Review of policies and regulatory
incentives/disincentives for development and
adoption of innovations for industrial effluent
management in Tanzania
Pantaleon Casmir Chuwa
University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Bio-innovate Regional Experts Workshop on Industrial
Effluents Management in East Africa
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 19-20 May 2014

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Outline
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Methodology
3.0 Findings from the frameworks
4.0 Lessons
5.0 Recommendations

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Effluent: Fluid material discharged from domestic or
industrial wastes systems affecting their natural state
(NESC, 2005)
Effluent treatment plant/system: detoxicating or stabilizing
biodegradable organic impurities
(EMA, 2007).
Industrial effluent management: processes used to prevent or
treat waters - anthropogenic industrial or commercial activities
prior to its release into the environment.
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Background cont.
BOD: mass concentration of dissolved O2 consumed by
biological oxidation of organic/ inorganic matter
COD: Mass conc O2 equiv dichromate consumed by effluent
treated with that oxidant
Compliance plan: Environmental Compliance Order issued
containing a set of conditions for observance or fulfillment by
any person violating the regulations
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1.2 Existing situation
•Food/beverage industries - generate effluents BOD high
values (UNEP, 2009)
•Fish waste - Lipids and proteins (bioresource) (Mbatia et al.,
2010; Gumizinza, 2009) Fish processing industrial effluent
•Primary treatment - Undersized stabilization ponds
•Local Gov Authorities - supplying water & effluents disposal
• Dependent on external donors: WB and EU
•1,663,090 m3/day untreated domestic and industrial waste –
Dar city
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Plate 1.a: Sewer overflows in the City centre
1.b: Discharged untreated wastewater in a
stream
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Introduction cont.
•1998: Constructed wetlands (CWs) into TZ success (Njau
et al., 2007; Njau & Katima, 2003).
•Waste Stabilization Ponds and Constructed Wetlands
Research and Development Group – UDSM
• Water Policy and regulatory frameworks -
- Supply & Sanitation
- Dev Vision 2025 , NSGPR, NWSDS 2006-2015
- No emphasis on industrial effluents treatment
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Introduction cont.
•VPO - Division of Environment, NEMC and the PMO
Regional Administration and Local Government enforcement,
setting standards and issuing permits for the discharge.
•Environmental policy (1997)
-Regulations are related to industrial effluent management
•Reg & international laws, regulations
-Basel and Bamako Conventions – categories
- East African Community Treaty (2006); environment and
natural resources management
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1.3 Rationale
•Untreated effluents
-Lack of cost-effective and efficient sanitary infrastructure
or integrated technologies OR partly
- weaknesses in enforcing existing /regulations
•Enabling national policies and regulations with
incentives is inevitable -adoption and diffusion of
emerging integrated technologies and innovations by
industry partners.
•The review process: determined incentives &
provide policy recommendations stimulate adoption
of innovations
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1.4 Objectives
•Key partners/actors & regulatory instruments
including incentives/disincentives determined
•Recommended policy options for effectiveness and
efficiency of frameworks in adoption of emerging
innovations
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2.0 METHODOLOGY
2.1 Identification and collection of relevant
documents
- Work-plan
-Environmental policies, regulations,
standards and other related Report.
2.2 Interviewing the regulators and industrial
partners
- Concerns and shortlisted gaps
-Questionnaire - compliance & enforcement dimensions-
BIL and NEMC, respectively.
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Methodology cont.
2.3 Site visits
Urafiki Textile Ltd & Vingunguti major City abattoir DSM
2.4 A case study within the Bio-innovate programme
public-private partnership pilot-onsite demonstration of
CWT- BIL, Arusha (questionnaire)
2.5 Compilation & report writing
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3.0 FINDINGS
3.1 Characterization of industrial effluents and codes
-3 groups - domestic, municipal and industrial (Chinamo, 2012).
-- Volume 683,717 m3 per day in Tanzania
-Codes (Reg 8 (1) Basel and Bamako Conventions/under
List B: Non hazardous waste: EMA
(Hazardous Waste Control) Reg. Act of 2008: Table 1
Technologies
•Waste Stabilization Ponds
•Constructed Wetlands
•UASB
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Table 1: Types of industries with codes and waste in effluent
SN Type of industry Code number Raw materials Examples
1 Agro-processing
industries
B3060 Wine lees,
vegetable waste,
fish waste,
husks, bones and
horns.
Ben-winnery,
Kibuku, BIL -
Arusha
Fish processing B3060 Fish waste
2 Sisal decorticating B3030 Sisal waste Katani Ltd - Tanga
and Alavi estate -
Kibaha
Cooking fats and
oil
B3065
3 Abattoirs B3060 Blood and dung Vingunguti -DSM
4 Tanneries B3100 Hair, chemicals Morogoro
5 Textile Mills B3030 wool, animal
hair, animal
waste, fiber
Urafiki, Mbagala
6 Sugar Factories/ B3060 Bagase Kilombero, Mtibwa14

