'lcqf; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "!f' ~ ~ ~ ~
~I 9"f.ttt·~~ ~~~~~I Gff?!~'& ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ 9f~
~ 'i1't I ~ ~ Ca2+is Mg2+ 5114'eii'R mg/Len ppm~~~ '4m ~ 1 ~ Ca2+ '6
Mg2+ "414'Cii'R ~ 150 ppm en 150 mg/L ~ ~'i ~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~I ~
~~~~~'Jf'~~,~~~~~Cl($~~~500ppm
~'i '4l1 Clltt4 ~~pH ~~ '1'R 6-9 ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~~ (WHO) ~ 911iiC4111fJ ~ ~
-~ ~ Wft 500 ppm <ft 500 mg/L ~~<ft'-~~~ '1'R 250 ppm en 250 mg/L I
).)17'.).) ~ 9"f.f JJ:'1W'1 ~ 9"f.ff ~ '{llfl'1 (Softening of Hard Water or Removai
Hardness of Water) 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ;qll:<P14c.W 'i<fct 515;q'lnJ
4Jl'1Pt!Jlil '6 ~'i1CiiPt!Jl11 41(CiiU ~ct 9fR~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ <mt ~ ~
'6'b<!'lrn <Pl(c~ ~ 91~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9fl'6m ~ 1
Ca(HC03)2 • CaC03 + H20 + C02
<PJ 1'1PBllii qll:<PI ( c~u <PJ 1'1PBll11
(~) ~ ('?'act'ft41)
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ :21C4'16fCii ~ ~ ~ (lf~ ~~~I
~ ~ ~ 4J141Pt{llll '6 ~Jf'i1Ciif>14'1il CJPl<s!ll:S '6 :>tlilCCJSU ~~~I~~~
~ ~ ~ctlfif ~ ~ ~ 91R~ '4m ~ 'i1't I~ (lf~ ~~~~~I I
~~~~~'6~~1
"llttlTIG ~ (Permutit Process) I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (hydrous)
CJ1INH1111 51JliJfilM!Jl1' ~"1f>tfi1C4U (NaAISi04,3H20) I ~flt :2l'ft=%Cb ~~' ~ ~ ~9f
9fl-em ~ ~<f'- ~ ~9fn ~ffl'C<P ~ <IS1n ~ 1 ~ 9ll<s1ijltU (permutit) ~ ~ ~, 1
9ll<s1ifijt&:si .. 1<s14'{1 ~--t ~ Na ~--t ~~ ~ ~
~~ ~ .. 1:si4'~ ~--t ~ Ca, Mg ~~ 'll't~ ~
~ I~ Nrs~ ~ 911'Sl~fM; ~~I 91l~ijt°&U ~~
9flf.rn ~ '6 ~~~~~(Rf~ I ~ ~ ~.
~ ~ ~ f'tfil~ICH ~ 911:stijt'&U R ~ ~; ~'i W~
~ ~ ~ :21Nfil.:>~ aFu)1 ~9RT ~ ~ ~ ~
PtfitblCH ~ ~ 01'lr-tt CRT~ I ~ 9ftf.f Na 911'A~tG'SI ~
'it<P ~ ~ ~ ~ Na 9ll'AijlttG'A 1"l'A4'41 ~ -e ~
~ ~ 1"1'A4'ii ~ 1lt~ ~ ~; ~ ~ ~
Ca ~ Mg -~ 91Rl~~6 ~ Na ~ ~ ~ ~~'- Na
91l'S11J<t'&U ~~ ~ Ca -e Mg 91l'AijlUt& ~ ~ 1 ~ ~
m-~~~~~I

).)b'.~ ~ ~O..ibl'A ~~pH (pH as a Critaria of Purity of Water)
