On Epistemology And Skepticism Essay

On Epistemology and Skepticism Essay
Epistemology is purposed with discovering and studying what knowledge is and how we can classify what we know, how we know it, and provide
some type of framework for how we arrived at this conclusion. In the journey to identify what knowledge is the certainty principle was one of the first
concepts that I learned that explained how we, as humans, consider ourselves to know something. The certainty concept suggests that knowledge
requires evidence that is sufficient to rule out the possibility of error. This concept is exemplified in cases like The Gettier problem in the instance that
we suppose (S) someone to know (P) a particular proposition. As Gettier established the Justified True Belief as a conceptual formula for knowledge,
certainty...show more content...
Skepticism in general says that we do not know many propositions about the external world that we naturally take ourselves to know. Descartes
affirms skepticism by analyzing beliefs as knowledge. Meditations seeks to find a solution to the notion of if one doubts a belief, can it be considered
knowledge?
Descartes first submits that it is not necessary to show all beliefs are false to satisfy the knowledge condition. He adds that if in each belief there is
doubt that we can conclude that all things that we believe can be considered false knowledge. He seeks to prove this by setting a precondition that
we cannot critique all beliefs, just the ones that govern our life or that serve as a broad component of belief. Descartes then provides context to
where beliefs come from and states that beliefs are created from senses or through senses. He then states that senses are false because they are
deceptive and shouldn't be trusted which is the first cause of being able to doubt a belief. This idea in my opinion is the argument of Reality vs.
Virtually, which is what we encounter through our experiences vs. what we dream about. The question posed is that we doubt our beliefs because we
do not know if what we perceive from our senses is true. The example provided in the Meditations text dealt with imagination and the Dream world
concept. If I perceive something in the
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Epistemology In Business And Management
The literally meaning of Epistemology is the study of knowledge or the study of understanding that applied to identify the philosophical division
emphasized on the nature and scope of knowledge. Actually in a nutshell it implied to the examination of knowledge and justified believes. It evaluate
the inherent meaning of knowledge and means of obtaining knowledge, and the limitation or scope of acquiring knowledge for any given area, subject,
topic or issue. Moreover, it is very much associated with the interlinked ideas like truth, belief, and reasoning. Business or management research is a
formalized or organized examination that assist to resolve various management or business problems and helps improving management expertise. The
epistemological perspective has been created base on the study that inspects the likelihood, boundaries, source, construction, approaches and integrity of
knowledge and in what way knowledge can be attained, validated and used for practical application. This results or...show more content...
This is crucial as human behavior is usually directed by what an individual subjectively believes instead of what one knows as fact. This guides on
deciding on options on means of choosing a management research project, the methodologies required to be utilized in a manner that the management
research project manager and the whole team has to consider. The use of this viewpoint by the management research team results in the research team
to be more meticulous about the research methods with respect to data / information inputs, discarding personal / subjective beliefs aside and
concentrating on understanding the variables through sound research (Vaara and

Naturalized Epistemology Essays
Epistemology can be divided into two parts: one being traditional epistemology and the other being naturalized epistemology. The difference between
the two is that traditionalists simply accept what they think they know whereas naturalists put what they think they know to empirical tests. When I
say empirical, I mean methodologies of the natural science. In other words meaning putting things we think we know to practical tests to find out if it
is true, scientifically. Or to even better understand what I mean by empirical, it is essentially another way of saying naturalized epistemology. In this
essay I will establish the reasons why naturalized epistemology is a better choice over traditional epistemology. Firstly I will establish how...show more
content...
The problem with this is that theoretical paradigms have no common basis; hence, paradigm–shifts cannot work out. Special Relativity and Newtonian
Mechanics may seem to have the same theoretical term meaning but they don't because the terms of 'mass', 'force', and 'duration' all have a different
meaning to different scientists. Science in Kuhn's opinion and from what we gather on theoretical paradigms does not provide a concrete empirical
assumption on epistemology. It does not work best empirically because matters dealing with science must happen with theoretical paradigms, whose
effectiveness is an issue. As I have mentioned, epistemology done empirically is better known as naturalized epistemology. However, traditional
epistemology, otherwise seen as normative, can help us understand philosophy. When I say normative, I mean the matters of rationality and
justification. Jaegwon Kim describes this form of normative epistemology in his essay, What is 'Naturalized Epistemology'? where he comments, "that
justification is a central concept of our epistemological tradition, that justification, as it is understood in this tradition, is a normative normative
concept, and in consequence that epistemology itself is a normative inquiry whose principal aim is a systematic study of the conditions of justified
belief." (Kim 539)
Epistemology can be seen as a normative discipline as we see with rationality and the concept of Davidson's claim on

