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A Study On Vocabulary Learning Strategies Of Research Scholars
1.
© Educational Research
Association, All rights reserved. (IJRTE) Sayfa 16 http://www.eab.org.tr Educational Research Association The International Journal of Research in Teacher Education 2018, 9(2): 16-25 ISSN: 1308-951X http://ijrte.eab.org.tr A Study on Vocabulary Learning Strategies of Research Scholars B. R.Aravind1 V. Rajasekaran2 Abstract The present study investigates Vocabulary Learning Strategies employed by research scholars at VIT Chennai, Tamil Nadu. A questionnaire adopted from the taxonomy of vocabulary learning strategies (VLS) created by Schmitt (1997) was administered to 36 Research scholars (23 males and 13 females). Additionally, semi-structured interviews were also conducted with ten research scholars who completed the questionnaire to get more reliable information about their approaches with vocabulary learning strategies. The result exposed the subsequent array of strategy used by the Research scholars from the most frequent to the least frequent resembling, cognitive (COG), determination (DET), metacognitive (MET), memory (MEM) and social strategies (SOC). In particular, findings indicated that âUsing new word in sentencesâ, âMonolingual Dictionaryâ, âUsing English Language Mediaâ are most popular strategies, whereas âPeg Methodâ and âFlashcardsâ were least used. Keywords: VLS, cognitive, determination, metacognitive, memory, social strategies. 1 Research Assist., Vıt Chennai, Arts & Humanities. aravind.abur@gmail.com 2 Assist. Prof. Dr., Vıt Chennai, School Of Social Sciences And Languages. aravind.br2016@vitstudent.ac.in
2.
A Study on
Vocabulary Learning Strategies of Research Scholars © Educational Research Association, All rights reserved.(IJRTE) Sayfa 17 1. Introduction In English Language Teaching, vocabulary teaching and learning is to widen the four important language skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing for understanding and production (Nation, 2011). Researchers like Maximo (2000), Read (2000), Gu (2003), Marion (2008) and Nation (2011) are of the view that the acquisition of vocabulary is indispensable for learners to understand and express themselves just by words in spoken and written formats. Hence vocabulary plays a major role in language learning than grammar. Linguistic research argued that vocabulary is more fundamental than grammar and meaning is primarily conveyed through vocabulary (Lewis, 2002; Nation, 2001; Barcroft, 2004; Wilkins, 1972). Though the rules of the language are important to learn a language, it is impossible to use the language effectively and productively without improving the vocabulary. David Wilkins (1972) states that...âWhile without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyedâ (p 111). 2. Vocabulary Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary defines vocabulary as âall the words known and used by a particular personâ. Oxford Dictionary defines vocabulary as âthe body of words used in a particular language; the words used in a particular subject or sphere of activity or on a particular occasion; a range of artistic or stylistic forms, techniques, or movementsâ. Collins English Dictionary defines vocabulary as âthe aggregate of words in the use or comprehension of a specified person, class, profession; an interrelated group of nonverbal symbols, signs, gestures used for communication or expression in a particular art, skillâ. According to Hornby (1995: 1331) âvocabulary is the total number of words in a language; vocabulary is a list or collection of words with their meaningsâ. From the above definitions it is undoubtedly evident that in a language, vocabulary has the outstanding role on transferring the communication to share others successfully. Lewis (1993: 89) says âLexis is the core or heart of languageâ. Hence vocabulary is indisputably the soul of a language. 3. Vocabulary and Research scholars Learnersâ vocabulary development is an important aspect of their language development (Linse, 2005). Learning vocabulary is not only essential to students, teachers, and administrators but also the researchers in the fields of different disciplines. There is an urgent need for the researchers to enhance their vocabulary for the detailed study. A rich vocabulary is very much needed to employ in the research texts like publication of articles, the paper presentations and while writing the thesis. Huckin (1995) says that lack of vocabulary knowledge is largest obstacle for readers to overcome. Nowadays countless materials, approaches, methods are being used in vocabulary teaching and learning. 4. Survey of Literature Research on vocabulary learning strategies has capitulated perceptive outcome. Atsushi Mizumoto, Osamu Takeuchi conducted a study, âExamining the effectiveness of explicit instruction of vocabulary learning strategies with Japanese EFL university studentsâ, 2009 with 146 female EFL learners. It was found that strategy training was effective for selection of strategies and it improves their frequency of use. Mansoor Fahim and Ali Komijani identified relationships on âCritical Thinking Ability, L2 Vocabulary Knowledge, and L2 Vocabulary Learning Strategiesâ, 2010 of 70 (30 males and 40 females) Iranian EFL learners. The result of the investigation revealed that critical thinking ability correlated positively and significantly with vocabulary knowledge and vocabulary learning strategies simultaneously as well. Falcon Darlo Restrepo Ramos reviewed incidental vocabulary learning under the title, âIncidental Vocabulary Learning in Second Language Acquisition: A Literature Reviewâ, 2014.