pH~ H+ ~~ ~i1i!IJll<a ·~ l'f~ I~ pH = - log [H+]
pH ~ 9ftf.m ~ ~ iJtil'A<P~ ~ ~ l1m I 9ftf.m pH f.ffilrct ~ ~ ~ I 9ftf.m pH ~~
~ ~ C~ 9'tf.m ~ ~ l1m I ~N ~ ~en '<3 ~ ~t.;i- ~ lfm I ~ ~ '<3 ~ffl
(drinking) 9flf.ttf pH ~1' ~ 6.5 ~ 8.5 ~-em ~ I ·!Ifft m ~ ;i-'-~ (WHO) ~
~ ~ I ~t."11Cl1C"kf~ ~ ~ 6.5 ~ 9.2 I ~~~~'fut <q:>j<qlC>t<a ~~~
~pH !I~ 1fR 6.5 ~ 8.5 ~~ cm~~~ ~~~pH ~if 1fR 4.5 ~ ~
~~t. 9.5 ~~~~~~!ft~~ I
).)b'." d~'t• Gt~CIM (Dissolved Oxygen, DO)
~ ~~ 1ftif ~ ~ ~ Glf~cetii ~~~'ft 9tJl<AlfiiGl<A I ~ 1ft~ ~ ~
~ ~ tt1C4'1et~4' Glf°itCet~ ~ QfTC<P ~ ~ 'dl~CMii (DO) ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "'4f°itCetCi1'A '~ ~ t!IC~let~"1 I ~ ~ ~
~ct ~ Gl~Ceti1 ~ ~ ~ .C<PR ~en~ 6fCCl1'SI 9ft'f ~ ~ ~ -rn I ~ ~
~·~ ~ ~ Glf°iteetli1'SI ~ct 4.6 mg/L ~-em~ I ~~ ~ ~ 9fTf.f ~ ~ I
,.. i.~~~ ~ ~·~ IOmL 9ftfif~u1~a.~~ 8.9mL ~~t. ~
~ 9ftfif~ul~t:'Q-r.f~ 4.8 mL EDTA ~~ ~C4'1eti1 ~I EDTA !11' ~ 0.01 M ~
~ ~ 9tlf.dTi ~ ~~~ Cftl'f lflf 1fCi; CR I
2Na -911'51~ + CaCh (aq)= Ca-Yll'AiJ:ff;'& + 2NaCl(aq)
2Na -"1l<s1tt&u + MgS04 = Mg-"11'51~ + Na2S04
).)b'.).~ ~ ~ (._ ~ ~) ~ (Determination of Hardness (Permanent and
Termporary) of Water)
ttt~R (Principle) I (GIJICi!IM"1iil <JPl'Ai~IS + GIJIC~IM4'1il (l~iCJll~IS) ~ ~ ~~
lRn:aFlil m T Mclif"1'4'A W"1fi(f!sc'! EDTA (~Mi11Sll:G1Jlfili1 ,fllalG1Jlf3tf&4 ~m) ~ ~
~ 9flf.m ~ (~ -e ~) ~ ~ ~ I Ull:~tb'. ~ Na2S ~ ~ ~ ~~'- ~
~ ~ ~ ~-"i'fTl'r (wine red) ~ YIRl;q~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1
~(Calculations) ·g lmL O.OlM EDTA = 1 mg CaC03
~ ~' V mL ~ ~ 91~1'4 ~ ~ 0.01 M EDTA ~ y mL tt1C"11eti1 1
~~ ~ ~ = y x lOOO mg CaC03/L
v
).)b'.)." ~ ~ tetJ'Cll(iCH "l~irt (Disadvantages of Use of Hard Water)
~ I ~~ Ctfl'<3m ~ • ~ ~ .'Pflf.{ ~ ~ >tl<q1Ci1'A "GI'~~ I
~I~~~~~~~~ ~;q'lhl. ~~Cfif ~ct~~ I ~"Ai9f
~ct ~9f "f"1Rl<ql~ ~ ~li11M'A ~ ~ l1m I
~I <15l~, ~~ '<3 ~lr-ifi'ttl ~ 'Pflf.{~~lfm~ I~~~~~
~ (1Sl~ '<3 ~ ~ '<3~ ~ ~ ~~ ~I (1Sl~ ~ ~ ~~ <15ltet ~ ~~
~ ~ 9f1firn MMaM'SI ~ «fi<q~"1 ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~~ ~9fn ~ I
