Organic inputs in Horticulture and their roles.Indigenous practices of organic farming.

1. Hort 508
Organic inputs in Horticulture and their roles.
Indigenous practices of organic farming.
Submitted to :
Dr. Navprem Singh
Dr. S.K. Jawandha
Presented By:
Himanshu chawla
L-2020-H-204-M
M.Sc. Horticulture
(Fruit science)

2. Components of Organic Horticultural System
The components of organic horticultural system areas follows:
· Enrichment of soil with organic matter
· Cropping systems
· Biofertilizers
· Weed management
· Pest management

3. Organic manure
Organic manures are natural products used by farmers to provide food
(plant nutrients) for the crop plants.

4. Advantages of Organic Manure
• Provides all the nutrients that are required by plants but in limited
quantities.
• Helps in maintaining C:N ratio in the soil and also increases the
fertility and productivity of the soil.
• Improves the physical , chemical and biological properties of the soil.
• Improves both the structure and texture of the soil.
• Increases the water holding capacity of the soil.
• Due to increase in the biological activity, the nutrients that are in the
lower depths are made available to the plants.
• Acts as mulch, there by minimizing the evaporation losses of moisture
from the soil.

5. On Farm Generation of Organic Matter
In-situ Generation of Organic Matter During Post Rainy Season and its
Incorporation.
Raising of N – fixing Trees as Separate Blocks or in Rows and Using
their Foliage for Green Leaf Manuring.
Bund Farming with Trees and Grasses.
Ley Farming.

6. Green Manuring
• Green manuring is a low cost but effective technology in minimizing
the investment cost of fertilizers and in safeguarding the productive
capacity of the soil.
• Legumes are usually utilized as green manure crops as they fix
atmospheric N in the root nodules through symbiotic association with
a bacterium.
• Growing of leguminous green manure crops such as sunnhemp
(Crotalaria juncea), dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata), green gram
(Phaseolus sp.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), khesari (Lathyrus
sativus), berseem (Trifolium alexandrium) etc.

7. • Glyricidia rooted cuttings may be
planted at every 2 m interval on the
existing bunds. About 120 to 130 plants
will produce sufficient biomass after 2
years. About 15 kg of biomass is
produced from each plant. This
production will be 3 times in a year.
• Biomass contains 70% water and 2.5%
nitrogen. The plant should be cut at the
base so that the subsequent sproutings
will be proper. The green leaf manure is
the best alternate source of organic
matter.

8. Advantages of Green Manuring
• Positive influence on the physical and chemical properties of the soil.
• It helps to maintain the organic matter status of arable soils.
• It serves as a source of food and energy for the soil microbial population
which multiplies rapidly in the presence of easily decomposable organic
matter.
• The enhanced activities of soil organisms not only cause rapid
decomposition of the green manure but also result in the release of plant
nutrients in available forms for use by the crops.
• It promotes formation of crumbs in heavy soils leading to better aeration
and drainage.
• Depending on the amount of humus formed, green manuring increases the
water holding capacity of light soils.
• It forms a canopy cover over the soil and reduce the soil temperature and
protect the soil from the erosive action of rain and water currents.

11. Composting
• The process of biological recycling by
which waste is converted into organic
manure is referred to as “composting”.
• Microorganisms that do much of the work
need high temperature, plenty of oxygen
and moisture.
• These heat loving thermophilic organisms
work best between 45-55°C.

12. Types of Composting
1. Heap method
2. Pit method
3. NADEP method.

13. Nutrient status of compost obtained from various methods

14. Vermicomposting
• The process of composting organic wastes through
domesticated earthworms under controlled
conditions is vermicomposting.
• Currently earthworm species Eisenia foetida,
Eudrilus eugeniae, Perionyx excavatus, Lumbricus
rubellus and Pheretima longate are being used
for compost production.

15. ADVANTAGES OF VERMICOMPOST
• Vermicompost is rich in all essential plant nutrients.
• improves the quality and self life of the produce.
• It neutralizes the Soil pH.
• It prevents nutrient losses and increases the use efficiency of chemical
fertilizers.
• Vermicompost is free from pathogens, toxic elements, weed seeds, etc.
• Vermicompost minimizes the incidence of pest and diseases.
• Vermicompost enhances the decomposition of organic matter in soil.
• Vermicompost contains valuable vitamins, enzymes and hormones like
auxins, gibberellins etc.

