Agricultural crops:- Harsh Jhunjhunwala

2. Rice
• Rice is a type of grain. It is eaten as staple food in
many parts of India.
• Soil and Climate
I. Alluvial loamy and clayey soil is ideal for
growing rice.
II. The rice crop needs about 24°C or above
with minor variations during sowing,
growing and harvesting seasons.

3. I. It grows well in the areas where rainfall is above 100cm.
II. Deltas, river valleys, coastal plains and terraced fields in
mountainous regions are ideal for its cultivation.
III. Rice can be cultivated under a variety of climatic and
soil conditions Rice comes up well in different soil types.
For normal growth, a pH range of 5.0-8.0 is suitable.
Rice-growing environments:-
. Generally, rice does not thrive in a waterlogged area, yet it can
survive and grow herein and it can also survive flooding.
1.Lowland, rained, which is drought prone, favors medium depth;
waterlogged, submergence, and flood prone
2.Lowland, irrigated, grown in both the wet season and the dry
season
3.Deep water or floating rice
4.Coastal Wetland
5.Upland rice is also known as Ghaiya rice, well known for its
drought tolerance

4. It is grown in many parts of India.
But it is grown widely in West Bengal.
Where it is grown

5. • Geographical Condition for Wheat Cultivation
• Wheat is the 2nd most important food crop of India. It is the
crop of temperate region. In India it is grown in winter. It is more
dependent on climate than soil. The geographical condition
required for Wheat Cultivation are mentioned below :
• Temperature: Wheat requires 14° to 18°C temperature. High
temperature is harmful for the cultivation of wheat.
• Rainfall: 50 cm to 100 cm rainfall is required for wheat
cultivation. In the primary stage cold moisture rich climate at the
time of harvesting bright hot climate is required.
• Soil: Fertile alluvial soil or mixed soil is ideal for wheat
cultivation.
• Land: Plain land or gentle slope is ideal for wheat cultivation.

6. Characteristics:
• (i) Specialization in single crop:
• Commercial grain farming is highly specialized and generally one
single crop is grown. In most commercial grain regions that crop is
wheat. Both winter wheat and spring wheat is grown in these areas.
• (ii) Farms are very large:
• The wheat farms in mid-latitudes are very large, ranging from 240
to 16,000 hectares. Though average size of the farm in the USA is
about 400 hectares. In these areas land is cheap that makes it
possible for a farmer to own very large holdings.
• (iii) Highly mechanized:
• The commercial grain farming is highly mechanized. Cultivation
from ploughing to harvesting is often entirely mechanized. The use
of tractors ploughs drills and combines harvests which reap, thresh,
winnow and sack the grain all in one operation is common.

7. Where it is grown
It is grown in many parts of India.
But it is grown widely in Uttar Pradesh.

8. Millets
Environment Requirements:
• A. Climate:
• Millets require warm temperatures for germination and
development and are sensitive to frost. For these reasons,
they are normally planted from mid-June to mid-July in
Minnesota and Wisconsin. Optimum soil temperatures for
seed germination are between 68 and 86°F. . Millets are often
grown as catch crops where other crops have failed or
planting is delayed due to unfavorable weather.
• B. Soil:
• Millets grow well on well-drained loamy soils. They will not
tolerate water-logged soils or extreme drought. Prose millet
does not perform well on coarse, sandy soils.

9. Millets as Climate Change Compliant Crops
All these qualities of millet farming system make
them the climate change compliant crops .
Climate change portends less rain, more heat,
reduced water availability and increased
malnutrition.
If there is any cropping system that can withstand
these challenges, survive and flourish, it is the
millet system.
It is important to note that with the projected 2
degree celsius temperature rise, wheat might
disappear from our midst, since it is an extremely
thermal sensitive crop.
Similarly, the way rice is grown under standing
water makes it a dangerous crop under climate
change conditions. Methane emanating from water-
drenched rice fields, is a green house gas, that
severely threatens our environment.
Millets are all-season crops cultivated round the
year whereas wheat is season specific.(Millets): Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Punjab,
Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan are the leading
producers, Maharashtra the largest.

10. . Climate and Soil requirements
. Deep, loamy, fertile soils, rich in organic matter, are
preferred for satisfactory growth.
. Well-drained soils with adequate moisture supply are
required for uninterrupted growth of this crop .
. By establishing the crops with the on-set of the rainy
season, the crops can be harvested before depletion
of soil moisture.
. They can be planted in maha similarly, as with other
major crops that need 3-3 months to mature and a
longer rainy season for uninterrupted growth.
It is grown in many parts of India . But it is grown widely in Andra
Pradesh.

11. Pulses
• India is the largest producer and consumer of
pulses in the world.
• Major pulses grown are tur, urad, moong,
masur, peas and gram.
• Being leguminous crops they help restore soil
fertility.
• Grown in MP, UP, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and
Karnataka.

