1. Work study is a systematic method to improve productivity by analyzing work methods and procedures. It aims to reduce wastage of efforts, time and resources through efficient work practices. 2. Productivity is defined as the ratio of output to input. It is calculated by considering various inputs like labor, capital, materials etc and measuring relevant outputs in terms of quantity, quality, time etc. 3. Productivity can be improved by various methods like work study, automation, production planning and control, research and development etc. Regular measurement and analysis of productivity is required to identify areas for improvement.

1. ~3TTcti~~ufAT-
ctft wt; I
ffi-31'~
(Work Study)
qi) l{ltJT;triGl 1', ~ WTcFf <tft ~ ~ •lftffltltf41 'ilt
fJ ~ct;~ ~3TT ctft ~ (Systematic)~, ~lQUfj
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ct;~~"q~Rl17r3flR~cl>)iA"m~
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t I ~ 1ft mTT1T mclfcffim q;) crtfml' B~ ~ ~
31t1ftR (Work Study) <tft ~lq~qqfrll ~~I~ 31Unr,; qjJ
~ qjJ ~ cfR1fj 3lfuq; ~ 3TTUqj ~ 3ITT ~
cf;l1f~6RJ~fflq,lWJ1lffi~~~qilft
r.:::;i Transformation lOutput!
~
:~:~hine}
· • Material 5' m
• Money
• Method
fta 1 : ~ Jml;1IJ
~ii;ilidl (Producthlty)
•Goods/Service
fcITTfr ~ Jrn,lf t f.tffl (Input)~~ (Output)t"IRJ~
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WIT1T-q -AA l ~ m -i:iur "ll6 ~ ~ ~ t1
~ ~ ~ l5Jl{ &RT m ~ ~ cCt cgB <1flIB ~ q;lfr~ ~ (Definition)
fil;- ffl 'ct> flxcl14,x□I ~ ~ cfe (LabolD': "~ s~ ~ (Output) q;) ~ ffi ~ ~ ~ ~(lnpllt)
rrrrt ~ ~->. ~ ~ • qft 3llcl~4cf>al mcfl t ~ lfiq;:f '3c<41Gq,til ~ t a:fflffi{ ~illtl
q>J 1,·1 ;l'iq1•1 t-1., 't1 •H11.,1 t.ic (Machme Hours ..;,.._,,. >.
~ ~ 01m o I"
~ ~ li wr ~ cm tJcT cpffi fcRr 3TT$li «if 1., q;(
1
~ ~·..!, .. " ............... ~
' rftc? ~ (Peter Drucker) cl;~ " ~ cl; w'lft 'Plt'Pt rp 1lf11
~~ {Product1vny) ~ ~ c#t urr ~ ~ 3fR ~ ~ qJ]1J ~ ~ if7 Fc;; ~ "fl7Im -q ~ ~ ~ 6C1//c;<t@ ~fI"
1ft 1{Uf -m vfTffi ~ I qlffiFci1>ar <l'6 t fc); '3(l!WN11 <In1 ~= =-+>,. ~.,..,.Q, ~ mrar:r Aen nn ~ ~ ~llf.n
j~!GcfJdl, V'11'<"1 q)I ¢191l:I "1 n~~" l'f'"> T
ffl ~ (Work Study) ~ ~ ct; ~ ffl2TT ~ cl',-~~~ t I ~ ct> 3Rf1ffi irr;rcr, imR, ~ ~ q>J ~
4 f~ftcH6ffi t I
I ~ {PaooucnON) sci ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t fcp
~ q>J lJTtA (Measureo
cffiqlf ~ ~3TI cl;' f.!tirtur ~ ~- ~ ~ fcl;'lll '3Nii:;cf>til (Productivity)= ~ q>J lJTtA (Measureef
~offfl ~ ffllf ~ ~31' qiJ ~ vITTIT i I ~ ~ (Input)~ 3Rf1ffi l5Jli, ~ (Capital)~ clif.
~ allf ~aif 1 ~ (Appeasement) ~ cff-TT t I ~ lfTtA' (Measure) q;) ffl lll lITTrl (Quantity)~~ "it clr«lff~
~-~(RawmateriaJ)iJ>1r~~-q~~cfi~~ ~~~~gr,?ffcfr~~-
11tint"•l1~ ~ll~fflffl~'iifffiqj"J~~ 111ft~~~~.$f.~.llfcffl'alffaPl!t-
(Plaaafna),~~ft, 1lftt~ ~ q>J '3ftm ~. mgq; q?J- ~~"it m ffl t I

2. PT L+C+R+M
urnj, Pr=~ ~c<liGct>dT
L =Wl ~ (Labour input)
C =~ ~ (Capital input)
R=~lffc1+w<l~1Wmlf~
M=~ fclfcl'cl lfR1 cT ~3TT cfi ~ ~
Qr=~~
~f.!f<m~~~cITT~xWfRl~ ll+lNr IfTmti
~~q aNl~cfidi 'q 3Fffi'
(Difference between Production and Productivity)
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-3NIG4>ctl ~ "x6 ~~I~~ cf>~~ ~ (-wf, ~)1
~ GaffiT (Efficiency) q;r c,c'q ~ ~ '1lTcTT ~ill~ '3c'ql G¢cii coITT ilIB
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~uJTfcl>~WcRcfi~~~~~ ~~I
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it<fiGcfHil ~ mcft ~ I
1./ic'lli(ifidl cfiT 1'11R' (Measurement ofProductivity)
1.