8 I ~ ~ OM, SM ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ b'A4l~'A ~'<3 ~ ~ QftC4 I b'5141Ri<R ~t.
~~lfml~'S~~~~t.tmt~~~I
a-o

MnO(OH)2 +2H2S04 ~Mn(S04)2 +3H20
Mn(S04)2 +2KI~MnS04 +K2S04 +12
~~ ~ 12 ~~ ~ct ~ ~ ~tfl ~'Pf:f no l!lif ~ 1 ~if9Rf ~ f.lc~·~ ~ ~
~ 12 ~ct Na2S203 ~~~DO~~~ I
2Na2S203 +12 ~Na2S406 +2Nal
).)lr.8 efMtSllJtlfl~• etftttifC.,tSI,. (Biochemical Oxygen Demand, BOD)
~9f ~ ~~ ~ ~ 'Pf5i{ ~ ~ MC~letC~'A ~ ~~CISfei'i~ '2fC{llSf~ ~ I
~ ~ ~ Wt '51b~C~l'itJ ~ MC{llef~C~l'fl~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~CSfii ~ "'6"'6
~ ~ I ~ ~ "li'fl~t ~tilretc9'tSI ~ «ltfU~li '5t~tlft9'tSI "lfiatl'1t• «11'1tSllJtlli~. bt~tiM
- (BOD) • ~ 'C'5it ~I ~ ~ 9f1f.ff 4!ffW fitultff i"lfl:!5 ?WR "li'fl'(JtC('A
CUI.Iii • ~tllltM W «IMtiil~lli~cp ~tllttt9't ~ ~ ~~ '5t~ttte9't «ltiliM ~' ~
filfiJttlac «l•l"I• ~lf't• ~ 9f1f.ff «IMtl~lli~· '5t~tlft9'tSI - ~ (BOD) ~ I BOD C4 ppm
~(15C4~~~1
CH20 ~~) +02 =C02 +H20 I mgC=2.67 mg 02
~9ftfif~BOD~llFU~Piii11ftt4 20°C "'6l~ 02 'fWf~~~
~ ~ ~~ <qJl4,'GRt4JI ~ ~ ~ MC{llefii (~ct) ~ ~ ~ ~ WWTI ~ I ~
~ ~ BOD ~~ 1IR 60 <ft 60 mg/L ~ ~ Cll, ~ ~ ~ ~ t~ ~
~ ~1'1'AIJ114JM4 MC{llefei'i'A ~ 60 mg '61~Ceti1 ~C{llefii I
~~ t~ ~~BOD~~~ 60 1 ~ ~ ~ M'1Jill~ ~ creU ~
~9RS <ft~ ~9f BOD ~ ~ 1 ~ t91~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '5tfi1tifCifA
~~ a-)
).)lr.".) DO~ 1fte$ ~ (Causes for Decrease of D-0)
~I~~ ~~9f ~~~~~~I ~~~'Rf~~~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~fiilcetCPi'SI '2fC{llefi1 ~~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~f~CSfCPi'tl ~ct
~ C~ ~~9f 'ISfmtCt '2ff'l5<qt4"61 ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ I
~ I ~ "'6l~ ~ ~ ~ 02 ~if ~lfhi'el ~ 9fm I ~ ~ '61fi1!C@fei'i'A
~ct "4tlf ~ 1 "'6l~ ~ ~ ~ ~N.c11<s1 R~ >tMa{l61 ~ ~'Sllm '61MWM ~
~ ..9® I~~ ~fiilCetCPi'A ~ct~ 9frn I
~ I >J:~Ci'llC4'A ~ (~ "'6l~ ~ ~) ~~fir~~~ ~~ ~ ~~CSf~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~CSf~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 lft'l ~ ~ '61~CSfei'i'A ~~ 9fm I
).)lr.".~ ~ '5fftltlfCifA (DO) ~*"t'i _ _,C#ltSI ~ '5flClllCil~tlt1 ~ .t-tt (Description
of Winchlor or lodometric Method for Analysis of Dissolved Oxygen, DO)
'l~R+J (Principle) I~~ KOH~~ ~tfl MnSO4 ~ff~~ I l!l'l'i!" Mn(OH)2
~~~I
MnSO 4 + 2KOH----+ Mn(OH)2 + K2SO 4
~if9Rf ~ ~ '61fi1!CISf~ ~ Mn(OH)2 ~ m ~ 1l'lt'-~ ~il!ll:C5 ~~ ~ .1
Mn(OHh + 02 (~ :Sl~CISt~) ~MnO(OH)2
l!l~9Rf l!l'C6 H2S04 ~ff ~ ~I lFlii H2S04 ~ ~'-~ ~il!ll:C5~ ~ ~ ~
Mn(S04)2 ~'Pf:f~ ~<f~ Mn(S04)2 KI~ 12 ~~I

).)lr.<t tl"1111~4 etft1ctM~(Chemical Oxygen Demand, COD)
9flf.rn ~tfJ ~ ~"'15"~~ ~ ~ MC4lleti1"1C~l"1J (non-biodegradable) ~ ~' ~
MC~lsti1 <IJl4t&~4ll qt ~'l ~ ~ ~ -n I ~~~ MC4llstCi1fi1 'ijfi1J ~ ~ ~' Clfl(i{
K2Cr207 (~ "l~Cl9fi1 :>t'A<l<silt<: <ml) !IC~lsti1 ·~ I ~m ~ ~ ~-<ml I ~ '"'~!