3.
A Study on
Vocabulary Learning Strategies of Research Scholars © Educational Research Association, All rights reserved.(IJRTE) Sayfa 18 In the article, Falcon Darlo Restrepo Ramos surveyed the understanding of incidental means and relationship of reading and the promotion of vocabulary learning through strategies and tasks with technology-based methods. Ahmad Azman Mokhtar, Rafizah Mohd Rawian, Mohamad Fadhili Yahaya, Azaharee Abdullah, Abdul Rashid Mohamed conducted a study, âVocabulary Learning Strategies of Adult ESL Learnersâ, 2010 with 360 students. Gu and Johnsonâs (1996) questionnaire was used to gather the data. Results revealed that guessing and dictionary strategies the most and metacognitive regulation, note-taking, rehearsal, encoding and activation strategies were least used. Mania Nosratinia, Mojgan Abbasi, Alireza Zaker published a research paper on âPromoting Second Language Learnersâ Vocabulary Learning Strategies: Can Autonomy and Critical Thinking Make a Contribution?â in the year 2017 with 100 undergraduate EFL learners. Three questionnaires were given to estimate their critical thinking, autonomy and vocabulary learning strategies and analyzed by Pearsonâs product-moment correlation coefficient. Findings showed the significant relationships between autonomy and critical thinking, critical thinking and vocabulary learning strategies and autonomy and vocabulary learning strategies. In addition, stepwise method revealed autonomy is the best predictor of vocabulary learning strategies. In the year 2015 Surina Nayan and Hariharan N. Krishnasamy conducted a study on vocabulary learning strategies under the title, âA Preliminary Study on Vocabulary Learning Strategies Used by the Students from the Faculty of Accountancyâ with 52 participants. Data collected from the questionnaire it showed that L2 learners preferred to communicate, read books, listen to songs and daily routine activities as strategies to acquire vocabulary. Julie Bythewayâs âA Taxonomy of Vocabulary Learning Strategies Used in Massively Multiplayer Online Role-playing Gamesâ, 2015 gave a new perspective to vocabulary learning. The qualitative case study revealed 15 vocabulary learning strategies like noticing frequency, recognizing knowledge gap, selecting words for attention, equating images and actions to word, giving and receiving explanations and feedback, observing players, using words to learn words, reading in-game information, and using Google to learn vocabulary autonomously while playing games. Maki Naeimi and Thomas Chow Voon Foo conducted a study on âVocabulary Acquisition through Direct and Indirect Learning Strategiesâ, 2015 with 60 students. Direct (Structured reviewing, Using mechanical techniques) and indirect learning strategies (Organizing, Discussing feelings with someone else) were experimented on two groups respectively. The outcome of the study showed that direct learning strategies advanced the higher achievement of vocabulary acquisition and storage than indirect learning strategies. Reem Ibrahim Rabadi investigated a study on âVocabulary Learning Strategies Employed by Undergraduate EFL Jordanian Studentsâ, 2016 with 110 students. The study showed that memory strategies were the most frequently employed by them and metacognitive strategies were the least frequently used strategies among them. In addition, the study revealed that the variation of Jordanian participantsâ choice of vocabulary learning strategies were medium strategy users. Seyyed Mohammad Reza Amirian and Zahra Heshmatifar conducted a study on âA Survey on Vocabulary Learning Strategies: A Case of Iranian EFL University Studentsâ, 2013 with 74 students. The result showed that determination strategies were frequently used by the students. Guessing from context and dictionary usage are most popular strategies for the Iranian learners to acquire vocabulary. The present study is an attempt to scrutinize the type of vocabulary learning strategies used by Research Scholars in VIT, Chennai. Similar and different aspects of these studies were studied on Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing to different learners, this research is focusing
4.
