discussed about COPD, Pneumonia, Bronchitis, Influenza ,Asthma

1. (COPD)

2. COPD
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is
a progressive and obstructive lung disease that
includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It is
characterized by shortness of breath, cough,
sputum production and wheezing. COPD develops
due to repeated and prolonged exposure to
irritating gases or particles, mostly cigarette
smoke. COPD increases the risk of developing
heart disease, lung cancer and other different
condition.

4.  Chronic bronchitis is inflammation of airways which
carry air to and from the air sacs (alveoli) of lungs.
Daily cough and sputum production indicate chronic
bronchitis.
 Emphysema is a condition in which the air sacs
(alveoli), responsible for oxygen exchange, are
damaged due to exposure to offending particles.
Causes of airway obstruction

7. What are the signs and
symptoms of COPD?
 Increased breathlessness
 Frequent coughing (with and without sputum)
 Wheezing
 Tightness in the chest
 Weight loss in later stages

8. Treatment
 Smoking cessation: Quitting smoking prevents
worsening of COPD and reduces the episodes of
breathlessness. Quitting is not easy. Consult your
doctor if you need nicotine replacement therapy and
other medications. Avoid places where there is
cigarette smoke.
 Medications: Doctor can suggest you to take
medications either regularly or whenever needed.

10. What is pneumonia?
 Pneumonia is an infection in one or both lungs. It can
be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Bacterial
pneumonia is the most common type in adults.
 Pneumonia causes inflammation in the air sacs in your
lungs, which are called alveoli. The alveoli fill with
fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe.

12. Types by location Types by how they are
acquired
 Hospital-acquired
pneumonia (HAP): This
type of bacterial pneumonia
is acquired during a hospital
stay. It can be more serious
than other types, because the
bacteria involved may be
more resistant to antibiotics.
 Community-acquired
pneumonia (CAP): This
refers to pneumonia that is
acquired outside of a medical
or institutional setting.
 Aspiration pneumonia:
This type of pneumonia
occurs when you inhale
bacteria into your lungs from
food, drink, or saliva. This
type is more likely to occur if
you have a swallowing
problem or if you become too
sedate from the use of
medications, alcohol, or some
types of illicit drugs.
 Ventilator-associated
pneumonia (VAP): When
people who are using a
ventilator get pneumonia, it’s
called VAP.

13. What are the symptoms?
Symptoms of pneumonia caused by bacteria usually come on
quickly. They may include:
 Cough. You will likely cough up mucus (sputum) from your
lungs. Mucus may be rusty or green or tinged with blood.
 Fever.
 Fast breathing and feeling short of breath.
 Shaking and "teeth-chattering" chills.
 Chest pain that often feels worse when you cough or
breathe in.
 Fast heartbeat.
 Feeling very tired or very weak.
 Nausea and vomiting.
 Diarrhea.

15. What is bronchitis?
Bronchitis is an inflammation
in the lungs that some people
call a chest cold. It can be a
miserable, but minor, illness
that follows a viral illness like
the common cold -- or may
follow a more serious
condition like a chronic
smoker's hack. Bronchitis can
also be caused by exposure to
smoke, chemical irritants, or
bacteria.

16. Bronchitis may be acute or chronic:
Acute bronchitis is a shorter illness that commonly follows a
cold or viral infection, such as the flu. It consists of a cough
with mucus, chest discomfort or soreness, fever, and,
sometimes, shortness of breath. Acute bronchitis usually
lasts a few days or weeks.
Chronic bronchitis is a serious, ongoing illness
characterized by a persistent, mucus-producing cough that
lasts longer than 3 months out of the year for more than 2
years. People with chronic bronchitis have varying degrees
of breathing difficulties, and symptoms may get better and
worse during different parts of the year.
If chronic bronchitis occurs with emphysema, it may
become chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

19. What is influenza?
 Influenza, or flu, is a
respiratory illness
caused by a virus. Flu is
highly contagious and
is normally spread by
the coughs and sneezes
of an infected person.
Although unpleasant,
flu is rarely life-
threatening.

21. What is Asthma?
 Asthma is a disease affecting the airways that carry air
to and from your lungs. People who suffer from this
chronic condition (long-lasting or recurrent) are said
to be asthmatic.
 The inside walls of an asthmatic's airways are swollen
or inflamed. This swelling or inflammation makes the
airways extremely sensitive to irritations and increases
your susceptibility to an allergic reaction.
 As inflammation causes the airways to become
narrower, less air can pass through them, both to and
from the lungs.

24. What is an Asthma Episode /
Attack?
 An asthma episode, or an asthma attack, is when symptoms
are worse than usual. They can come on suddenly and can
be mild, moderate or severe.
 What happens during an asthma attack?
 The muscles around your airways tighten up, narrowing the
airway.
 Less air is able to flow through the airway.
 Inflammation of the airways increases, further narrowing
the airway.
 More mucus is produced in the airways, undermining the
flow of air even more.

25.  Asthma is an incurable illness. However, with good
treatment and management there is no reason why a
person with asthma cannot live a normal and active
life.