RctltMC~l'IJ ~ RctliM'51rAl'11 ~ "'lifl'(Jt('• ttltc'11 ~ ~c11~1 ~ '5fftltttc.,t blf4:'11c•
tl"tllf.1• '5fftiCWM ~ (chemical oxygen demand, COD) ~I ~ ~' ~ ~
COD~ 11M BOD'if ~ ~~ cqfit ~ ,· ~· COD ~ ~ ~ 15l!lfi1CAl"1J ~
MC!llsti1C~l"1J ~~ MC4llsti1"'1C~l'1J ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ COD~ 11M ~
~ Wtl l{1ft'Rf ~ ~ I I
).)lr.<t.) t1"111i~¥ etft1CiM~(COD) "lll..,lt '{'1~~ .(Principle of Te$t of COD)
~ ~Ma!ll~ ~ 9flf.ttf~ Ag2SO~ ~~~ HgS04 ~if,Yff~f%C!) 50% H2S04 ~~'fl
"'!N5Rl'6t~~ K2Cr207 ~~~~~~~OT-em~,~~~trJt~OO'
~~- ~ cllt~ K2Cr207 ~ ~ ~ 9f1f.f '6 col ~ ~~I Ag2S04 ~~ ~
~~~I
3 [CH20] + l 6H+ + 2Cr20~- ~ 4Cr3+ + 3C02 + 11 H20
~ 'Jft'fl MWRI~ !ftqfqqj6 5-ICiiUC4 C1lTif ~ (FeS04 (N~)2S046H20) ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~"f ~ f.R1r <Rt lf1111
COD~~ f.l~fit~ ~~<Rt 1lt1t I ~'
COD= (V1 -V2)xMx8xlOO mg/L
x
~~ V1 = ~~~ct~~ (mL, blank test)
g/
'
BOD 91tl"Plt -t~Rt (Principle of Test of BOD) I
.. ~~ct~~ BOD~~~~~ ~ct "l~Cet~ ~ ~~
20°c ~~ 5~~~~~1 ~~~~'fl~ M111~1~ 111~WPl"liflf.let11:>t'~
"'lf'91tceti1 ~ct emf ~~ 9flf.ttf ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~9f:f <ml I BOD ~ ~ •
YfR!c;qcart·9b.~ ~~~ct "'l~Cl9fCi1<si !iC!llsti1 ~ ~ ~Yf CR1' l1m I
[CH O] 0 microorganism , CO + H O
2 + 2 7
2 2
BOD 01l1if ~) (mg/L) ~- -- ... , ,_,
I ~~
2 ~
3 Cll~lif'J ~
10 ~9f
20. ~~9f
~ ~ W3~ -a fitt1't9fif 9flf.ttf ~ BOD ~if~ 1 ...2 m LI
1l'ro ~ ~ Rl1Jill., I ~?IR~ 91'11~11 ~ ~ ~ 41ft1Ut'1 ~ BOD 1l1if .w
b ~ .~ 1ll9l1lt ~. -.Jlfitt llPrr "19fJ~ etftlClfttifil ~ ~~ 9l1A I BOD ~if 11M
~ ~ lfm, ~ ~ "l~cetii ~. ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~I
~ "'~ f.i~ BOD f.lc(~ 'fit9f ~ CRi I~~ :>.<l' ~ ~ ~ ~ I
~ ).tt I BOI) 01'tm ~f'ltstli 9l1f.ff ...... 1

).)lr.~.) TDS e~ (Source of TDS)
~~~~~l~~~~dlit~~~,~~flf~-
) I biR~ I~' '1tt.~ (<elJJtlll91 ~ - ~), (211'!~1~ 4ll1.lllffU/9ffif dleft.