12. Characteristics of farming pulses
• Climatic condition :
• Temperature: 20° to 30°C Rainfall: 50° cms to 75
cms
• Soil:
• Conditions required for pulses: These can be
grown on all types of soils but a dry light soil is
best suited.
• The major contributors of this production were
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar
Pradesh, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh.

13. • Climate
Conditions: Temperate, tropical and subtropical; long warm growing
season, with high incidence of solar radiation and adequate
moisture; a fairly dry, sunny and cool, but frost free season for
ripening and harvesting; freedom from typhoons and hurricanes
Rainfall: 1100 to 1500 mm/annum
Optimum ambient temperature: 14 to 35°C
Soil
Soil suitability: Fertile, deep (up to 1.5 m), well drained and aerated
soil (air-filled porosity: 10 – 12%), loamy to clayey in texture
Moderate topography (1 to 3º)
Optimum soil pH: 6.5 (range: 5 to 8.5)
Available water holding capacity: 150 mm/m depth of soil
Groundwater table: Below 1.5 to 2 m
Soil to avoid: Waterlogged, alkaline and saline soils

14. Where it is grown
It is grown in many parts of India.
But it is grown widely in Uttar Pradesh.

15. Oilseeds-CLIMATE AND SOIL.
• Oilseed are grown throughout the tropics and its
cultivation is extended to the subtropical countries
lying between 45 degrees N and 35 degrees S and up to
an altitude of 1000 meters. The crop can be grown
successfully in places receiving a minimum rainfall of
1,250 mm. The rainfall should be well distributed well
during the flowering and pegging of the crop . The total
amount required for pre sowing operations
(preparatory cultivation) is 100 mm; for sowing, it is
150 mm and for flowering and pod development an
evenly distributed rainfall of 400-500 mm is required.
The groundnut crop, however, cannot stand frost, long
and severe draught or water stagnation

17. Tea
• India is the largest producer and exporter of tea in the
world. The ideal climatic conditions for the production
and growing of tea are as follows:
• Temperature: 21°C to 29°C is ideal for the production
of tea. High temperature is required in summer. The
lowest temperature for the growth of tea is 16°C.
• Rainfall: 150-250 cm of rainfall is required for tea
cultivation.
• Soil: Tea shrubs require fertile mountain soil mixed
with lime and iron. The soil should be rich in humus.

18. Characteristics Of Farming Tea
• The tea plant can handle a light frost and even snow,
like the picture on the left, taken in Seattle, WA, but
not heavy freezes or prolonged cold winters, and,
unlike some plants, it does not require a period of cold
dormancy.
• It can thus grow from subtropical climates to tropical
climates, but generally requires a fair amount of
humidity and rainfall during the growing season.
• Although it can grow in hot tropical climates if they are
sufficiently humid, the highest-quality teas mostly
come from subtropical climates with some seasonality.

19. Where it is grown
It is grown in many parts of India.
But it is grown widely in Assam and Darjeeling.

20. Coffee
1)India produces about 4% of the world’s coffee
production.
2) Arabica variety is grown in India that was brought from
Yemen.
3) Grown in Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu.
4) India produces about 4% of the world’s coffee
production.
5) Arabica variety is grown in India that was brought from
Yemen.
6) Grown in Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerela and Tamilnadu.

21. Where it is grown
It is grown in many parts of India.
But it is grown widely in Karnataka.

22. Rubber-Climate and Soil
Temperature:- Maximum temperature of about
29C to 34oC is required.
Rainfall:- There should be rainfall of 2000 to 3000
mm evenly distributed and should rain for 125 to
150 rainy days per annum.
Soil:- Rubber is grown in literate or loamy soil,
mostly in slope and undulated land or slightly
high elaborated flat land where there is no
possibility of water stagnation, and having well
drainage facilities.

23. Cotton
• India is 3rd largest producer of Cotton in the
world.
• Used to make cotton textile.
• Requires black soil, light temperature, light
irrigation/rainfall, 210 days of bright sunshine
and 6 to 8 months to mature.
• Grown in Maharashtra, Gujarat, MP,
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,
Punjab, Haryana and UP.

24. Where it is grown
It is grown in many parts of India.
But it is grown widely in Gujrat.

25. Jute
• Known as golden fiber.
• Grows well on well-drained fertile soil of the
flood plains where soils is renewed every year.
• High temperature is required during the time
of growth.
• WB, Orissa, Bihar, Assam and Meghalaya are
the major jute producing states.
• Used to make gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn
carpets and other artifacts.

26. Where it is grown
It is grown in many parts of India.
But it is grown widely in West Bengal.

27. By:-Harsh Jhunjhunwala