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Tuberculosis in children 2021
1. Tuberculosis in children
Epidemiology, Etiology, Clinical Features,
Complications, Management and Prevention
Prof. Imran Iqbal
Fellowship in Pediatric Neurology (Australia)
Prof of Paediatrics (2003-2018)
Prof of Pediatrics Emeritus, CHICH
Prof of Pediatrics, CIMS
Multan, Pakistan
2. (God speaking to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
Whatsoever is in the heavens and whatsoever is on the earth glorifies
Allah, and He is the All-Mighty, the All-Wise
Al Quran surah Al-Saff 61:1
3. Case Scenario
• A four year old child presents to OPD with cough and
fever for the last 30 days
• Child is not active as before
• Now he eats less than what he used to previously.
• Child lives in inner city with his extended family.
• His vaccinations are incomplete.
• His grandfather is suffering from chronic productive
cough.
4. Case Scenario (continued)
• Child has been to different doctors and received multiple
antibiotics.
• On physical examination, cervical lymph nodes are
palpable on left side.
• Chest crepitations are audible on the back in left infra-
scapular area
• What is your most likely diagnosis ?
• What is other diseases need to be excluded ?
• How will you manage this child ?
7. Epidemiology
• Tuberculosis is endemic in Pakistan
• There are 230 new Tuberculosis cases per 100,000
population every year (500,000 in Pakistan)
• About 70000 persons die due to tuberculosis in Pakistan
every year
• Childhood Tuberculosis in children < 15 years of age
accounts for 20 % of total cases in Pakistan
8. Epidemiology
• Children can present with TB disease at any age
• Tuberculosis infection in children is common below 4 yrs
• Adolescents are at increased risk for development of TB
• Pulmonary TB is the commonest type of TB in children.
• Extra-pulmonary disease is seen in 30-40% of cases
9. Etiology
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Acid-fast bacilli
• Stained with ZN stain
• Slow-growing organism that divides every 24 hours
• Resistant to drying and disinfectants
10. Transmission – spread of infection
Source – Adult Patients with tuberculosis
Transmission – DROPLET infection
• Transmission more likely in the presence of :
-- close contact
-- darkness and lack of ventilation
Host – susceptible children with low immunity
11. Immunity in the child against TB infection
• Genetic factors – Asian
• Age – Young age < 5 years
• Nutritional status – Malnutrition
• Immunosuppression – after Measles
• BCG vaccination of newborn
(intra-dermal at birth)
12. Infection with Tubercle Bacillus
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection can result in:
• Subclinical infection (latent tuberculosis)
OR
• Clinical disease (active tuberculosis)
• depending upon:
-- dose of infecting organism
-- immunity of child
14. Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis in Children
• Primary infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is
called Primary Complex
• Primary Complex consists of primary focus of infection
and enlarged regional lymph nodes
• Primary Complex can form in the:
-- tonsils (cervical lymph nodes)
-- lungs (hilar lymph nodes)
-- abdomen (mesenteric lymph nodes)
15.
16. Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis
• Initial pulmonary infection is a local sub-pleural focus
• Tubercle bacillus is carried by macrophages through
lymphatics to regional lymph nodes
• Hilar lymph nodes are enlarged
• Local spread of infection can occur in lungs
• Lymphatic and blood-borne spread can be to distant
organs
20. Clinical Features of Tuberculosis
• Non-specific general symptoms of Tuberculosis
• Failure to thrive
• Loss of weight
• Loss of appetite
• Low grade fever
• Apathy
• Local symptoms and signs
• Local symptoms and signs depend upon site of infection
21. Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis
• Primary infection may be asymptomatic
• Non-specific general symptoms
• Pulmonary symptoms and signs
- mild cough
- persistent crepitations
- decreased breath sounds
- breathlessness
36. Tuberculosis of Joints / Bones / Spine
• Pain
• Limp walk
• Joint swelling – Mono-articular Arthritis
• Discharging sinus on a bone
• Gibbus / acute kyphosis of spine (vertebral collapse due
to necrosis of intervertebral disc and vertebra)
• Paraparesis may result from pressure on nerve roots
42. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Children
is made by consideration of:
• General clinical features
• Local symptoms and signs
• History of contact with TB patient
• Tuberculin test
• Suggestive investigations
43. Investigations for Tuberculosis
• Tuberculin test (Monteux test)
• X – ray Chest
• Fluid Examination, Cytology, AFB smear, PCR, AFB culture and
sensitivity (CSF, Pleural Fluid, Ascitic fluid)
• Sputum / Gastric aspirate for AFB smear, PCR and AFB Culture
• Biopsy of local tissue / organ for histopathology and AFB culture
• PCR for MTB (GeneXpert) performed on CSF / Fluid aspirate
(also detects Rifampicin resistance)
• Blood IGRA (Interferon Gamma Release Assay) test
46. Treatment of Childhood Tuberculosis
• Make a confident diagnosis
• Prescribe standard anti-TB chemotherapy regime
• Ensure drug compliance
• Evaluate and treat adult sources / contacts of child
patient
48. Asymptomatic MTB infection in a Child
• 6HR
• 6 months – INH, Rifampicin
• INH – 10 mg / kg / day
• Rifampicin – 15 mg / kg / day
49. Primary Tuberculosis in a Child
Pulmonary / Lymph node / Abdominal
• 2HRZ
• 4HR
• Initial 2 months – INH, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide
• Next 4 months – INH, Rifampicin
• INH – 10 mg / kg / day
• Rifampicin – 15 mg / kg / day
• Pyrazinamide – 30 mg / kg / day
50. T.B. Meningitis / Miliary Tuberculosis / Bone T.B.
• 2HRZE
• 10HR
• Initial 2 months – INH, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutal
• Next 10 months – INH, Rifampicin
• INH – 10 mg / kg / day
• Rifampicin – 15 mg / kg / day
• Pyrazinamide – 30 mg / kg / day
• Ethambutal – 20 mg / kg / day
51. Tuberculosis in Children – Steroid Therapy
Steroids enhance symptom resolution and reduce fibrosis in
tuberculosis
Steroids are given for initial 6 weeks with the start of Anti-
tuberculous chemotherapy in children with:
• T.B.M. (Tuberculous Meningitis)
• Miliary Tuberculosis
• Tuberculous Pericardial effusion
• Tuberculous Pleural effusion
53. PREVENTION
Health Promotion of Child –
- Vaccination against common infections
- Breastfeeding, Nutrition, Micronutrients
Prevention of Transmission –
- Hand washing, Masks and Social Distancing
- Case finding and treatment of active adult TB cases
Specific Protection –
• BCG vaccination at birth – Efficacy = 50 – 80 %
54. Prevention in the Newborn baby
whose mother has active Pulmonary Tuberculous
• DO NOT separate mother and baby
• START mother feeds
• Give anti-TB treatment to mother
• Prophylactic INH therapy given to baby for 3 months
• Re – evaluate baby at 3 months
• Give BCG to baby at 3 months