This document provides information about anatomy and functions of the throat (oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, salivary glands), as well as common symptoms, signs, and conditions that can affect the throat, including sore throat, abscesses, dysphonia, and stridor. It discusses the causes, symptoms, signs, and management of various throat conditions like peritonsillar abscess, Ludwig's angina, retropharyngeal abscess, parapharyngeal abscess, laryngitis, papillomas, and cancer of the larynx. Tracheostomy indications and techniques are also summarized.
26. Abscess around the Pharynx
Peritonsillar abscess (Quinsy)
Definition - an abscess between the tonsil and
the adjacent lateral pharyngeal wall (superior
constrictor muscle)
Pathogenesis - follow an acute attack of
tonsillitis usually unilateral and lies above the
tonsil near the soft palate preceded by
cellulitis.
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28. Signs
Marked hyperaemia and edema of tonsils,
palate and uvula, pushing the latter to the
unaffected side
Management consist of - rest, fluid, I&D ,
tonsillectomy ( 6 weeks )
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29. Ludwig’s Angina
• Definition – cellulitis of the floor of mouth
and submandibular space of neck
• Pathology – usually due to infection with
Hemolytic streptococcus as complication of
pharyngitis or oral sepsis.
• Symptoms – pain in floor of mouth ( tongue)
- drolling of saliva
- swelling neck
- difficulty in breathing
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30. Signs
• Hard tender brawny swelling between the
chin and neck detected on bimanual exam
• Fluctuation may be negative
• Fever and toxemia present
• edema of glottis ( sudden death )
Management
full dose of antibiotics with I & D ( Hilton’s
method )
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31. Retropharyngeal abscess
Definition – It is an abscess in the fascial space
behind the pharyngeal muscles
causes - suppuration of retropharyngeal
lymph nodes
- penetration of pharyngeal wall by
sharp FB
- caries of bodies of cervical
vertebra.
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34. Parapharyngeal abscess
Definition - suppurative infection of the
parapharyngeal space
Causes - suppuration of lymph node
- penetration of lateral pharyngeal
wall by sharp FB
- spread of infection from tonsils,
peritonsillar space, lower wisdom tooth ,its
surrounding gums and bones
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35. Symptoms
• Pain in throat especially on swallowing
• pyrexia
Signs
• trismus
• torticollis
• tender red fluctuant swelling of neck
• pharyngeal wall and tonsil are pushed
medially
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36. Management
• Medical – antibiotics, analgesics
• Surgical – I&D via external approach
Complications
• acute edema of the larynx
• thrombophlebitis of jugular vein
• Septicaemia
• direct spread to mediastinum
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38. Dysphonia (Organic causes)
“An alteration in the quality of voice”
• Inflammatory - acute laryngitis
- chronic laryngitis
• Neoplasia - Ca larynx, Papillomata
• Neurological - Myasthenia gravis, Ca lung
/breast, post thyroidectomy
• Systemic - Hypothyroidism,Rheumatoid
arthritis
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39. Inflammatory lesion
Acute laryngitis
• Infection ~ very common
~ upper respiratory tract infection
~ associated with pain in throat
~ spontaneous resolution
~ Steam inhalation
~ referral if symptoms persist
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40. • Non-infected ~ shouting
~ foreign bodies
~ fumes, tobacco, smokes or
chemicals
~ may produce edema and
respiratory embarrassment
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41. • Inflammatory polyps
~ not uncommon
~ history similar to acute laryngitis
~ removal under microlaryngoscope
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42. Neoplastic lesions
• Ca larynx
- Old age, male
- Smoking, alcohol
- Hoarseness of voice, stridor
- Direct laryngoscopy and biopsy
- Surgery and Radiotherapy
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47. It is a noisy and difficult
breathing due to partial
obstruction of upper airway.
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48. A case of stridor due to
malignant infiltration to
trachea from Ca thyroid
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49. Causes of stridor
1.Congenital
(a) Laryngeal stenosis
(b) Laryngomalacia – congenital
softness of larynx
(c) Laryngeal web
2.Traumatic
(a) External – blow on larynx
e g. dash-board injury
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60. Emergency Management
• Important to realize that relief of stridor is
more important than knowing causes of
stridor.
• Oxygen inhalation
Tracheostomy – don’t wait for obvious
cyanosis
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61. Definitive Management
1. Confirmation of diagnosis
2. Remove the cause when possible, or
timely referral when removal of cause is
not possible.
3. Regular follow-up
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63. Indications
1. Relief of upper airway obstruction
2. Protection of tracheo-bronchial tree & to
facilitate tracheal toilet
3.Treatment of respiratory insufficiency
- to reduce dead space
- to institute IPPR
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64. Standard Method of Tracheostomy
1. Anaesthesia – LA or GA
2. Position – Supine position
Extended neck (pillow under
the shoulder)
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2
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76. Foreign Bodies
Inhaled foreign bodies(airpassage)
• under 4 years (75%)
• features depend on types and location in
laryngotracheobronchial tree
• vegetable materials – severe mucosal react:
• may be rapidly fetal
• first aids
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80. clinical features
• foreign body sensation
• dysphagia
• odynophagia
• regurgitation
• s/s of complication
(abscess)
• always believe the patient!
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81. Diagnosis and treatment
• site of foreign (midline/lateral?)
• external tenderness
• Inspection of oral cavity , oropharynx
• Indirect laryngeal mirror to inspect – root of tongue,
valeculla, hypopharynx and larynx
• Lateral Neck X’ray (some are radiolucent)
• Oesophagoscope
• Removal with forceps
• important to expect underlying pathology in meat bolus
in oesophagus
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