Anna Freud was the daughter of Sigmund Freud and made significant contributions to psychoanalysis and child psychology. She developed techniques for treating children using play and observation, recognizing that children's symptoms and abilities differ from adults. Freud established the field of child psychoanalysis and emphasized the role of the ego in personality development. She systematically studied defense mechanisms and provided clear explanations of their functions. Her work influenced the development of ego psychology and established psychoanalysis as an empirical field of study.

1. Karen Horney
1885-1952Psychoanalytic theorist Karen
Horney developed one of the best-
known theories of neurosis. she
believed that neurosis resulted from
basic anxiety caused by
interpersonal relationships.

2. Biography
2
• Born on September 16, 1885, Germany.
• Youngest, only daughter, Her father,
Berndt Wickes Danielson is a Ship Captain
and his second wife.
• Married a successful lawyer, Oskar Horney.
Produced 3 daughters.
• Became a teacher for 3 years to save for
medical school.
• Died. 4 Dec 1952 at NewYork.
• Field. Psychoanalyst.

3. Education
3
• Against her parents wishes Horney entered
medical school in 1906, at University of Freiburg.
• By 1908, Horney had transferred to the
University of Gottingen and would transfer once
more to University of Berlin before her
graduation in 1913. Attending several universities
was common at the time to gain a basic medical
education.
• It was during her time as a medical student that
she met Oskar Horney whom she married by
1909.

4. 1.In 1920 Horney took up a position within the institute for psychoanalysis in Berlin where she
lectured on psychoanalysis for several years.
2.It was also in 1923 that Karen Horney brother died in pulmonary infection that event
contributed to a worsening of Karen’s mental health.
3.Horney quickly set about establishing herself. Her first career posting in the united states was
as the associate Director of the Chicago Institute for psychoanalysis.
4.Horney developed and advanced her composite theories regarding neurosis and personality. In
1937 she published the book “The Neurotic Personality of OurTime”.
5.She taught at the NewYork Medical College and practicing as a psychiatrist until her death in
1952.
Career and work
4

5. Theory and
neurosis
1.Horney looked at neurosis in a different light
from other psychoanalysts of the time.
2.From her experiences as psychiatrist, Horney
named ten patterns of neurotic needs.
3.These ten needs are based upon things which
she thought all humans require to succeed in life.
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6. 1.Need for
affection and
approval
2.Need for a
powerful
partner
3.Need to restrict
one’s life within
narrow borders.
4.Need for
power
5.Need to
exploit other
6.Need for
prestige
7.Need for
admiration
8.Need for
ambition
9.Need for
independence
10.Need for
perfection
10 Neurotic
Needs
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7. Spontaneous
movement
Toward people
Friendly & loving
Against people
Survivor in a competitive
society
Away from people
autonomous, serene
Compulsive
movements
Toward people
Compliant
Against people
Aggressive
Away from people
detached
Neurotic Trends
Normal Defenses Neurotic Defense 7

8. Feminine Psychology
As one of the first female psychiatrist, she was the first known woman to present a
paper regarding feminine psychiatry.The fourteen papers she wrote between 1922
and 1937 were amalgamated into a single volume titled “Feminine Psychology”.
In her essay entitled “The Problem of Feminine Masochism” Horney felt she proved
that cultures and societies world wide encouraged women to be dependent on men
for their love, prestige, wealth, care and protection.
Horney believed that both men and women have ingenious and productive.Women
are able to satisfy this need normally and internally – to do this they become
pregnant and give birth. Men please this need only through external ways.
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9. Anna Freud
1895- 1982Anna Freud was the daughter of
Sigmund Freud. she was influenced
by her father’ s psychoanalytic
theories, but her own contribution to
ego psychology and child
psychoanalysis made her an
important theorist in her own right..