fi&1$1:ctefJ-e 9flr~ I
~I ~ ~ I ~ '6 ~ ~l1Jlll91 :ctl'•:41(Qif;, 91f&1cet91, ~, "5"1"5'511"1, JJtlif"51'51 dl':ct'~
~~~I
" I ~ ~ I 9f1f.f "1H<t«ct ~ ~ ~9f ":ctl "49fm ~9f ~ ~ ~ "4~ ~
~~~9fmtl
~~ ~ e~,_cf ~ W1T ~~ Cll, ~ Rt-tl~· «lffiRIJJ ftPGl'514'51ct ~..nt· 1'5r~ tft9f I
~~ ~ ~ '4tif TDS ~"'iJJtl'SIC'RI ~ ~~ I
).)lr.~.~ TDS '*fiattt"ff ettil~ii•I (Necessity of Measurement of TDS)
TDS ~~ ~crc~l'fl ~ '@ft 500 mg/L ~ ppm I ~ ~ dl ~ ~if Cm1 "° ~ I
(,,-f~ 1000 ppm dl~ ~9fti) dl ·~ ~ 9f1f.f ~ <IJ<i(ICH ~~;;t ~ ~ ~boill<Zil'R TDS
~ ~ ~ m '11, 9ftf.{ 111t1~•e1oq ~ ~ dl~ ~ «1Re•1c<s1 ~ ~ ~m
'dll<i~ I ~1Pt4llll, <JPl'511'9CS dl~ CJJtlNHllCll'SI ~"1~'51 lTPt dl1t ~ I ~ ~ TDS 9ffi1n9f
~~~~~~~I TDS ~~ «IC!Jlet~4J'!IG~ W'tT- ,
) I "'1'f~ I~ TDS dlif 1'Pt ~ ~ ifl ~ I ~' ~ ~ ~ GCl4191'8 ~ I ~
~ ~ dl'C'! ~ ~ I 500 ppm dlif ~~ TDS ~ 'df-J:Cllll191C~l'1J'iff1 I
~I ~~I - TDS ~ ~ ~ ~~I lft'Rf ~9f ":ctl ~ 'dl'5JWC'A ~
~(scale)~~ I ~ ~ ":ctl 9ft'9c~ <P~'ifilf61~ 9fl1J I
"I wrt~ct .. I ~ ~ ~ 1IFIT ~ ~ TDS ~ ~ I ~ TDS 1l1tim lR"t
9fTfiff pH~ - ~I pH~~ ~ct ilJl4C'1'9 ~~~~~I
I II I t
500+400300
).)lr~ C1'1t8~'6•(Total DissolvedSolid,TDS)
~ ~ GCl41!iC91'51 ~ ~ ~ ~«(, ~ ~ ~ 'dll!JQBI ~ ~ ~~
9fTf.Rf C1J1'~·(TDS) ~I TDS ~~~~~I~ TDS ~~ ~ ~
~ ~~ (purity) ~ lll1l 1 TDS ~~ ~~ mg/L ~ ppm (parts per million) I
TDS ~~(ppm)~ ~m ~ g
0 50 ~·100 200
1'I 8 ) I ~ ~ COD~ 120 rng/L di~ BOD~· 100 mg/L !! -.m ~ lfm?