Epistemology Paper
The definition of knowledge is often debated since there a plethora of ways to classify it. If one were to ask an empiricist about knowledge, the
answer would be that it is the result of one's ability to create themes from external stimuli. A rationalist would reply that knowledge is innate, while a
person utilizing a sociohistoric perspective would find a need for older individuals to convey their own wisdom in order for others to learn (Case,
1996). Using different theories to understand the meaning and use of epistemology can aid in the development of reasoning for individuals.
Brown, Collins, and Duguid (1991) found that removing knowledge from the way it is acquired is difficult. Knowledge can be either an individual task
or a...show more content...
Teachers who understand that some knowledge is taught would try to utilize their own experiences and create opportunities to relate real world
activities to students in their classroom (Seifert & Sutton, 2009). Constructivism relates to how knowledge is a result of directly relating an experience
with an activity (Seifert & Sutton, 2009). A teacher who believes in the necessity oflearning through detailed instruction would use lecturing or
presentations to get their points across.
Next, there are perspectives that support the view that knowledge resides in whoever has the means or abilities to obtain it (Case, 1996). Educators
could use this to their advantage by giving their students resources to find information. However, location specific and situation dependent knowledge
are basic components of learning that require tools that may not be present in every circumstance (Brown et al., 1991). There is also knowledge
related one's relative position in human development. If someone is older, they can possess the skills and qualifications that a younger person may not
(Case, 1996).
The various perspectives of knowledge are constructed through learning from others, inherited from previous generations, or found on one's own
through exploration of the world (Case, 1996). Conditioning students with knowledge operates by having learners associate specific stimuli with other

Epistemology And Belief Of Epistemology Essay
In this paper I will be writing about knowledge and belief referring to epistemology. I will be answering questions such as, "What is knowledge" and
"What is belief". I will also answer other questions related to the epistemology of knowledge and beliefs. Before we get into knowledge and beliefs,
we must define what epistemology is and why epistemology is important. What is epistemology? The word itself derives from two Greek words:
"Episteme" meaning knowledge and understanding and "Logia" meaning science of study. In philosophy, epistemology is the study of knowledge,
in general. Examples of epistemological questions would be; what does knowledge mean, how does a person get to know something, and what is
the basis for true knowledge. Epistemology has to do with how people's minds are connected to reality, whether invalid or valid. What is the
importance of epistemology? Epistemology explains our way of thinking. Through the correct use of evaluation, epistemology is necessary to be able
to separate what is true and what is false. We couldn't think if not for epistemology. In other words, we wouldn't have a reason to trust our thinking
was valid. We would anything we see or hear to be true. An inaccurate epistemology would lead us to not know how to separatetruth and mistaken
truth. Obviously, there are consequences to inaccurate epistemology. The level that our epistemology is accurate is the level in which we grasp to
concept of reality, and the level in which we use

