its about health care management

2. MORBIDITY & MORTALITY
Presented By:
Anita Mukhi
MSc. Tutor
S.N.C

3. RATE AND RATIO
The epidemiologist usually expresses the health
event as:
 RATES
RATIOS
 PROPOTION
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4. RATE
A rate measures the occurrence of some
particular event in a population during a given
period of time period.
For example-
Birth Rate, Death Rate, Fertility Rate etc.
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5. RATE
Aspect of Rate:
Numerator
Denominator
Multiplier
Time specification
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6. TYPES OF RATE
Crude Rate- Crude Rates are actually observed
rates based on the entire population and are not
reflective of any specific population group such
as only females or any specific age group.
Example: Crude Birth Rates and Crude Death
Rates.
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7. TYPES OF RATE
Specific Rates- Specific Rates are actual
observed rates based on specific population
group such as sex wise groups, age wise groups
and disease wise groups or specific time periods
Example: Annual Rates, Monthly Rates, Under
Five Mortality Rate, Male Literacy Rate
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8. RATIO
Ratio expresses a relation in size between two
random quantities.
It is expressed in the ratio of X: Y or X/Y
For Example-
Nurse patient ratio
Sex ratio:943 no. of female /1000 male.
Patient-bed ratio
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9. PROPORTION
A Proportion is a ratio which indicates the relation
in magnitude of a part of the whole. The
numerator is always included in the denominator.
A Proportion is usually expressed as percentage.
For example:
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10. USES OF DEMOGRAPHIC RATE AND
RATIO
Measurements of Natality
Measurements of Mortality
Measurements of Morbidity
Measurements of Disability
Measurement of Fertility
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11. Measurements of Natality
oNatality rate is used to calculate the dynamics
of a population.
oThey are the key factors in determining whether
a population is increasing, decreasing or staying
the same in size.
o It has the greatest influence on a population’s
increase.
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12. Measurements of Natality
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Still Birth Rate=

13. Measurements of Mortality
Mortality refers to the number of deaths in a
given time or a place or a proportion of deaths in
relation to a population.
For example:
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14. Measurements of Mortality
Infant Mortality Rate=
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Maternal Mortality Rate=

15. Measurements of Mortality
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16. Measurements of Mortality
Age and sex specific mortality (death) rate:
Age Specific Death Rate:
Sex specific death rate:
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17. Measurements of Mortality
Disease Specific Death Rate:
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18. Measurements of Morbidity
It refers to diseases and illness, injuries and
disabilities in a population. Data on the
frequency and distribution of a disease
helps in controlling its spread, and in some
cases it may lead to the identification of
cases.
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19. Incidence and Prevalence
Incidence
It is the no. of new cases occurring in a defined
population during a specified period of time.
Incidence Rate =
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20. Incidence and Prevalence
Prevalence
Disease prevalence refers specifically to all
current cases(old & new) existing at a given
point of time or over a period of time in a
given population.
Prevalence Rate=

21. Types of prevalence
It is two types-point prevalence and period
prevalence.
Point prevalence : Point prevalence of a disease is
the no. of all (old & new) cases of a disease at a
point in relation to a defined population. Point
may be a day, several days or weeks depending
upon the time it takes to examine the sample.
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22. Types of Prevalence
Point Prevalence=
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23. Types of Prevalence
Period prevalence: It is less commonly used
measure which measures frequency of all current
cases (old and new) existing during a defined
period of time, expressed in relation to a defined
population.
Period Prevalence=

24. Measurement of Disability
Disability is the limitation of mobility/activity and
for inability to perform the ADLs. It refers to an
illness, injury or condition that makes it difficult
for someone to do the things that other people do.
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25. Life Expectancy:
Average no of years a person is expected to live
under the existing conditions of probability of
death.
Dependency Ratio : The ratio of the
economically dependent part of the population to
the productive part; arbitrarily defined as the
ratio of the elderly ( ages 65 and older) plus the
young (under age 15) to the population in the
"working ages".
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Measurement of Disability

26. Fertility is a child bearing capacity of the
population represented by women between the
ages of 15 and 49 years. Fertility rate is a number
of births per 1000 women of specific
compositions.
General fertility rate,
Age-specific fertility rate
Total fertility rate
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Measurement of Fertility

27. *General fertility rate (GFR): number of live births
per 1000 women between the ages of 15 and 49
years.
*Age-specific fertility rate: number of births to
women of a particular age (a year or age group). E.g.
females in the age group 20-24 years.
Measurement of Fertility

28. Total fertility rate (TFR): Average number of
children a woman would bear during her
reproductive lifetime (15-49 years), assuming her
childbearing conforms to her age-specific fertility
rate every year of her childbearing years.
Measurement of Fertility

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31. SUMMARIZATION