~ tBOD -e. COD ~'if .1ft'6 • M·~· 1
~1'ftlif
V2 =C1tm l'JCftcm ~ct ~ ~ (mL, sample test) o
M= ~"'Rtcm~~~(M)
x= 9i~-.1~~~~~(mL)

~ I 'b't~ ~ DO ~11 ~ct~ 1lm I
~ I ~~ 11Cl'f ~ ~ ~ bl'Sl6~) ~~~~"!fl~ I
~·, 'b't~ ~ lftl'f ~ w~ ~ ~ ~
:rtl41li11l:S, etll:f'1i1~M'fffil-411~11t1J I
~'~~
- I S02, NOx, C02,
HCI, Hg -c ~ ~
~ I ~ ~ '6 Pl'Sllfil<P
film
- I <JJSl<Rll:5, NOx,
SOx, HCI, HF, As, Pb,
Zn, Cd, B -e ~
• ~ I (Jm-'51Jli1<PJfil film
I~,~~
8 I ;q~fllJ4/filtP I filttl 'ta.~fiso<P'5IC<I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ TDS ~ ~ I
~~~~~~~~~~I
<t I ~~ ~ I ~ ~' ~ tZt•~C6, ~ ~ ~ ~ 9f'tf.f ~~I
~ 51iC~l11i1C:(JI~ TDS ~ ~ 511~~ 1
).)lr.'&.~ TDS 4iilCi41'11 t9ftV (Methods of Reducing TDS) 1 llt-mt't ~ ~ ~ ~
~Rt-ft~~ TDS l{if ~ I ~~ ~ ~9f11 ~ ~ CSf'611t Wft I
) 1 '41(if~ I bl'SIC<Pl'"l ~ ~ ~ ~~141 IDS '6 ~ ~ 9flif1V1 ~ ~ ~ ~ I
~I~ t11Ati!i-.'1 (Reverse Osmosis) 8 ~ Yf'4i~C'!> DttYf ~ ~~ ~c<SGTJ YflfTi 11'1J
-~~~~I 9flf.f "f~ ~ 1l'fJ, ~ Wf 11tl11~ ~ ~ ~ 9fCtf I ~~
TDS ~~ 1lfi{~ ~ 1lm I .
~I ~,(~stillatiQn) I~ l!ff"J>41141 ~ m-tt~ ~ TDS~ 9fRr I 9f'tf.f <II~,!
~ '<l'Cil ~'C6 ~ ~ ~ 'i{f ~ Wf I
8 I ~ ~t+fl"I (Deionjzation) I ~ "1'4i~C6 ~ ~ '6 ·~~ l:ti14CQICS'SI 11t'1J
~~~I~ M<IThi1<Pl~selective) ~ ~ '6 ~~ '51141i1C4 ~ ~~ -e
~ l:Ci'f<PCQIC5 ~ ~ ~ !>IC11'SIC4 ,~ ~ I lftl'f tfl- 9f'tf.f TDS ~ ~ I
).)~ f1111ct«s ~ 9ftf.ff~ {Industrial Waste and Water Pollution)
~'6~~~~~~-~~~9{fi~I ~.~~~-e...m1
NH3 ~9tll1i141~ -e <IJ<l~l'i1<PI~ ~fif ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~m -e "iliTif ~'
~ ~ ISfG'll-n ~ ~ CSf'611t ~I ~l11~'51'11~Yf, ~ '6'4t'f1Jf1'tJ ~~ct ~f'li '6 ~
~~I ~~fir~ ~ ~ ~ filt1'f ~.~ ~ •14'14"' ~ 0011 ~l: ~~ ~
~~~~~'ft~~~ ~9f!t~~I ~~ Yflf.f ~ '6 ~ <IJ<l~CH
~~~I~~ <rtfJ ~ ~ ~ ~61:rti[~ ~ Hg, Pb, Cd, As, Fe ~ ~
~'~ ~ ~ etill~ ~ ~ I~.'6 ~ ~ ~l~Cl1'SI W9Rf ~l: .~fiRt ..1!+a
~~I ~ ~ ~ Yflf.f ~ <l);q~C'Sl'SI lftl'r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9fttf I
~ ~~91_cf fi1$1<1Cl$tf'SI ~Yff1{~C6 ~ ~ ~ Yf1f.f ~ct fa1$1<1ctlJ'SI ~ ~ ~
~~Ir .