Epistemology and Its Influences
In order to elucidate the way in which the choice of epistemology influences the formulation of a management research problem, it is necessary to
define the term epistemology and clarify some of the varying epistemological stances. In doing so, the reader will be able to understand the myriad
different variations of epistemological viewpoints, each of which shape the direction of research and the sort of problem that research attempts to
identify. Management research builds on the long tradition of research in the social sciences (Somekh and Lewin, 2005). Primarily, epistemology
provides the very lens through which research is conducted. Certain epistemological lenses, therefore, are best suited for certain types of research and
research problems, whereas other research problems can be determined most efficaciously through other epistemological lenses.
To simplify this assertion, it is best to define epistemology as a series of (occasionally conflicting) views about "the most appropriate" (Easterby–Smith
et al, 2012) method of inquiring about the source of knowledge in the world. The pivotal element of this definition is the fact that there are a
multitude of epistemological perspectives, and some are more appropriate for certain management research problems than for others. Thus,
epistemology is one of the primary ways in which researchers can specifically tailor the pursuit of their research question, which is a crucial part of the
research process (Podsakoff and Dalton,

Epistemology Vs. Theory Of Knowledge
Epistemology, technically speaking, covers one third of all philosophical enquiry, and it is the branch most concerned with faith.
Epistemology, or the theory of knowledge, is always asking questions like, how do you know that, how do you know anything, what is knowledge,
what signifies knowledge as fact as opposed to an opinion? How to you get to fact from opinion?
I use epistemological questions to level the playing field across all my work. Here are some examples:
In Broad Apologetic Theory
When entering a new classroom I often get the students to describe their worldview. I do this by giving everyone a blank sheet of paper and asking a
series of questions that determine what they know, what they think they know, what their priorities are, and what they truly care about deep down.
These questions range from 'who is the most important person in the world' to 'why are you here' and each question is followed by an epistemological
question such as 'how do you know that,' 'why do you think that,' or 'how can you be certain that 's true?'
The result of this exercise is a wide variety of worldviews (or dare I say religions) that hinge on a varying degree of faith. Even those who thought
that they had an incredibly naturalistic, empirical or scientific approach to life need to admit a large reliance of faith.
In Specific Apologetic Questions
When responding to specific questions about God 's existence such as, 'how can you believe in a God when evil exists', or 'hasn 't

Essay on A Study of Epistemology
A Study of Epistemology
In the sixth century B.C., Homer alludes to a separation of knowledge between the mortals and the gods. He speaks of both gods and human beings as
"knowing things"– creatures of knowledge. However, there is a "great difference in the quality and the scope of the knowledge available to the two
groups" (Everson, Pg.12). For the mortal human being the contrast between "divine and human knowledge", paired with possible deception by the
gods, has led him to question the idea of knowledge as it exists independently, reminding him that there are many things he cannot "know for certain"
(Everson, Pg. 13).
Epistemology, as it exists today, is a branch of philosophy that studies knowledge in an attempt...show more content...
1).
The development of empiricism has fashioned a present model that is widely used today: the reflection–correspondence theory. The premise behind this
ideology states knowledge results from a "mapping" of external objects that are related to the brain through sensory organs" (Heylighen, Pg. 2).
Reflection–correspondence understands man will never reach an absolute state of knowledge, but somehow this inability to distinguish reality from
illusion, illustrates thought as a "limit of ever more precise reflections of reality" (Heylighen, Pg. 2). Therefore thought, as a physical product of nature,
is in itself a limiting trait.
Another significant theory developed in this period is known as the Kantian synthesis of rationalism and empiricism. Kant pictured knowledge as
emerging from the human "organization of perceptual data on the basis of inborn cognitive structures" known as "categories" (Heylighen, Pg. 2). His
belief parallels, to some extent, that of evolutionary epistemology, which assumes knowledge is constructed by the subject, or social group as a means
of adapting to their environment.
This construction happens through "blind–variation", or what is understood as the correlation of different already existing pieces of knowledge. These
"pieces", or "categories" (according to Kant), are "selectively" retained in combinations that