16. Vermiwash
• Vermiwash is a clear and transparent,
pale yellow coloured fluid.
• It is a collection of excretory products
and mucus secretion of earthworms
along with micronutrients from the
soil organic molecules.
• These are transported to the leaf,
shoots and other parts of the plants
in the natural ecosystem.

17. Biofertilizers
• Biofertilizers are also known as microbial
fertilizers or more appropriately ‘microbial
inoculants’
• Biofertilizers are inputs containing micro-
organisms which are capable of mobilizing
nutritive elements from non-usable form to
usable form through biological processes.
• The beneficial microbes in the soil which are
of greater significance to horticultural crops
are the biological nitrogen fixers,
phosphate solubilizers and the mycorrhizal
fungi.

19. Biodynamic farming
• This system is based on systematic and synergistic harnessing energies from
Cosmos; mother Earth, Plants and Cow. For harnessing cosmic energies, an
Agriculture Calendar based on planetary configuration is used in agricultural
operations and preparation of few BD preparations.
• BD-500 i.e. cow dung duly incubated in cow horn is helpful in improving
biological activity of soil.
• BD-501 Silica in horn mediates photosynthesis and provides defense to fungal
infection.
• Nutrient requirement is managed by application of BD compost ,duly enriched
with Cow Pat Pit, BD-500; need base use of BD –liquid manures.
• By adopting BD techniques quality production of mango, guava and aonla has
been demonstrated at CISH, Lucknow

20. • It has also been demonstrated for management of Phytophthora infection in
kagzi lime and Nagpur mandarin and management of decline in the state of
Maharashtra.
• As per results derived at CSK, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 10-15 % increase
in yield, minimization in pest’s incidence; better quality have been obtained
simply by adhering to agricultural calendar.

21. Rishi krishi
• In this technique, rhizosphere soils beneath Banyan tree (Ficus
benghalensis) is spread over the area followed by regular use of
Amritpani a special bio inoculates through irrigation or drenching of
organic mulches filled with organic wastes in trenches at the tree
periphery.
• Amritpani is prepared from cow dung, cow ghee, honey and is utilized
for enrichment of soil by over head sprinkling, drip or through
irrigation water.
• The system has been demonstrated successful on a wide range of
crops including kagzi lime, mango, guava etc.
• The technology is being promoted by large number of farmers in
Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.

22. Panchagavya
• Panchagavya is a special bio enhancer prepared from five products obtained
from cow, i.e., dung, urine, milk, curd and ghee. When suitably mixed,
incubated and used, these have miraculous effects on soil fertility and crop
productivity.
• This preparation is rich in nutrients, auxins, gibberellins, and microbial fauna
and acts as tonic to enrich the soil, induce plant vigour with quality
production. Physico- chemical studies revealed that Panchagavya possess
almost all macro, micronutrients and growth hormones (IAA, GA) required
for plant growth.
• Its remarkable effects have been demonstrated in fruits like mango, guava,
acid lime, and it can be attempted in other fruits.

24. Natueco Farming
• It follows the principles of eco-system networking in farming system approach.
It has a new vision of infinite resource potentials in Nature and sunlight
promises plenty for all through harvesting all these resources.
• The three relevant aspects of Natueco farming are:
• Soil: Enrichment of soil by recycling the biomass and establishing a proper
energy chain.
• The basic component of this technology is “Amritmati” a special
bioformulation rich in microbial consortia prepared from “Amritjal” fermented
solution of cow dung, urine duly enriched with locally available organic waste,
upper crust of soil, and decomposition of foliage from different crops at
various stages of its maturity for ensuring availability of macro and micro-
nutrients. It takes almost 90-100 days for its preparation.

25. Natueco Farming Step by Step
Natueco Farming emphasizes `Neighborhood Resource Enrichment' by
`Additive Regeneration' rather than through dependence on external,
commercial inputs.
The three relevant aspects of Natueco Farming are:
a) Soil - Enrichment of soil by recycling of the biomass by establishing a
proper energy chain.
b) Roots - Development and maintenance of white feeder root zones
for efficient absorption of nutrients.
c) Canopy - Harvesting the sun through proper canopy management
for efficient photosynthesis.