~).~I filllct., ~·~~

<t 1 ~'Pf (heat)
~I ~(oil)
~ 1 ~f'lSJ'ft( (acids)
b" 1 1'51%4'51 tf1l (harmful metals)
).~o ~ ~ 4'tPt "ii"t•lii -e 4'4~1t (To Find out the Reasons of Water
Pollution and its Remedy or Prevention)
'1f1llt ~ $ ~ 71 ~ ~ "f15 I 25$ ~ ~ ~ 661t "Tl~ ~ ~~· 66$
~ f1ltwr 5ftt ~~ I ~ efm 60% ~ ~ I
).~o.) ~ ~ •lt"l"if( (Causes for Water Pollution)
~~~~~I~' (~)~~~cmret '6 (~)~--1,-f%-4cmrCf I
~)~~""~~ l ~ 1f1l'ft (filthy material of drain)
~ 1 ~ 'dll<tefifl (industrial waste)
e I C!effi;!J ~ (rodioactive substances)
8 1 '91PUJifl~5 ~(use of pesticides)
"1'11dl-~ ~····~ ~~~·.~ Wf '"PllAASli ~1riRr-~ ~ ~ ~c:t
'ftl ~ "IFP~ .-(aJgaLbloom)~'4r 1 ~ ..ci• lJtf '""'file•~~ 1
b" I ~C'14dilt'1lt'. filta ~ I~ ·~ '2!ffilaYl4'51C'1 ~'ft~ I
- I ·111itff, "lm, Cu, ~ I ~ ~ •'efiIT ~ 1'Ni4<51 I
Na, Ni, Cr,Pb,Zn -e Hg ~I ~pH~11lif ~~~I
81~~fCC"f'Sl~-~~Cf~~~I •
t "'"11f•-.t.,.~~ CR111~~ l"·-~·lt'lt
) I ~ pH ~ "1tl<1'5~ ~ I
~l~~~~ii:~'6~~<rnf'6~
~ 9ttl;qt91 ~ I
~I~~~~ 'd1Jif~~4J ~<rnf I
81 ~D0~9fnr1
<t I ~ BOD. 9fnr I
~1~filta
~ ~' 1f"~4Jill,
c'1m•1,~
~ (a::siJlilifilii), ~
"W,~Cr'S~
~m1
:> I ~ pH ~ Yitl<1'5i1 ~ I
~I 9ftf.{~~~~I ~~~~~~~
~I
~ I 9fTf.f DO~ 9fnr• I
8. I~~ !ilCllTC"'t ~ '4ctl "eflll~ (~·9flf.f ~~)I
~ I ~ '3 '4t~ filt-.
- I :>ililiJSl~U, ~'
Cl2,~~~'
'91eUl<JPIC'SllCiJii1'1 ~ I
(t I f&u1<s1cet-U filta ) I -~ 9f'tf.m ~ <rnf I
••~, msm, ~, ~' ~-~ ~ '6 msm ~ ~ ~ 9f'tf.m ~
iJSJifCcff; ~'1 ~ I Gl~CetCi1<A ~~ ~ I
~ 1 "'""'•u, ~ ~ <s11Jifl4JM4 acu ~ B ~ ~ 1
8 I etill"'IW ~dalriPt4•Pt ·~ I ~'C!S ~NillfJif)[t( ~-~'.~
~ ~ C9ftif 1iRn ~ I '
81~~ ~,·~
-I~, ~,DR, ~1
~ ~ I ~ I ~ 1"1<51~'5 ~~ <mftct 9f'tf.m ~~ 9fm I
BOD '3 COD

(~)~I~•~
~ 1 ~pfR!><P lijpfi~ (natural disastar) '-' I ~ ~ ~ (pollution of flood
~ 1 ~~~ct (pollutionof stagnantwater) water)
~~~fir ~t'IR9f <::s!ICl'llbPll ~ ~ I
) I~ 1'Plt I ~1~'(1~451 ~ 9f1f.f •-e filr. ~ ~ 9f1f.f ~~ ~ ~~ ~
~~I ~l: ~ ~ -l~'AI~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ 1lfiU mt~ <Rt~ I
~ llSlfllC'!i ~ ~. "f~ ~· 1 (:>) ~ ~ (~J ~Cu, Cr, Zn, Mn, Pb -e.
