ENTER2018 eTourism Conference presentation

1. ENTER 2018 Research Track Slide Number 1
The mechanism that links the implicit theories of intelligence and
continuance of information technology: Evidence from the use of
mobile apps to make hotel reservations
Lawrence Hoc Nang Fonga
, Irene Cheng Chu Chanb
,
Rob Lawb
, and Tuan Phong Lyc
a
University of Macau, Macau S.A.R., China,
lawrencefong@umac.mo
http://www.umac.mo
b
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong S.A.R., China,
irene.cc.chan@connect.polyu.hk, rob.law@polyu.edu.hk
http://www.polyu.edu.hk
c
Institute for Tourism Studies, Macau S.A.R., China,
jack@ift.edu.mo
http://www.ift.edu.mo

2. ENTER 2018 Research Track Slide Number 2
Introduction
• Increasing adoption of mobile apps by hoteliers, online
travel agents, and consumers
• A pleasant hotel reservation experience (perception &
emotion) drives technology adoption and continuance
(Martins, Oliveira, & Popovic, 2014; Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012)
• Upstream variables, e.g., belief, lack scholarly attention
Implicit theories of intelligence (ITI)

3. ENTER 2018 Research Track Slide Number 3
Introduction
• ITI: intelligence is alterable vs. static (Dweck, Chiu, & Hong, 1995)
• 1st
contribution: extend the predictive power of ITI to
technology continuance
• 2nd
contribution: introduce ITI to the tourism and
hospitality literature
• 3rd
contribution: understand the mechanism that links
ITI and technology continuance

4. ENTER 2018 Research Track Slide Number 4
Introduction
Objective
Examine the mediating roles of effort expectancy, perceived
risk, and hedonic motivation between ITI and continuance
intention to use apps to make hotel reservations

5. ENTER 2018 Research Track Slide Number 5
Theory
• ITI: belief grounds in essentialist lay theories
• Incremental theorists: attributes (e.g., intelligence) are alterable
• Entity theorists: attributes are static
• Compared with entity theorists, incremental theorists
• View difficulties more positively (Blackwell, Trzesniewski, & Dweck, 2007)
• Exhibit more favourable response towards new and complex product (Sharifi & Palmeira, 2017)
• Have stronger motivation to improve and persist (Mangels, Butterfield, Lamb, Good, & Dweck, 2006;
Kasimatis, Miller, & Marcussen, 1996)
ITI – technology continuance

6. ENTER 2018 Research Track Slide Number 6
Hypothesis 1
• Incremental theorists
• Outcome follows personal effort (Yeager & Dweck, 2012)
• Seek learning opportunity to improve skill and ability (Blackwell et al., 2007)
H1: Effort expectancy mediates the relationship between ITI and continuance intention to use apps to make hotel reservations; thus, incremental theorists
(versus entity theorists) exhibit higher effort expectancy, which is positively related to continuance intention.
• Effort expectancy
• Ease of using technology heightens technology continuance (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012)
• Include both ease of learning and skill development (Venkatesh et al., 2012)

7. ENTER 2018 Research Track Slide Number 7
Hypothesis 2
• Incremental theorists
• Prefer challenges that involve risk (Baird, Scott, Dearing, & Hamill, 2009)
• More risk-tolerant
H2: Perceived risk mediates the relationship between ITI and continuance intention to use apps to make hotel reservations; thus, incremental theorists
(versus entity theorists) exhibit lower perceived risk, which is negatively related to continuance intention.
• Perceived risk
• Lower the reuse of mobile commerce (Lu, Yu, Liu, & Wei, 2017)

8. ENTER 2018 Research Track Slide Number 8
Hypothesis 3
• Incremental theorists
• Root emotional response in positive aspects (Ommundsen, 2001)
• Regulate emotion better (Ayoub & Aljughaiman, 2016)
• Find goal achievement more enjoyable (Biddle, Wang, Chatzisarantis, & Spray, 2003)
H3: Hedonic motivation mediates the relationship between ITI and continuance intention to use apps to make hotel reservations; thus, incremental theorists
(versus entity theorists) exhibit higher hedonic motivation, which is positively related to continuance intention.
• Hedonic motivation
• Emotion is positively associated with technology continuance
(Venkatesh et al., 2012)

9. ENTER 2018 Research Track Slide Number 9
Conceptual Framework

10. ENTER 2018 Research Track Slide Number 10
Methods
• Online survey
• Chinese – Sojump.com
• With experience of using apps to make hotel reservations
• 18 years old or above
• Measures
• ITI (Dweck, 2000)
• Effort expectancy, hedonic motivation, and continuance intention (Venkatesh et al., 2012)
• Perceived risk (Slade, Dwivedi, Piercy, and Williams, 2015)
• Translation and back-translation
• 466 usable responses

11. ENTER 2018 Research Track Slide Number 11
Results
• 459 responses were retained after removing outliers
• Male: 51%
• 18-29 years old: 48.6%
• Reliability and validity checks passed
• Common method bias was not present

12. ENTER 2018 Research Track Slide Number 12
Results
Note. *** p < .001; ** p < .01; * p < .05; no asterisk – non-significant
H1: NOT supported
H2 & H3: Supported

13. ENTER 2018 Research Track Slide Number 13
Discussions and Practical Implications
• Incremental theorists found the use of apps more enjoyable and perceived less risky -> more likely to use the apps again
–Perceptual and emotional responses connect belief and behavior
• Non-significance of effort expectancy as a mediator because ITI was not related to effort expectancy
–May be because all respondents, irrespective of incremental theorists and entity theorists, successfully made the booking
• For practitioners
–Trigger incremental belief in entity theorists’ mind
–Reinforce incremental belief in incremental theorists’ mind
–Message: Everyone has high intellectual potential and intellectual enhancement
follows every trip

14. ENTER 2018 Research Track Slide Number 14
Limitations
• Chinese respondents only
• Two perceptual mediators only
• Intention but not behaviour was measured

15. ENTER 2018 Research Track Slide Number 15
Thank You!