Truth and beliefs contribute in building the knowledge of a person. Cogent reasons for the beliefs convert the beliefs into knowledge. However,
sometimes the beliefs are actually assumption, so they may be wrong. Truth is the facts known from different sources. Something can be considered as
knowledge, only if it is true. The word epistemology refers to studying the source of knowledge. The epistemology helps in understanding the process
of development of knowledge, sources of knowledge and makes distinctions between belief and actual truth. I critically examined and analyzed the
origin and the process of acquiring the knowledge for the two essays I wrote earlier. One essay, an analytical one, was written on the subject of
increasing...show more content...
It was elucidated after research that many nations faced this issue in recent times. Another essay which I wrote was on the various aspects of Human
Resource Management discipline. I am interested in pursuing the Human Resource Management course, and I knew the facts that human resource
department is an essential part of any organization as management of employees is crucial for tranquil functioning of its operations and career in
human resource management is rewarding. However, now I found this understanding very inadequate after undergoing the thorough research on the
human resource careers. I referred Occupational Outlook Handbook, few books and online resources. I also interviewed a teacher of HR management
about the scope of the discipline. Occupational Outlook Handbook is published by government each year. The books I referred were written by the
human resource management professional, and I referred the course introduction page of many universities on their websites. This helped me
understanding about the field from various perspectives, like educational and professional. The more one searches on a subject; much broader becomes
the view. This also helps in justifying the knowledge. In the essay on increasing prison population, the reasons for increased prison population were
different for different nations. Some had inappropriate judicial systems while some had improper laws. I also used the statistical data to justify the
information. For

Personal Epistemology Essay
Personal Epistemology Paper
Yolonda Carney
September 10, 2012
SOCW–5304 Social Work Generalist Macro Practice
The University Texas Arlington
Prof. Jose Carbajal , LCSW
Personal Epistemology
What is Social work? In my opinion Social work is someone who seek to improve the quality of an individual or family life and well being.
What do Social...show more content...
My background with people who are good, are the ones who think of others before they think of themselves, which will be myself. I am one who
first and foremost use God as my direction, I always have concern about others issues and problems, whether it be financial, or just being there for
them, before I deal with my own situation. You have to like and enjoy who you are to become good person. You must have confidence and not
arrogance, you must have empathy for others, and you want others to feel comfortable around you. A good person also has charisma and ease. As an
adult I am more of an introvert than extrovert. I've become more comfortable in my skin as time has gone on, and I've discovered that I don't have to
be anyone else. I want people around me who like me for whom I am, as I pointed out, you can still exemplify both confidence and empathy without
being an over–the–top, life–of–the–party type. It's a personal decision, and whatever you do, first and foremost, you need to keep it real.
On the other hand, A person can become bad by the influences around them, it may be how they grew up, if they grew up in an abusive home, what

went on in their lives as children, how their parents treated them, and how people in society view them as adults. A question I have always wondered
is "Could it be we were born with bad genes for "badness?"
In my experience with my nephew, whose parents were both "Bad Parents" always into illegal

Personal Epistemology
Epistemology is generally the study of knowledge and knowing (Braten, 2010). Although, personal epistemology refers to the belief about one's
knowledge and the process of knowing (Braten, 2010). To help develop the personal epistemology belief, questions will be addressed with supportive
sources to give a better understanding of knowledge and learning.
What can we know?
We can know what we learn. While sitting in a classroom setting, it can be determined what an individual know by their response and participation in
class. One have to learn in order to known. Every individuals has their own way of learning to benefit their working memory to recall the information
later, when needed (Brownlee et. al., 2002). The information we learn becomes...show more content...
As one continue to learn new things and store the information in their memory is the form of knowledge. After justifying the belief, more information
can be added to the memory that enhances one's knowledge on that subject (Hofer, 2002). For example, as children start grade school, they are
introduced and taught how to work out simple math. By the time they reach high school, they are able to recall the steps they learned from the simple
math to solve advanced math problems. Without the knowledge, one couldn't have remembered the simple math steps to understand how to solve the
advance math problem. Often times we hear people say " I know" meaning that there are some things that one has more knowledge about than other
things. The way one admit to their knowledge and recall the important that they learn makes knowledge possible (Schommer–Aikins,

