Stated Preferences of farmers for improved cookstoves in Malawi and Mozambique
1. Stated preferences of farmers
for improved cookstoves in
Malawi and Mozambique
Stefan Meyer
International Food Policy Research Institute
June 4, 2015, Lilongwe, Malawi
3. Improved cookstoves - a nexus
intervention
Water Energy Food
If less wood is used,
deforestation decreases which
increases water retention of
soils.
If the cookstove is used less,
then there is less energy
needed to cook.
May occur through changes
in cooking habits and in time
labor allocation.
4. Benefits of improved cookstoves
• Reduce firewood consumption - CM is more than
40% fuel-efficient
• Reduce time to collect firewood – women spend
6h per week on firewood collection in Malawi
• Reduce money spent on fuel - costs correspond to
1/3 of the yearly national minimum wage in
Mozambique (Takama et al., 2011)
• Reduce CO2 emission - cleaner combustion
• Reduce IAP - 38% of women reported coughing
5. Cookstove programs
• Cookstove programs exist since more than 30 years
• Many programs were not successfull
• Gifford (2011) summarized problems many programs
faced:
– Technical problems
– Instituational barriers
– Financial barriers
– Lacking assessments
6. Cookstove adoption
• Lewis and Pattanayak (2012) analyze the impact of
variables on adoption in a meta-analysis:
– Positive: Income and education
– Mixed: Fuel availability, price, HH characteristics, gender
– Neglected: Access to credit, availability of cookstoves/facility
to maintain and social marketing
• Not everybody adopts improved cookstoves
• Analyze the ownership of cookstoves and conduct a
choice experiment on cookstoves
– Access to credit
– Access to information
– Social capital
7. Cookstove price
• Price important for adoption:
– Higher prices: involve producers
– Lower prices: poor households
– Ashraf et al. (2006) show:
• act of paying increases use
• higher prices screen out non-users
• no evidence for higher prices cause greater product use
8. Policies in Malawi & Mozambique
• Malawi:
– Implementation of a National Cookstove Steering
Committee
– Goal: rolling out of 2 mio cookstoves until 2020
– Develop a roadmap to facilitate the uptake of
improved cookstoves
• Carbon Credits in both countries
• Natural experiment – difference between
Malawi and Mozambique
9. Background information on the survey
Dedza, Malawi Angonia, Mozambique
Time Mai to June 2014 July to Aug 2014
Villages 30 30
Sample size 300 508
14. Ownership of a cookstove
Explanatory Variables Parameters Explanatory Variables Parameters
Spouse - Primary 0.302 Remittances 1.145***
Spouse - Secondary 2.056** Farm size 0.024**
N adult females 0.277* Savings Group -1.266*
N adult males 0.260* Religious Group -0.465*
N children 0.211*** Women Group 0.996*
Collecting time 0.150** Other group 1.042**
Cough 1.163*** Risk (neutral) 0.21
Distance to producer -0.025** Risk (seeker) -0.950***
Not significant: Female headed HH, HHH – Primary, HHH – Secondary, HHH –
Age, Spouse – Age, Cell phone, Roof - Iron sheet, Off-farm income, Area
Development Group, Sports Group, Farmer Group, Credit access (small loan),
Credit access (big loan), Distance to all weather road, Distance to market,
Mozambique dummy
15. Choice Set Alternatives
Chitetezo Mbaula Three stone fire
Choice Set Price (Kwacha)
Efficiency (Proportion of
traditional firewood use saved)
1 1,200 Use 8 sticks instead of 10 Traditional
2 2,400 Use 8 sticks instead of 10 Traditional
3 4,000 Use 8 sticks instead of 10 Traditional
4 1,200 Use 7 sticks instead of 10 Traditional
5 2,400 Use 7 sticks instead of 10 Traditional
6 4,000 Use 7 sticks instead of 10 Traditional
7 1,200 Use 6 sticks instead of 10 Traditional
8 2,400 Use 6 sticks instead of 10 Traditional
9 4,000 Use 6 sticks instead of 10 Traditional
16. CE (Chitetezo Mbaula vs. Three Stone
Fire)
Explanatory Variables Parameters Explanatory Variables Parameters
Female headed HH 0.238* Collecting time 0.052***
HHH – Age 0.029*** Off-farm income -0.188***
Spouse - Primary 0.026 Credit (small loan) 0.153**
Spouse - Secondary -0.707*** Mozambique dummy 0.312***
Spouse – Age -0.036*** Distance to road 0.001**
N adult females 0.042 Distance to producer 0.005*
N adult males -0.082** Cough -0.145*
N children -0.028* 8 Sticks -0.141*
Cell phone 0.416*** 7 Sticks -0.051
Women Group 0.551*** 2400 MKw -0.289*
AD Group 0.256** 4000 MKw -0.610***
Sports Group 0.870*** Risk (neutral) 0.161**
Savings Group 0.307*** Risk (seeker) -0.142**
Not significant: HHH – primary education, HHH – Secondary education, Roof – Iron
Sheet, Religious Group, Farmers Group, Other Group, Farm Size, Remittances, Access to
Credit (big loan), Distance to Market, Interaction terms
17. Conclusions
• Results suggest an increase of the selling price of the
Chitetezo Mbaula in rural Malawi
• For metal rocket stove, there is no unsubsidized marketing
opportunity
• Ownership of cookstoves is strongly influenced by the
availability – support the marketing at rural trading centers
• Social networks and the access to information are important
for adoption of cookstoves
• Cookstove programs should be develop for areas where
firewood is scarce
• Combination of cookstove and credit programs could be
beneficiary for adoption
• Farmers in Mozambique prefer cookstoves more than
Malawian farmers
19. Cookstove ownership
Page 19
Reasons for small number of improved cookstoves ownership
Cannot afford
an improved
cookstove
Not
interested/
satisfied with
traditional
stove
Did not know
about
improved
cookstoves
Not available
in the village
37% 2% 38% 22%
20. Comparison of fuelwood consumption
and cooking time for cooking stoves
42%
56%
43%
56%
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Three stone Chitetezo Rocket
Cookingtime(minutes)
Fuelefficiency,Fuelwoodconsumption
Fuelwood consumption (kg) Fuel efficiency Cooking time (minutes)
Notes: Fuelwood efficiency = Dry wood equivalent consumed (kg) per kg of food cooked
Percent on top of histogram indicates percent change due to switching from the traditional three stone to improved cooking stove
Source: Calculated from Malikani et al. (2013) for Malawi