3.2 Regulatory agencies,regulations and instruments
The Constitution URT (2005) – basis
Article 14: persons are entitled to a healthy environment
Article 9: Impose legislations on natural resources are
preserved
Article 47: The Vice President of Tanzania - environment
management
Division of Environment (policy &coordination)
- NEP(1997)
EIA;
Env legislations;
Econ instruments;
Env standards and indicators; &
Precautionary approach.
Enforcement & incentives α Monitoring instruments
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Findings cont.
Planning Commission -Coordinates economic dev -
integration of env concerns in dev plans with mutual support
among interested groups e.g NGO.
NEMC an advisory body
•Enforcement, compliance, review and monitoring of EIA
(EMA No. 20 of 2004, EIA& and Audit Regulations (2005),
NEAP (2008) &The Environmental Management (Water Quality
Standards) Regulations (2007) of National Environmental
Standards by TBS).
- water quality standards, including permissible water pollutant
discharge limits and permits, compliance with enforcement
plans, offences and penalties.
- Inspection and decision is done by NEMC:
-Offence fine of not exceeding equivalent to US $ 6,250.00) or
to imprisonment five years or to both. 16

Regulatory bodies & instruments cont.
Ministry of Water & Irrigation
•NWP (2002): Based on NSGPR
Industries to pre-treat of effluents & advice adoption of CPT.
•The regulatory frameworks don’t have enough emphasis on industrial
effluents Instead:-concentrate on water bills and connections for supply
•EWURA regulates quality of wastewater after treatment (TBS
stds/MITM/NESC) & finance: tariffs
•Water Sector Environmental Action Plan (2011)
DANIDA& CIDA USD 15,748,387,097.00.
Env challenges - measures e.g Inventory awareness rising on
EIA,CPT -
•National Water Sector Development Programme (WSDP) of 2006-2025
- Commercial service provision
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Regulatory bodies & instruments cont
The Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MoHSW):NHP (1997)
•Management of Industrial and consumer chemicals. (Consumer
Chemicals (Management and Control) Act No. 3 of 2003
National regulations are not well articulated
Regionally, East African Cooperation (EAC) Treaty of 2006
•Standards for effluents and receiving waters - proposed for
harmonization:
- Water quality, Discharge of effluent, and Hazardous substances
and materials. (definition of terms, scope, field of specifications
and limits for each standard)
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Regulatory bodies & instruments cont
Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs)
•MDG 7; - Ensure environmental sustainability.
Crosscutting in nature CBD and UNFCCC
CBD - National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP)
in 1998.
program;- to “Assess and inspect industrial effluent treatment
and engagement of CPS” &
“Design and implement a reliable
system for monitoring effluents
Achievement of the frameworks during implementation are
negatively affected (disincentives) by:
Inadequate environmental management awareness (Tech &
incentives) and insufficient resources
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Regulatory bodies & instruments cont
Other challenges
Reluctance of institutions to collaborate
Reluctance to allow research - bad practices
Lack of a maintenance culture
Lack of awareness on CPT
Use inappropriate technologies
Lack of investment &innovative capability
Low priority on environ issues in some sectors
Inadequate dissemination & acceptance of environ
research results to improve policy decisions
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National and sectorial strategies, plans and incentives for
adoption of tech.
National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) of 2008
-Provides a unifying set of principles and objectives for an
integrated and multi-sectoral approach to address the totality of
the environment
-Promotes research and technology initiative
-Integrates the environmental policy and strategies into the
planning process.
-All sectors and interested groups (NGOs) are articulated in
implementation plans.
- Planning Commission under the President’s Office
coordinates the actors.
The incentives offered through policy or legal instruments
include financial subsidies, awards, premiums, fiscal
incentives, and lending facilities (URT, 1996) – S&TP
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Role of private sector in promoting cleaner production
and constraints
100 NGOs are involved in implementation
programmes ander coordination of Planning Comm
•Among them include AGENDA for Environment and
Responsible Development (1994)
Among its six programmes:
-Environmental Consultancy Services for
Environmental Impact Assessment, Environmental
Audit, Projects Monitoring and Evaluation and
environmental management trainings.
 Industries assessed under CPT program are strong
promoters of industrial effluents treatment. In CPT
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4.0 LESSONS ON INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT DISCHARGE
MANAGEMENT
NWP (2002): Role on reviewing legislations for industries to
pre-treat their effluents, strengthening enforcement
mechanism and advising adapt CPT but infrastructure &
appropriate Tech is lacking
No restrictive and enabling regulations which stimulate the
stakeholders to participate effectively in wastewater/industrial
effluent treatment projects.
ONLY incentives offered in NSTP (1996) include financial
subsidies, awards, premiums, fiscal incentives, and lending
facilities. CWT not yet recognized and receive support for
adoption in local industries
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Lessons
Waste Stabilization Ponds and Constructed Wetlands
Research and Development Group in Tanzania
Lack of incentives which lead to the overall
challenges that include poor cooperation by some
stakeholders or industrial partners.
Other disincentives are lack of awareness on cleaner
production technologies and inadequate capacity for
activities that could contribute to improved relevant
environmental decisions
EAC harmonization initiatives to t common reg.
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5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
Effluents from agro-proc industries as a bio-
resource
Establish sub-companies managing value added
products
Tax exemption for importation of the required
plant and equipments
Inventory of existing/emerging treatment
technologies for effluents
Prioritize technologies and set incentives
•Effective dialogues with key messages with
evidenced success from onsite pilot projects
• Engagement of efficient and popular media groups
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END
ASANTENI SANA
(Thank you)
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