Research Philosophy: Epistemology
3.1Introduction
This chapter outlines in detail how the research will be conducted, starting from the research philosophy, research design, data collection and analysis
methods.
3.2Research Philosophy
The term research philosophy refers to a system of beliefs and assumptions about the development of knowledge. These assumptions concern human
knowledge, what constitutes acceptable, valid and legitimate knowledge (Epistemological assumptions), the nature of reality (Ontological
assumptions) and the role of values and ethics within the research process that is the extent influence shapes personal values (Axiological assumptions)
and ultimately influence the understanding of the research questions (Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill, 2016). A well thought out and consistent set of
assumptions will constitute a credible research philosophy, which will underpin the methodological choice, research strategy and data collection
techniques and analysis procedures (Saunders, Lewis, &...show more content...
Epistemologically, it adopts the scientific method and focuses on discovering observable and measurable facts and regularities, and only phenomenon
that is observable and measureable would lead to the production of credible and meaningful data (Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill, 2016). Positivism is
therefore an epistemological position that advocates the use of methods of natural science in the study of social reality and beyond (Bryman & Bell,
2011; Walliman, 2016). It looks for causal relationships in data to create law like generalisations like those produced by scientists (Saunders, Lewis, &
Thornhill, 2016). Positivism infers use of existing theory to develop hypotheses, which would be tested and confirmed, in whole or part, or refuted
leading to further development of theory, which may then be tested by further research (Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill,

Epistemology and Knowledge Essay
Final Paper
Roni Daniel
December 10, 2012
Dr. Kathy Downey
University of Phoenix
PHL/716
Epistemology, or the study of knowledge, requires the scholar analyze the what, how, and why's of their own knowledge. Asking these questions of
themselves is essentially applying that which they have learned. There are different origins of knowledge as conceptualized by philosophers, educators,
and scientists. Early philosophers defined knowledge as "justified true belief" (Cooper, pg. 23). In order for an individual to know something it must be
true, he or she must believe it, and the belief in it must be justified or rationally reasonable. Later, early modern philosophers required knowledge to be
proven and absolute. The scientific...show more content...
They are also under the assumption that scores derived from a series of multiple choice tests given on a set of skills will reveal if a student has
acquired the desired knowledge. Basing grades on these tests is also appropriate. I do not believe that this tells the full story of my student's
knowledge. These tests may demonstrate the ability to regurgitate this knowledge within a certain context, but out of this context this may not be
true. I do, however, use this data to help inform many of my decisions, however, I do not make decisions based exclusively on this data. There must
be a balance of reasoning, using my 16 years of experiences and training, as well as raw data tells a more complete story of my student's knowledge and
abilities.
I have worked for Porterville Unified School District (PUSD), in Porterville, California, my entire career. PUSD's vision and mission statements
read as follows: "PUSD students will have the skills and knowledge to be prepared for college and career and to make a positive impact in a
dynamic global society. The mission of PUSD is to provide students a dynamic, engaging and effective educational experience that prepares them with
the skills to be productive citizens in a global society." As a result, it is perceived that all students will develop and demonstrate "critical thinking and
problem solving skills; cultural awareness and the ability of collaborate with diverse groups; effective