1C'flG<6di ~ 1ffCA cf; ~ ~ Pl9~Rifla ~-
~ 3t)q·W~'1 c6 ~ q;r ~~I
~~~mx~~~~~~gWIT~I
~ itlliGit>dl (Planned productivity) cf; Wl?.T ft.Ro, ctr ~
'klit4ct>dl ~ gwrr 'cfR"U I
~
~~ ~ '3cGIGct>c11 q,1 +IBA ~ ll ~ ~ i-
. 'Crf6[~>fqi'Rcfi~~.~>lcf>'Rcfi~qjl
c,) ---cl ~ mqJC1 ~ cfcp ~ -+ ~ ~
'q?'(I E>, c.:, "1S'-1'1 qJ IC'l'-; +{1'f ~ ~ ~ ~
(CollllllOD unit) qJT m-;,r ~ t I
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~ (Aggregate input)~ ~ cfi ~ ~ ~ t_ m~
ctlTI'lcfi~~~~~mcfrt1 ~
(fuJ 0'¥ cf2TT 3lNc¥ ~ cITT c2Tc@ ~ cfi ~ ~ : ~ ~
(Monetazyterms) cfJT WWf ~~%°I ~ 3Tcm) cf>~ '3NIGct>dl
"$ lffCR cfi ~ ~ (f~ ~ ~ cITT m (Rupees) +l ~
fcpm ufTffi t I
1.4 ~ ~i¼4cfiicfiJaNl~cfidl ~ 'ifi' lrcfiTt
(Productivity Index / Kinds of Productivity Measurement)
t. ~ m'C!IG<tffll (Material Productivity) - ~ ll ~ ~~ ~ ~
f.lrtc, ~ ~ 'RT7@ cnT 60% ~% I~ ll ~ ~~ ~ ~ 3Wmi
~ '1fTcTT t ~ ~ ':rfflR ~ ~ ll ~r{fffi i I~~ it~~
"$') '304i~MT~~"ITT ~~ I
~ ctr ffl ~ .,A .
~ 2l ctr '3c'qIGcf>di = ~•·Pl~<-tl C{)I ~
'Q'G1~ ~ C1lTR'I
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(Q ~ c p l ~ ~
(iQ ~ -q 'CRT~ ~ ~ ~
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(iv) ~ ~ "CKT~ ctr oorn
(v) ~ -q ~ c,~ ffi ~ ~
(vi) ffiR ~ c'J~ ITT?fUl
I ~.'1tGIGcfHft (Labour Productivity} - ~ ~ cm- ~ ~
lfBIT-q l:fTlTI '1fT ~ t ~ ~ rAR it WA q~ ~ trcl Im
cl>T+lltr-,fcm:n"Gfl~t,3'.@:

3. 1'1~ (CapltalProductivity)
~ ~
..... ~=~~
iift~ct;'t~ltq;R~~vITfflt-
' ~~~ - ~. 1f<A, ffl ~ cpl ~ ~ ffl
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.(•~(MachineProductivity)
•~= ~
~~tit
~~ct;'t~Jrq;R~~vfl~t-
•· :Wt"~~
~
~ .....,..
~ ~ '3c<iiGc6dl (Selling and Distribution Productivity)
!,
~ cf~ fclc'RUT '3cGIG¢cii
~31fct 3CQIG4iffi (Overall Productivity)
6.
~~
311cR3lfR '3cGIG¢cil ~ ~
~,.rar -.i;r ~ (Importance of Productlvlty)
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~ ~ clJl ~ ~ clJl WITTf cfiRT ~ I
-m,[$11 cf)l ~ ~ ~ ~ cnfc); ~~cf~~ cfi
m~~"ITT'flcfil~~a~~~~a~~cfn
zym ~ t ~~.cm~ cfi ~ ~ ~ (Working input)
liWTR~tl~~cf)lffl~~cfi~fcpm~~
t ~-~ ~ ctr~ ll. ~ cf> ~ ~ cf)l ~ ffi
cf>~,~ '3i:GIG4idi cf> W~ ~ '3cGIGcPdi ctr~~ cfi ~,
05 ~ cfi -m~ ~ (Barganing) cfi ~ ~ I '3cGIG¢at ~
(Prosperity) ctr~ t l ~ ~ -q ~ ~ ~ c#r ~ ~ 1Pfl.