A Study on
Vocabulary Learning Strategies of Research Scholars © Educational Research Association, All rights reserved.(IJRTE) Sayfa 19 particularly on Research Scholars strategies on learning the English vocabulary. They are already in the field of research on various disciplines; certainly stock of vocabulary is required for their academic progress. So, this research is on the researchersâ vocabulary learning strategies. 5. Statement of the Problem Learners have difficulty with vocabulary learning related to breadth of vocabulary knowledge and depth of vocabulary knowledge. Learners have the problem of remembering the words at the need of the moment (while writing a research documents, speaking in conferences) might encounter difficulties. The problem that Research Scholars face, they fail to employ the right strategies to use to learn and recall. This research is to identify the appropriate vocabulary learning strategies that Research Scholars will become more familiar with and they have persistence to use the vocabulary learning strategies. Content area vocabulary words often become barriers to the comprehension of concept mastery. Research Scholars especially struggle with academic vocabulary and as a result, they struggle with ineffective research writings. In a effort to explore an effective vocabulary strategies, this study was conducted to aware their knowledge on vocabulary and its strategies to use. 6. Aim of the Study ï To document the research scholarsâ vocabulary learning strategies. 7. Objectives of the Study ï To identify most and least frequently used strategies. ï To rank research scholars vocabulary learning strategies. 8. Limitations of the Study ï· The English Language Proficiency of the Research Scholars was not taken into consideration when the study was conducted. ï· The participantsâ gender and age factor were not considered in the investigation. 9. Research Questions 1. What are the vocabulary learning strategies used by Research Scholars studying Ph.D., in VIT Chennai Campus? 2. What are the most and least frequently used vocabulary learning strategies among the Research Scholars in VIT Chennai Campus? 10. Vocabulary Learning Strategies Learning through strategies in language has become the trend years back. Especially in learning vocabulary, many language learners took steps to acquire a new word and also to remember the learned word in future. For this reason strategies were formulated to learn and retrieve vocabulary in language learning. Schmitt (1997) developed taxonomy of vocabulary learning strategies based on Oxfordâs (1990) social, memory, cognitive and metacognitive categories. Schmitt classifies vocabulary learning strategies into two types: ï¶ Discovery strategies ï¶ Consolidation strategies Discovery strategies are further divided into two categories: Determination strategies and Social strategies. The former will guess the meaning of the particular word from its context and structural knowledge. The latter will know the word by other people who already knows the word. In the same way, consolidation strategies are divided into memory strategies, cognitive strategies and metacognitive strategies. Memory strategies involve the learners to use their
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Vocabulary Learning Strategies of Research Scholars © Educational Research Association, All rights reserved.(IJRTE) Sayfa 20 previous knowledge to retain. Cognitive strategies are like memory strategies which include mechanical means for learning vocabulary. Metacognitive strategies used by learners to manage and assess their individual learning process. 11. Research Methodology The quantitative research methodology was used in this study. Schmittâs Vocabulary Learning Strategies Questionnaire (VLSQ) (1997) was chosen to identify the vocabulary learning strategies of the research scholars. All 56 items in the questionnaire were divided into 5 groups of strategies as nine statements on determination strategies (items 1-9), eight statements on social strategies (items 10-17), twenty-five statements on memory strategies (items 18-42), nine statements on cognitive strategies (items 43-51), and five statements on metacognitive strategies (items 52-56) (see Table 1). The questionnaire data was collected through online source of Google Forms 2017. The rating scale for the frequency of use of the vocabulary strategies as: Helpful, Not Helpful, Not Used but Helpful and Not Aware respectively. Table 1 Classification of The Items in the Questionaire Strategy Items Determination Strategies (DET) 1-9 Social Strategies (SOC) 10-17 Memory Strategies (MEM) 18-42 Cognitive Strategies (COG) 43-51 Metacognitive Strategies (MET) 52-56 12. Sample and Sample size The current study conducted with the help of 36 research scholars who were randomly selected on various disciplines. The research scholars were selected from VIT, Chennai as the sample of the study. The samples comprised 23 (63.9%) male research scholars and 13 (36.1%) female research scholars ranging from 24 to 42 years old. The proficiency level of the research scholars ranges from intermediate to advanced level. In the sample, 18 (50%) were first generation graduates and remaining 18 (50%) were second generation graduates is shown in Table 2. Table 2 Description of Samples Category Number Male 23 Female 13 Total 36 13. Findings of the study Table 3 Descriptive Statistics For Each Vocabulary Learning Strategy Strategy Maximum Minimum M SD Rank Cognitive 32 19 26.77 5.30 1 Determination 32 17 25.55 4.92 2 Metacognitive 33 13 24.4 7.73 3 Memory 35 8 24.44 6.38 4 Social 30 13 23.87 5.16 5