Epistemology
My Own Epistemology: In the Making
Am I living in an illusion? What will happen to me after I die? Is there really such thing as a God? I have struggled with these three questions
throughout my entire life, and I was very intrigued to discover that all of these questions were addressed throughout the many different readings in Libs
201: Exploring the Unknown. Author Chris Frith dissects the idea that the mental world is an illusion created by the brain in his book Making Up The
Mind. Antony Flew, a former atheist, argues that there is such thing as a God or an "agent" and backs up his theory using science. Emile Durkheim
writes about the foundation of religious thought in primitive people thousands of years ago, and addresses the...show more content...
Whether it is Emile Durkheim discussing the foundation of religious thought in primitive people thousands of years ago, or Michael Shermer
writing about how the human brain constructs beliefs and reinforces them as truths, I am constantly absorbing brilliant new ideas and
perspectives regarding the foundation of philosophical and religious thought in humans. I have come to the conclusion that my epistemology is
still in the making, and my sponge of a brain has not yet absorbed enough experience and knowledge for me to feel confident in my own thoughts
and beliefs at this point in my life. I believe that with every new book or article that I read, I feel my mind expanding more and more, and maybe
one day I will finally be able to say "There really is a God out there, and I know this because...". There is also a chance that I'll discover that I am
more like Shermer and I will come to the conclusion that our brain simply creates the idea of a God due to the process of patternicity, the tendency to
find meaningful patterns in both meaningful and meaningless data. For now, all I can do is retain as many different concepts and philosophies as I
can in order to bring me one step closer to discovering my own

Why do people believe the way they do? Many people say it is because of the way they were raised. Others say it is because of their experiences they
have faced throughout their lives. Well, epistemology is "the theory of knowledge, especially with regards to its methods, validity, and scope."
Epistemology helps people understand the reason they think and believe certain things while digging a little deeper. According to Sire in The Universe
Next Door, a worldview is "a commitment, a fundamental orientation of the heart, that can be expressed as a story, or in a set presupposition that we
hold about a basic constitution of reality, and that provides the foundation on which we live and move and have our being. According to Christian
Theism humans do have the capability of knowing which worldview is the true worldview. Christian Theism believes that "the foundation of human
knowledge is the character of God the creator." (pg. 36) They also believe that the world was created by God and everything came from him. Therefor
making humans the all–knowing species. Like Christian Theism, Desim believes some of the same concepts. They too believe that God is the creator
and because god created it then people have the mental ability to understand the world around them and decipher what is true or not. Basic Naturalism
believes in the facts that human lives and then they die. At death, they believe the human body just disappears. They believe that from birth, humans
are constantly learning and evolving naturally. "The methods of modern science are especially helpful in leading us to more and more profound
knowledge of our universe." (pg. 75) Naturalisms believe that humans do have the capability to know which worldview is true. Unlike all the previous
answers Nihilism believes in nothing. Nothing is real, not even themselves. Many Nihilism is in denial and nothing is valuable. They are unable to
believe that anything is true. Like Nihilism, Atheistic Existentialism "nothing is of value in the objective world in which we become conscious, but
while we are conscious we create value." (pg. 123) With both of the answers given neither of them would believe that humans have the capability of
knowing which worldview is the

Epistemology Paper
Epistemology Schools Paper
Arika Boyd
PHL/215
Dixie Hoyt
09/15/09
Epistemology or theory of knowledge is a branch of philosophy related to the scope and nature of knowledge. The subject focuses on examining the
nature of knowledge, and how it relates to beliefs, justification, and truth. Epistemology contract with the means of production of knowledge, as well
as skepticism about different knowledge claims. The question is what does people Know? The core of this questions and area of study is Skepticism,
in which there have been many approaches involved in trying to disprove a particular form of this school. This paper will discuss the Epistemology
school of Skepticism, the contributors whom created the school; the...show more content...
Plato and Aristotle strayed from Socrates path when they claimed to know the truth. Plato viewed knowledge as an awareness of absolute and existing
independent of any subject trying to apprehend to the philosophers. Though, Aristotle put more emphasis on logical and empirical methods for
gathering knowledge. Aristotle still accepts the view of such knowledge is an apprehension of necessary principles. Around the Renaissance period, the
two main epistemological positions dominated in philosophy are empiricism, in which sees knowledge as the product of sensory perception, and
rationalism sees epistemology as the product of rational reflection (Tempo). Another philosopher by the name of Arcesilaus, gave a renewed form of
skepticism, arguing against the opinions of all men. Arcesilaus also claimed that skeptics could make choices in accordance with reason in the absence
of truth. Carneades, also a master of arguing on both sides of the issue, refined into the standard of the credible.
One of the Schools of Skepticism is Pyrrhonism, whom was found by the Greek physician Sextus Empiricus (2nd century CE). Sextus was once
thought of as a compiler many recent studies have found within the philosophical originality. Sextus explained that Skepticism was not a philosophy
but rather a way of life in which one opposed all claims to truth with equal opposite claims. Sextus also attributed to the Greek philosopher Aenesidemus