10. Life
The youngest of Sigmund
Freud's six children.The
youngest child,
extraordinary close to her
father. Not close to her
mother, tense
relationship with her five
siblings. In 1938 she
moved to England to
escapes Nazi rule.
Was born on
December 3,
1895 inVienna,
Austria
She attended a
private school,
but later said she
learn little at
school. The
majority of her
education was
from her fathers
friend and
associates.
DuringWWII
she studied the
development of
homeless
children. She
founded her
own course in
child
psychoanalysis
in 1947 and her
own clinic in
1952
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11. Career
Although Anna
Freud never earned
a higher degree, her
work in
psychoanalysis and
child psychology
contributed to her
eminence in the field
of psychology.
Childs psychoanalysis
practice in 1923 in
Vienna, during time in
Vienna, she had
profound influence on
Erik Erikson, who later
went on to expand the
field of psychoanalysis
and ego psychology
In 1938, Anna was
interrogated by the gestapo
and then fled to London
along with her father.
In 1941, she formed the
Hampstead nursery with
burling ham.The nursery
served as a psychoanalytic
program and home for
homeless children.
1 2 3
After high school, Anna Freud
worked as an elementary school
teacher and began translating
some of her father's works into
German, increasing her interest in
child psychology and
psychoanalysis.
While she was heavily influenced
by her father's work, she was far
from living in his shadow. Her own
work expanded upon her father's
ideas, but also created the field of
child psychoanalysis..
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12. Not all the theorists and Practitioners who followed Freud in the psychoanalytic
tradition felt the need to abandon or overthrow his system.
•There reminded a sizable group of Neo-Freudian analyst who adhered to the
central premises of psychoanalysis but nevertheless modified the system.
•The major change these loyalists introduced was an expansion of the concept of
ego. Rather than being servant of the id, the ego was seen as having a more
extensive role.
• Included the ideas-ego was more independent of the id, possessed its own
energy not derived from the id, and had a functions separate from the id.
• Another change introduced was to place less emphasis on biological forces as
influences on personality.
•They also minimized the importance of infantile sexuality and the Oedipus
complex, suggesting that personality development was determined primarily by
psychological rather than psychosexual forces.
•Thus, social interactions in childhood assumed greater importance than real or
imagined sexual interactions.
THE NEO-FREUDIANS AND EGO PSYCHOLOGY
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13. Anna Freud created the field of child
psychoanalysis and her work contributed
greatly to our understanding of child
psychology.
She also developed different techniques
to treat children. Freud noted that
children's symptoms differed from those
of adults and were often related to
developmental stages.
She also provided clear explanations o
ego’s defense mechanisms in her book the
ego and mechanisms of defense (1936)
Contributions to
psychology
13

14. CHILD PSYCHOANALYSIS
14
But Anna Freud was not primarily a theoretician. Her interests were more practical,
and most of her energies were devoted to the analysis of children and adolescents,
and to improving that analysis. Her father, after all, had focused entirely on adult
patients. Although he wrote a great deal about development, it was from the
perspectives of these adults. What do you do with the child, for whom family crises
and traumas and fixations are present events, not dim recollections?
• First, the relationship of the child to the therapist is different.The child's parents
are still very much a part of his or her life, a part the therapist cannot and should
not try to usurp. But neither can the therapist pretend to be just another child
rather than an authority figure. Anna Freud found that the best way to deal with
this "transference problem" was the way that came most naturally: be a caring
adult, not a new playmate, not a substitute parent. Her approach seems
authoritarian by the standards of many modern child therapies, but it might make
more sense.

15. mplate
• In 1927, Anna published Introduction to theTechnique
of Child Analysis, which foretold the direction of her
interests.
• Developed an approach to psychoanalytic therapy
with children that took into account their relative
immaturity and the level of their verbal skills.
• Her innovations included the use of play materials
and the observation of the child in the home setting.
(most of the observation carried out in London)
• She opened a clinic next door to her father’s house
and there established a treatment center and
psychoanalytic training institute that attracted clinical
psychologist from throughout the world. (The Anna
Freud Centre in London continues her work today).
• Her studies were reported in annual volumes ofThe
Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. (1945) 15