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Vocabulary Learning Strategies of Research Scholars © Educational Research Association, All rights reserved.(IJRTE) Sayfa 21 After investigating the resulting data, the researchers attempted to report the findings based on the objectives. The results of descriptive analysis of mean and SD are presented in Table 3. As the table indicates, Cognitive strategies (M = 26.77; SD = 5.30) are accounted as the most frequently used of the five vocabulary strategies, followed by Determination strategies (M = 25.55; SD = 4.92), Metacognitive strategies (M = 24.4; SD = 7.73), Memory strategies (M = 24.44; SD = 6.38), and Social strategies (M = 23.87; SD = 5.16). Chart â 1 Mean And Average For Each Vocabulary Learning Strategy The above chart shows the key findings of the study. The result is that among the five categories of vocabulary learning strategies based on Schmittâs taxonomy, cognitive strategies is the most frequently used strategies followed by determination strategies. Metacognitive strategies is the third most frequently used strategy, memory strategy and social strategy are at the fourth and final place respectively. Table 4 Top Six Vocabulary Learning Strategies Among Research Scholars Statement Item Category Respondents Ranks Use new word in sentences 30 MEM 35 (97.2%) 1 Study the spelling of the word 31 MEM 34 (94.4%) 2 Use English Language Media 52 MET 33 (91.7%) 3 Use English to English dictionary 7 DET 32 (88.9%) 4 Verbal repetition 43 COG 32 (88.9%) 4 Take notes in class 47 COG 32 (88.9%) 4 The most and the least frequently used vocabulary learning strategies with reference to items in the strategies, Table 4 shows the most frequently used vocabulary learning strategies. The highest number of research scholars 35 (97.2%) used strategy item 30 âUse new word in sentencesâ. Strategy item 31 âStudy the spelling of the wordâ attains the second highest number of responses:34 (94.4%), followed by strategy item 52 âUse English Language Media(Songs/newspaper/newscasts etc.)â with 33 (91.7%), strategy item 7 âUse English to 25,55 23,87 24,44 26,77 24,4 4,92 5,16 6,38 5,3 7,73 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Determination Social Memory Cognitive Metacognitive Mean SD
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Vocabulary Learning Strategies of Research Scholars © Educational Research Association, All rights reserved.(IJRTE) Sayfa 22 English dictionaryâ has 32 (88.9%). Strategy item 43 âVerbal repetitionâ gets32 (88.9%) and strategy item 47 âTake notes in classâobtains32 (88.9%). From the responses of the research scholars it is evident that they attempt to âUse new word in sentencesâ strategy most frequently. They apply new English words in their productive and receptive process as a main strategy to learn vocabulary. Using new words in the sentence, research scholars were expanding their vocabulary boundaries. They can experience the improvement through the practice of finding and using the new English word in the sentence. Another important finding of memory strategy to store new word is âStudy the spelling of the wordâ. This strategy helps the research scholars to learn how to create sentences and paragraphs by remembering the spelling learnt. âStudy the spelling of the wordâ teaches to spell well and enable to read and write fluently. The strategy âUse English Language Mediaâ is also one among the most frequently used strategies. Popularity and accessibility of the language media relates the research scholars to use this strategy particularly. This also proves the highly developed technology is acting as a defining force for vocabulary learning. âUse English to English dictionaryâ is commonly used and popular strategy. Research scholars were very keen in using English dictionary. Monolingual dictionary helps them for detailed guidance on grammar, parts of speech, pronunciation, usage and examples on various perspectives. âVerbal repetitionâ strategy affects subconscious mind of the research scholars and it recalls from cognitive process of learning. The articulation in cognitive domain is highly possible to remember the words to learn the vocabulary. âTake notes in classâ is categorized under cognitive strategies. The strategy is being practiced from the starting period of learning, still research scholars believes to register the word in the mind. This helps to consolidate the words for the learning outcome. Table 5 Top Six Least Frequently Used Vocabulary Learning Strategies Statement Item Category Respondents Ranks Relating word to unrelated items-Peg method 25 MEM 8 (22.2%) 1 Teacher checks studentsâ flashcards or word lists for accuracy. 