~ ~ '3i:GIG¢cil ~ (National Productivity Council) cfi ~ -q ulRT
~ t I~ WTcR 1958 -q ~ fcl>m llm ~ I '3cGIG¢dl mmi:f cfi ~
cf)~~ ~ ~ (Managed) ~ -q 5 ~ '3i:GIGcf>dl Ptatiiti14 t l
~ ~ 1l ~ ~ ~ ll 47 ~ ~ ifr ~ ~ t afR ~
~~ct;~~ (Spear head) ct;~ ct; cfiPi <lffifl t l1ffl ~
~~o~~~ct;~~~ct;~«rocti~
lihut ~ q;y ~ ~ ~ ~ t l1ffl ~clh ~ 1
1rcl1'~4
lNl 11ifaw11,4i "ga~ ~ 1't ~ 1lmftt l

4. IMiCiid• 811'11Ptwcm' -qffi' 'cfiRqi
,,__Affecting Productivity)
8NIGii>di q;)' ~ q;Ncp WTifcrn cf>W ~-
1 ~'cf>Rip
2 artaftcl; 'cf>Rip
L111911fflili (EnemalFactors)
ef.Jllfh~cl?.ll~ 'IRt~fl@I
(iiY'Cfift~~
.. fflcmfrcp1Tf cl?.ll"11'CJR ~ ~ ~
-~cl?.ll~~~
(ff" ~ JJci>N 't ~
t,i)~~~~
(InternalFactors)
11Rat1111Al51
~'i~QR~"ifil'~
(?tletbods to JJnprove Productivity)
~ it ~tITT cpl~ "ffillRl ~ ~ ~ '3NiGc6til &[Tq
cGI "{~ ~ ~ "$ wfr m ~ ocm ~-~, ~ ~
~ i i ~,l; 1!l"l'I cil .;,,a-11<'1os·~ ii~ ,ii; w, ~ ~
ai.,.,, '1"' fc1qS !!GA OS'RI i I <I<'ll<:OSctl ~ ,ii; f<lfire ~ f-1"1 i-
~~ m"GAT ~ ~ q;) ~ "$ ~ -ij ~tITT ~
1.
2. ~ciW~~-ij~~
3. ~~~~~~
~ "f<'lx "$ "fricHICi"lcTi ~"$~~~(Breakthrough) q;) ~
4.
~
5. ~ ci2.ll ~ cTTfilcRUT 'P1 ~ ~ -ij lfGG ~
-qcTi WfO'l -ij "041Gcf>ffi it ~ "$ ~ ~ ~ cpl ~ ~
'Gffffi 'g-
(i) q;¢ ~ (Work Study) - q;m ~ ~ cpl ~ ffl
~wa ~-~~~~-aw ~q;fl{ffi
cf!~~ clfl ~ ~ t 1~ "041Gcf>cti it~ mm t I
(ii) ~ ~ fct<f;rn (Research and Development)-~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ cCf ~ ~ o~ ~ ~'
~. ~ ~ Ti ~tITT mm t ~ Qici~M '3NiGc6c11 Tf
~~ti
(iii) ~ muR1 ~ ~ (Production Planning and Control)-~
qiTfflA -ij ~ ~ ~ 31lx ~ ~ ctf ~ lR 3lltlffi,
~ ~ . ~ W-WTcf ~qi)~ qRffi t I~
4R011'1-«lM "cTiTfflR qi)~~ allffll ~ ~ fct;m ull ~ t
~~~~ '3NiG<bctl -ij ~'ID~ ~I
(IV) ~ (Automation)- '1~14'W<Di o2fl ~ ~ ~ ~
-q ~ ~ qR011+ix-<lM ~ ~ o~ ~ ~ ~ wm
~ vfT "flcl>ffi t. ~ Wf>R '3NIG<fic11 Tf ~ qft ull ~ I

5. ~ a1r1+1 I 53
•-~ 1(R' (SrANDARD OF l.mNG)
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~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m q;t <rt fij'< ll er; R"1~ '34C"¼.I ~
~ ~ 1mft ~ ~ ~ "¢ 311-i~'ilJ ~ -@~ cf, ~ 3i <Hll0> ~
~ ~ $~c.t•ffl ~ ~ ~ ~ $1 ~'Cf{~ qR'ffi ~ W tr! 7F,
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cii!~q;."~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ :lf6i ciq) ~~~cf;~' ttj~ li
~ ~ 'ti5~ li ~l ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ 'ITTciT t 'tl~cffi ~ 3¾¼~¢1, c5..:i -s,
.,,..~~ # ~ ~ it ~ <i1 qRq xq;1 ~ ~ 'ilRff ~ fac..., 't1~"1e1
tr cf>~ <f 4~ I'< cC; g<'l~ ~ ~ ~ st cpl"Acn 't1fll~~ ~- ~ rffi
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_ g &I f"cl; ~ "t"fi!'i:h~ ~ j4Ref:<l ~~cf>~ f44itfl cf>~~~
~ t ~ ct,;flqj' cf) 'i'clt~ ~ fifiiElril q)J ~ ~ <f2TT ~cll~~~l-1 •
cf)J
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(fq) ~ ftm I ~
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Scientists)
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6. ' ~oCfi~~tR~cfi~~/llq)R~~~
