all concept environment

1. Republic of Iraq
(Ministry of higher education and scientific
research)
University of Kufa
Faculty of science /Department of Ecology
A Review of Environmetal Concept
submitted by:-
Hamza Jasim
Supervisor
Asisst prof. Sadiq Kazim

2. The Nature of Ecology
 Environment is everything that is around us. It can
be living or non-living things.
 Ecology- the study of how organisms interact with
their environment
 Organisms- any life form.
 Species- groups of organisms that share similar
DNA; look similar, have similar behavior, etc.

3. Populations
 Population- all of the
organisms within a
species that interact in a
specific area and at a
specific time

4. Organisms
Populations
Communities
Ecosystems
Biosphere
Ecosystem organization

5.  Habitat- the place where a population or organism lives
 Community- all of the organisms that occupy a specific area;
also called biological community
 Ecosystem- a community of different species and their
interaction with each other and their environment
Niche-an organisms
functional role
within an
ecosystem;
everything that
affects the survival
and reproduction

6. Ecosystem Concepts and Components
• Biomes-areas
with a consistent
climate and with
similar
organisms
• Aquatic life
zones- marine
and freshwater
portions of the
biosphere

7. Terrestrial Ecosystems Aquatic Life Zones
• Sunlight
• Temperature
• Precipitation
• Wind
• Latitude
• Altitude
• Fire frequency
• Soil
• Light penetration
• Water currents
• Dissolved nutrient
concentrations
(especially N and P)
• Suspended solids
• Salinity

8. Ecosystem Boundaries: Ecotones
• Ecotone-
transitional zones
between
ecosystems where
there are a
mixture of
species not found
together in
adjacent
ecosystems

9. Principles of Ecological Factors
Fig. 4-14 p. 73; Refer to Fig. 4-13 p. 73
• Abiotic Factors- all of the nonliving parts in an ecosystem
• Biotic Factors-all of the living factors in an ecosystem

10. The Biotic Components of
Ecosystems
 Producers
(autotrophs)
 Consumers
(heterotrophs)
 Decomposers

11. Biodiversity
 Species Diversity- the variety among the
species or distinct types of living organisms
found in different habitats of the planet
 Ecological Diversity- the variety of different
biomes around the world; all biological
communities
 Functional Diversity- biological and
chemical processes or functions such as
energy flow and matter cycling needed for the
survival of species and biological communities

12. Connections: Food Webs and Energy
Flow in Ecosystems
Food chains

13. Food Webs

14. Ecological Pyramids
 Pyramid of
energy flow
 Ecological
efficiency
 Pyramid of
biomass
 Pyramid of
numbers
Fig. 4-20 p. 79

15. Pyramid of energy
The pyramid of
energy describes
the overall nature
of the ecosystem.
During the flow
of energy from
organism to other

16. Pyramid of Numbers
The pyramid of
numbers depicts the
relationship in
terms of the number
of producers,
herbivores and the
carnivores at their
successive trophic
levels.

17. Pyramid of Biomass
The pyramid of
biomass is more
fundamental, they
represent the
quantitative
relationships of the
standing crops. In this
pyramid there is a
gradual decrease in the
biomass from the
producers to the higher
trophic levels

18. Primary Productivity of Ecosystems
• Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)- the rate at which an
ecosystem’s producers convert sunlight into biomass
• Net Primary Productivity (NPP)- the rate at which energy
for use by consumers is stored in new biomass