17 SOC 13 (36.1%) 2 Skip or pass new word 55 MET 13 (36.1%) 2 Use scales for gradable adjectives 24 MEM 14 (38.9%) 4 Group words spatially on a page 28 MEM 17 (47.2%) 5 Flash cards 9 DET 17 (47.2%) 5 The results shown in Table 5 reveals the least frequently used vocabulary learning strategies. Strategy item 25 âRelating word to unrelated items (Peg method)ârecords8 (22.2%) responses with least frequently used strategy in the list. 13 (36.1%)research scholars say strategy item 17 âTeacher checks studentsâ flashcards or word lists for accuracyâ reaches the second least frequently used strategy. Strategy item 55 âSkip or pass new wordâ is appears with again 13 (36.1%) responses. Strategy item 24 âUse scales for gradable adjectivesâ gets14 (38.9%), strategy items 28 and 9 âGroup words spatially on a pageâ and âFlash cardsâ respectively score17 (47.2%). The least frequently used strategy by the research scholars is âRelating word to unrelated items â Peg Methodâ. This particular strategy generates dilemma in remembering the possible associations to the peg word in the group. In order to remember the words, the learner wants to memorize a set of peg images already. An added important reason for the least score is due to lack of exposure of the method. To prove the point, 14 (38.9%) research scholars reports, âNot Awareâ of the technique in the questionnaire. In the social strategies âTeacher checks studentsâ flashcards or word lists for accuracyâ is the second least frequently used strategy. The role of a teacher is however not present for the research scholars to check the flashcards, yet 13 (36.1%) believe teacher checking the accuracy of the word list is essential for the learner to learn the
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Vocabulary Learning Strategies of Research Scholars © Educational Research Association, All rights reserved.(IJRTE) Sayfa 23 word properly and appropriately. Thirdly, âSkip or Pass new wordâ in metacognitive strategies is used least frequently. Surprisingly, 13 (36.1%) research scholars skip new words in learning process. Since skipping saves time, they do not have persistence to go back and read the entire passage for inclusive understanding of a word. 14 (38.9%) strongly disagree with skipping the new word and it is not helpful in vocabulary learning. As a researcher, mastery over vocabulary is very much indispensable in the productive work. Words cannot be skipped or passed without knowing the meaning in the academic understanding. âUse scales for gradable adjectivesâ and âGroup words spatially on a pageâ in the memory strategies category are also used least frequently in learning vocabulary. âUse scales for gradable adjectivesâ is puzzling and complicated for research scholars to comprehend the meaning of the word when it changes to other levels in the grade. Another strategy in the memory category, âGroup words spatially on a pageâ scores the same least frequently used strategy along with âUse scales for gradable adjectivesâ. Research scholarsâ focus more on theoretical frameworks and conceptual thinking as a result they find it tricky to overlap with spatial words on a page easily. Structural level of thinking is not merging with vocabulary learning. âFlashcardsâ in determination strategies is the least popular strategy. Advancement in teaching and learning process, using flashcards became an outdated technique and it contains only insufficient detail to learn new word. Especially to determine new word, the choice of learning strategies varies according to preferences. Table 6 The Most and The Least-Reported Vocabulary Learning Strategies Statement of the Strategy Item Rank Category Percentage Use English to English dictionary 7 1 DET 100% Use English Language Media 52 2 MET 80% Take notes in class 47 3 COG 60% Skip or pass new word 55 4 MET 30% Use Peg Method 25 5 MEM 10% To certify the end results and bring forth specific information of research scholars attitudes about vocabulary learning strategies, research scholars were asked open-ended questions in the form of a semi-structured interview. The results are mentioned above. The questions posed to the research scholars was what are the most and the least frequently used strategies of vocabulary learning and why? Ten out of ten interviewees (N=100%) stated that they use English to English dictionary strategy to discover the meaning of a new word. They declared that as a researcher the dictionary facilitates them to gain knowledge and know the reliable meaning and it explains and illustrates clearly than any other sources. 80% (N=8) interviewees pointed out that using English language media is another most favorable way of learning vocabulary. They added that they learn vocabulary from songs, videos, and newscast. Accordingly, this deepens their critical thinking and understanding of words and fastens their formal learning. The third most frequently employed strategy reported by 60% (N=6) respondents was âTake notes in classâ. They pointed the benefits of taking notes as they are mostly learn things by themselves. 