26. EM – Technology in organic farming
• EM or Effective Microorganisms is a consortium culture of different
effective microbes commonly occurring in nature.
• Most important among them are : N2-fixers, P-solubilizers, photosynthetic
microorganisms, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, plant growth promoting
rhizobacteria and various fungi and actinomycetes.
• In this consortium, each microorganism has its own beneficial role in
nutrient cycling, plant protection and soil health and fertility enrichment.

27. Benefits of EM use
• Improve seed germination, seedling emergence, growth of plants, flowering, fruiting
and ripening of grains and fruits.
• Improves photosynthetic potential.
• Increase tolerance in plants against pest attack.
• Improves physico-chemical and biological properties of soil.
• Help in control of soil borne pathogens.
• Interdependent biological activity of different EM organisms creates a congenial
environment for growth and spread of soil's flora and fauna. They also promote the
growth and colonization of VAM, which further help in plant growth promotion.
• Help in quick degradation of organic matter. With the use of EM the requirement of
compost can be reduced or dispensed with. Just recycling of crop residue with EM
can give similar results as with good compost. This saves lot of labour and space
required for compost preparation.
• Improves soil biota and makes the soil soft and porous

28. How to use EM
Application of
EM in
agriculture
involves four
steps as
follows:
Procurement of
primary EM-
available in
market
Preparation of
secondary EM –
to be carried
out by the
farmer
Appropriate
dilution of the
secondary EM
solution
Application to
plants, soil and
organic matter
as spray

29. • 1. EM-1 formulation- This formulation is used for seed treatment, soil
enrichment and for spray in field after the emergence of seedlings.
• Dissolve 5 kg jaggary (chemical free) in about 100 lit of water
• Add 5 lit of EM
• Mix thoroughly and pour into a plastic carboy. Seal the carboy and allow to
ferment for 7 days
• Dilute this solution in a ratio of 1:1000 and spray over soil or crop residue.
For seed treatment soak the seeds in this diluted solution.
• 2. EM-5 for control of insects and pests –
• Dissolve 100gm of jaggary in 600 ml of water
• Add 100 ml each of natural vinegar, wine or brandy and EM
• Mix thoroughly and transfer the contents in a plastic bottle or carboy and
seal the container.

30. • To increase the potency few cloves of garlic and chilly paste can also be
added to this suspension before sealing the container.
• Allow the contents to ferment for 5-10 days under shade.
• Release the gas daily
• Within 10 days the EM solution will be ready for use. This can be stored up
to 3 months at normal room temperature in a cool and dry place.
• Dilute the contents in a ratio of 1 : 1000 and apply as foliar spray with the
help of a sprayer
3. Fermented Plant Extract (FPE)
4. EM-Bokashi

31. BIO-ENHANCERS
• Bio-enhancers are organic preparations, obtained by active fermentation of
animal and plant residues over specific duration.
• Few of these bio enhancers which are in use are:
1) Amritpani –
• Mix 10 kg cow dung with 500 gm honey and mix thoroughly to form a
creamy paste.
• Add 250 gm of cow desi ghee and mix at high speed. Dilute with 200 lit
water.
• Sprinkle this suspension in one acre over soil or with irrigation water.
• After 30 days apply second dose in between the row of plants or through
irrigation water.

32. 2)Cow-pat pit-
• It is a biodynamic field preparation and is also
called as ‘Soil Shampoo’.
• CPP is a strong soil conditioner.
• It enhances germination, promotes rooting
in cutting and grafts, improves soil texture,
provides resistance power to plants against
pests and diseases, replenishes and rectifies the
trace element deficiency.
3)Beejamruta –
• Put 5 kg fresh cow dung in a cloth bag and
suspend in a container filled with water to
extract the soluble ingredients of dung.
• Suspend 50 g lime in 1 lit water separately.
After 12 – 16 hours squeeze the bag to collect
extract and add 5 lit cow urine, 50 gm virgin
forest soil, lime water and 20 lit water.
• Incubate for 8-12 hours. Filter the contents. The
filtrate is used for seed treatment.

33. 4) Jivamrut -
• Mix cow dung 10 kg, cow urine 10 lit, Jaggary 2 kg, any pulse grain flour 2
kg and Live forest soil 1 kg in 200 lit water. Ferment for 5 to 7 days.
• Stir the solution regularly three times a day. Use in one acre with
irrigation water.

34. THANK YOU