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2. ~ - - ~ ~ c1i) ~ ~ (Promotes a liealthy V
life Balance)-~ irn1 mm ct; ~ ~-~ ~ :
~~(Relevant Criteria) ~ am m;- ~ 'cfi ~ +ft
1
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~ ~ ~~- ~ ~ ~ 0~ tR ~ q;yq ~>,
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Culture) - ~ cfi ~ 1'.lx ~ q@lcRUJ cfiT ~ ~
ll6ol ! ~ i:ix ~ cfiT4 m c6l ~ M t I ~ 3!ilJ
~ct;~q;'[ mt ~~B ~qfr ~ q 1
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~ ~ ~ ~ ~Mt vTT ~ ct;~ B~
~ i ~ ~ ~ ffi.wa ~mt~~ cTR"il i,
V iPR 1l fillm@i cJ;l ~ ~ (Promotes Diversity in Company),
~ -q- ~ <mi. ~. ~ano~ ~ "fITTRTancfi ~
~~ ~~ i1 ~ ~ cfi~ "If~ o~ ~ ~~
t ~ ~an qi) &rm t ~ ~ ~ i,
5. ~ <J;l ~~(Promotes Teamwork)-cf>4il1Rll1 c/iT ~
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mi>.f~fflcfi~~"i:f>Rr~/~c!TT<fcp71lx"fc/if,1
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6. JnfleflJJ ffif RA ifir-iT (Provide Training Session)- c64il1Rli'i cfil
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<fi'Pf~l 57
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fili'UT -~ ~- ffl GW3TT o~ Wl cfiT ~ qixcfi ~ ~
~ ~ ~ c6T ~ cfiT ~~~~"ff ~Cfi('jcil'{tjcfi
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a:r$'! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (Method study) 3fix
q;rtl lTI'A (Work measurement)~ iR ~ ct; ~ ~ ~ cf@1
cm(fifi ~ (Generic term)%. vTT fc);- lfFlcf ffl ~ ~ tflfr ~ "If ~
~~-i:t~mmt3fixmmiR~~c6T~i'ffq
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4.1 ~ ~ cfi" ~ (Objectives ofWork Study)
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cpT~c!ITT11
2. -qq, <lT7<l ~ &RI fc);--q ~ ffl Bc¥T 3TT<Wfcf> Wl<l "i:f>T -qrq;, qj"v'!T I
3. lfRCT. lffiFl" oW ~$~~&RI '3~1Gi:f>cil c/iT <TGFTT I
4. ~ ~mn cJ;l ~ I
5. ~ oW ~ ~an 'PT "QW+I ~ cf iRc/iT t'IT1l~ I
4.2 cfi1cf ~ cfi" ~ (Advantages of Work Study)
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2. f.r,for ~ l) ~ Nctl t I
3. "cf>T<t-~ $ ~ (Layout)11 ~~ Nill t I
4. l'.JRG ~ (Manpower) o~ Wfci1 ~ "it ~ M t I
5. ~ c61 ~ ~ "If ~~ 3lTci1 t I
6. <f>T<f 'W<m' 11 ffiT!tR Nill t I
7. 'ffilT!lT 8xflhN01 ~ 11 ~ M t I
8. ~ ~ o~ cf>4=q1R<i1 qfr '+ATGW 'il ~~ 3ITTil t I

7. 60 Iaft-a)ftpg acfi11ffil•, ~ PIA
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~
'.lcQrcicf>a, ~ cfi ~ ~ cf; ~ m {j_~ ~
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'cf>T 11Aq; ~ ~ cl m ~ mTTUrf iTi riT I
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~ m~ ~ 'cf>T ~ ~ (Syst1:matic record)
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~ q;) ~ q'R"$ ~ ~ ilT ~ ~ ffilTl:f c1i) ~-fclli WI
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{Prereq t tors Facllltat.tnc Method StadJ)

8. 64 I~~~ Pf.A
6. ~ cf;vTT (Maintain)-~~ <m ~ ~e,ur ~
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(Micro-level)~ 'CR)W11 mcTI t c l ' ~ ~ fcpm i:rlTITI t I
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