30% (N=3) of the research scholars stated that they skip or pass a new word. Only 10% (N=1) reported to use the memory strategy Peg method. 14. Conclusion This study investigated popular strategies for vocabulary learning employed by research scholars at VIT Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The major findings of this study is that strategies such as using new word in the sentence, taking notes in class, studying the spelling of a word, verbal repetition and mainly using dictionary are the most popular strategies. On the other hand strategies like Peg Method, flash cards using scales of gradable adjectives are the least popular. The result also reveals that the majority of Research scholars do not use certain vocabulary learning strategies such as âAnalyzing parts of speechâ, âLoci-methodâ, âContinue to study
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Vocabulary Learning Strategies of Research Scholars © Educational Research Association, All rights reserved.(IJRTE) Sayfa 24 overtimeâ. Interestingly, many research scholars are not familiar with these vocabulary learning strategies. References Alqahtani, M. (2015). The importance of vocabulary in language learning and how to be taught. International Journal of Teaching and Education, III(3), 21-34. doi:10.20472/te.2015.3.3.002 Amirian, S. M., &Heshmatifar, Z. (2013). A Survey on Vocabulary Learning Strategies: A Case of Iranian EFL University Students. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 4(3). doi:10.4304/jltr.4.3.636-641 Barcroft, Joe. (2004). Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition: A Lexical Input Processing Approach, Foreign Language Annals, 37 (2), 200-208. Bytheway, J. (2015). A taxonomy of vocabulary learning strategies used in massively multiplayer online role-playing games. CALICO Journal, 32(3), 508-527. doi:10.1558/cj.v32i3.26787 Fahim, M., & Komijani, A. (2010). Critical Thinking Ability, L2 Vocabulary Knowledge, and L2 Vocabulary Learning Strategies. Journal of English Studies, I, 23-38. G. B., Mustapha, & A., Asgari. (2011). The Type of Vocabulary Learning Strategies Used by ESL Students in University Putra Malaysia. English Language Teaching, 4(2), 84-90. Gu, P.Y. (2003). Vocabulary Learning in a Second Language: Person, Task, Context and Strategies. Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language TESL-EJ. Lewis, Michael. (2002). The Lexical Approach: The State of ELT and a Way Forward. Boston: Heinle. McCarthy, Michael. (1998). Spoken Language and Applied Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. Mizumoto, A., & Takeuchi, O. (2009). Examining the effectiveness of explicit instruction of vocabulary learning strategies with Japanese EFL university students. Language Teaching Research, 13(4), 425-449. doi:10.1177/1362168809341511 Mokhtar, A. A., Rawian, R. M., Yahaya, M. F., Abdullah, A., Mansor, M., Osman, M. I., . . . Mohamed, A. R. (2010). Vocabulary Knowledge of Adult ESL Learners. English Language Teaching, 3(1). doi:10.5539/elt.v3n1p71 Naeimi, M., & Foo, T. C. (2015). Vocabulary Acquisition through Direct and Indirect Learning Strategies. English Language Teaching, 8(10). doi:10.5539/elt.v8n10p142 Nation, I. S. P. (2001). Learning Vocabulary in Another Language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Nayan, S., & Krishnasamy, H. N. (2015). A Preliminary Study on Vocabulary Learning Strategies Used by the Students from the Faculty of Accountancy. International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics, 1(1), 10-14. doi:10.7763/ijlll.2015.v1.3 Nosratinia, M., & Zaker, A. (2017). Scrutinizing the Impact of Teachersâ Critical Thinking and Teaching Autonomy on Their Teaching Success and Learnersâ Use of Language Learning Strategies. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 8(1), 122. doi:10.17507/jltr.0801.15 Oxford, R. L. (1990). Language learning strategies: what every language teacher should know. Newbury House Publishers. Rabadi, R. I. (2016). Vocabulary Learning Strategies Employed by Undergraduate EFL Jordanian Students. English Language and Literature Studies, 6(1), 47. doi:10.5539/ells.v6n1p47 Ramos, F. D. (2015). Incidental Vocabulary Learning in Second Language Acquisition: A Literature Review. PROFILE Issues in Teachers Professional Development, 17(1), 157- 166. doi:10.15446/profile.v17n1.43957 Read, J. (2000). Assessing Vocabulary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Schmitt, N. and McCarthy, M. (eds.). (1997). Vocabulary: Description, Acquisition, and Pedagogy. Cambridge University Press.
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Vocabulary Learning Strategies of Research Scholars © Educational Research Association, All rights reserved.(IJRTE) Sayfa 25 Schmitt, N. (2000). Vocabulary in Language Teaching. Cambridge. U.K: Cambridge University Press. Wilkins, David A. (1972). Linguistics in Language Teaching. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
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