Epistemic Issue
As we have discussed many times in class, an ethical issue is an issue that focuses on whether an action is morally right or wrong. Epistemic issues
focus on how we know that certain facts are true or how we know what is possible. п»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їAn example of an epistemic issue
could be "how do we know that God is real?". This would be an epistemic question because it inquires about our knowledge and how we have come to
that conclusion. An ethical issue could be, "how should we respond to humanitarian issues in foreign countries?". This can be considered an ethical
issue because it asks what would be considered a moral decision in a certain situation.

Examples Of Epistemology
would find that when people upload pictures they consistently keep checking if have they received any likes. As much as some users may not at
first notice but as time goes by when they see that other people have received more likes in their picture they start to compare. e) Epistemological
orientation & Explanation According to Neuman (2011) epistemology is the issue on how we know the world around us or what makes us claim
that it is true, epistemology includes what we need to do to produce knowledge and what scientific knowledge looks like once we have produced it's
an area of philosophy concerned with the creation of knowledge. Epistemology shows us that as people it is important that we do not always accept
what we see but that we look deeper at things to understand why something is what it is....show more content...
The ISS is one of the three major approaches to social science that emphasizes meaningful social action, socially constructed meaning and Value
relativism. Neuman (2011) mentions that this approach involves being directly involved with the people that you will be studying and that it
emphasizes conducting a close detailed reading of text to achieve deep understanding. The word text can mean any different types of instruments
such as a conversation, written words and even pictures, since this study will be looking at the conversations that will be occurring among different
users of Facebook the ISS is ideal because it allows us to look deeper into that particular instrument that we have to get a more detailed answer to
what we are looking for this approach is also very ideal with the study that is being conducted as it also looks at relationships amongst people how
they interact and how do social adjust to each

Literature Review On Epistemology
Literature Review During the 1970's there was a surge in debate and practice of employee share ownership schemes. While the benefits have been
highlighted throughout various literatures since then, there has is still a continued interest in the topic to date. As seen through the literature, ESOP's
can be implemented in almost any company in any sector. There are various opinions on what exactly the benefits of ESOP's are, while some feel they
reduce the risk of trade dispute between unions and companies others think their benefit is quite futile. According to Pendleton et al (2001), initiatives
to extend employee financial participation were among the most significant developments in human resource management during the 1990s, but in the
...show more content...
Ontology refers to the researches assumptions about the reality of life, specifically, whether reality exists independent of an individual or if it is
merely the product of one's own mind. As a result it can be viewed through objectivism or subjectivism. This paper was conducted through a subjective
approach with the belief that it is necessary to study the detail of a situation in order to see what is happening. Epistemology refers to the researcher's
assumptions about the nature of knowledge. Specifically, epistemology is concerned with possibilities, nature, sources and limitations of knowledge in
the field of study. Positivism and Anti–Positivism are the two streams of this area of research philosophy. Positivism tends to be grounded in objectivity
and regulation. Through the use of theory and hypotheses various tests are usually carried out and are either confirmed or refuted in order to assist
further development. Anti–Positivism upholds the belief that the social world can only be comprehended from the point of view of the individuals
involved in the activity which is being studied. Hence, it is more subjective in nature. As a result, the philosophy behind the epistemological approach
of this paper was

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