Ni ~ ~ ~ ~ I (~) ~ 9f'ifTVf, ~ - ~~' I.ti~, ~Jl~ft:Ciil ~}liil~,
<::54Jl11l~Ci11 ~ ~. ~ ejf'911cet9'! ~ ~ ~ I ..twJ ~ ~ ~,.., 1'IPJ 1ftl I (e)
~~ ~ftiez1t9'1~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~1~~ I
~I ~ f6Cl<14... I (Industrial waste) 1. filttp ~ ~ ~ ~' ~' ':51Jl'1~(~5,
~' ~' ~ ~~l, l'll~Mll:5, ...-Af, .. f?!>4451 ~~'~'if'., C'!etfi;~ ~~ ~ '6 ~~
~' '5ll11119'1. ~~ ~ <Pl'SI~~ ~~ ~ raast lft1T I~~~ '6
~ ~ ~~ '6 ~ ~~ 4RIJJtlilMC'!i ~l: ..Ns<P'A ~~~I~ "IQ •It~~
~ 1IPl1lr ~ lflf 9tftatlt'1 ~-tl<>tl1f.1• 9f1f1't ~ ~ ~ ~ ecftlcwttift 9ffP1ct 4't1l
1l11t I '1ptlf 41tf.f ~ ~ I .
"I C!5tffltl 9ilf1( (Radioactive Substances) g C'6etfl;si. ~ ~ .. R!><P'SI 1 ~·Pu,
Np, Am, Cm, Bk, Cs, Zr, Rn ~ 1 ~!Rf~~~~~~ ~ "f'-1f'IPt, ~
~' ~ ~ ~'i '6 C'6etfl;si ':51ll:Cl'lltG19f, ~ctms ieT ~~~~I.~
,~~ ~~ ~ll:Cl'lltGl~fir ~ '6 !ft'T)' ~ct ~I ~ofir ~ ~ ~~ 'lll'fWf ~ '6
~'f1Cl1C~~ ~9f<IS ~ ~~ ~ I
8 I 4'l'BP!lilf• ~ <141.,~ifl"I• ~ ~ (Pollution by Pesticides) g 'Yil<Pl111<PQ1 ~'-~ ~
~ ~ ~ct CYIPUJJt!l:<s. ~ <Rt ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ct CYll<Pliil<P11 ~· ~ ~~
C<Jfi1~'51'1l: ~<IJ<IQj'6 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ...,. ~ ~ I ~ ~· ~
C9iPUl11l:<s ~ ~ ~ C~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 9ftf.f ~ ~ 1
<t I 1'1'1"tifliill '9Temperature) 8 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~· "6l~ ~ ~CilletPI 1 ~
~~fit; <Pl'sr~IP!ISI ~ lfl' ~ ~ '4tt9f ~~-~I •1.'SI~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ Wf ~ "6l~ ~ 9fm I
~ I C!5lf (Oil) I ~ CW'Rf ~ Cft ~ ~ ~ ~ '6 !ft~~ -.m ~~~ I
C'!l'f ~ 'Oll'lilli1 ~ ~ ~ • ~fttCet~ ~· ~ ~ 9fm ~ I 1ft'J ~
~~CetCPl'SI ~ct~ 1lm I . '
C I • (Acid) I~ 4lii':CftiU ~ ~~~~~~~.~I ~~ -,fh
<mft"t'6 ~~ q)lilj(fM ~ I
lr I .. fqs+a '(1t I ~' 11l'S14IRI, ~JliflMlf, ~lcA'fi14·~ ~ ·~ ~ ~ -e. ~
~ ~ ~ I 1Ftl'J ~~ Cilt~ 1{tJ1 ~I ~ ~ .~'Ut1J 1lrJm ~ ~ ~Gfir ~
~ ~ <PJl"11C~'SI ~~~'fl~~~ 1IfJ ~~I
(~) 41tf.f~~l~•4'1t't (Natural Causes for Pollution of Water) I
) I ~Hffqs• ~ I ,~~''6 efdl<ll'A ~ ~' ~' (IHC<P~, ~ l:'6JIM'SI 1'Cl'f
~ '~ ~'1141JJti{~'SI ~9ftl'lt ~ '9ff ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ Wm I '<l'iUl
~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ '6 ~ MJlfitif<! ~I~ '6 ~ ~ ~
~~~~~~I

Chemistry 2nd Part (রসায়ন ২য় পত্র ১১শ-১২ শ)

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