16. Another problem with analyzing children is that their symbolic abilities are not as advanced as
those of adults.The younger ones, certainly, may have trouble relating their emotional
difficulties verbally. Even older children are less likely than adults to bury their problems under
complex symbols. After all, the child's problems are here- and-now; there hasn't been much
time to build up defenses. So the problems are close to the surface and tend to be expressed
in more direct, less symbolic, behavioral and emotional terms.
• Most of her contributions to the study of personality come out of her work at the
Hampstead ChildTherapy Clinic in London, which she helped to set up. Here, she found that
one of the biggest problems was communications among therapists: Whereas adult problems
were communicated by means of traditional labels, children's problems could not be.
• Because children's problems are more immediate, she conceptualized them in terms of the
child's movement along a developmental time-line. A child keeping pace with most of his or
her peers in terms of eating behaviors, personal hygiene, play styles, relationships with other
children, and so on, could be considered healthy.When one aspect or another of a child's
development seriously lagged behind the rest, the clinician could assume that there was a
problem, and could communicate the problem by describing the particular lag.
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17. Defense
mechanisms
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Freud mentioned
them, but Anna
systematically
organized them.

18. 18
The term 'defense' in relation to psychology was first used by Sigmund Freud in 1894. He
meant it to describe, as Anna Freud says, “the ego's struggle against painful or
unendurable ideas or effects” which may lead to neurosis.
• A defense is developed by the ego in order to protect itself against being overcome by
unconscious demands like sex and aggression.The work of the psychoanalyst is to get a
person to bring the instinctual urges into consciousness, which may involve isolating the
original pain experienced when they were confronted by an impulse that was not satisfied.
• Freud notes that when a person succeeds in creating defense mechanisms against
anxiety and pain, their ego has won the battle between the 'three institutions' of ego, id
and superego.
• When a person has lost an internal battle to unconscious instinct, or societal 'musts' and
'should', his or her ego has lost.The ego continually endeavors to create harmony between
itself, the unconscious and the outside world, but this 'harmony' does not always lead to
perfect mental health. In fact, sometimes when the ego 'wins', a person as a whole may
have lost, since the win may involve the creation of a defense in order to have the ego
maintain its sense of itself at all costs.

19. When people experience difficulties, they have different
ways of handling their pain.These different ways of
dealing with pain are called defense mechanisms.
Originally conceived by Sigmund Freud, much of the
development of defense mechanisms was done by his
daughter, Anna Freud. Defense mechanisms can be
healthy or unhealthy depending on the circumstances
and how much a person uses them. If you slam down
your briefcase because you are mad at your wife one
time, that's not a big deal. But if you frequently take your
anger out by throwing or breaking things, there might be
a better way of dealing with your anger
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20. 20

21. EGO PSYCHOLOGY
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Unlike Jung and Adler, she remained faithful to the basic ideas her father developed. However,
she was more interested in the dynamics of the psyche than in its structure, and was particularly
fascinated by the place of the ego in all this. Freud had, after all, spent most of his efforts on the
id and the unconscious side of psychic life. As she rightly pointed out, the ego is the "seat of
observation" from which we observe the work of the id and the superego and the unconscious
generally, and deserves study in its own right.
• She is probably best known for her bookThe Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense, in which she
gives a particularly clear description of how the defenses work, including some special attention
to adolescents' use of defenses.The defenses section of the chapter on Freud in this text is based
as much on Anna's work as on Sigmund's.
•This focus on the ego began a movement in psychoanalytic circles called ego psychology that
today represents, arguably, the majority of Freudians. It takes Freud's earlier work as a crucial
foundation, but extends it into the more ordinary, practical, day-to-day world of the ego. In this
way, Freudian theory can be applied, not only to psychopathology, but to social and
developmental issues as well. Erik Erikson is the best-known example of an ego psychologist.

22. She also influenced research in Freudian psychology. She
standardized the records for children with diagnostic profiles,
encouraged the pooling of observations from multiple analysts, and
encouraged long-term studies of development from early childhood
through adolescence. She also led the way in the use of natural
experiments, that is, careful analyses of groups of children who
suffered from similar disabilities, such as blindness, or early traumas,
such as wartime loss of parents.The common criticism of Freudian
psychology as having no empirical basis is true only if "empirical
basis" is restricted to laboratory experimentation!
• Most of Anna Freud's work is contained within The Writings of Anna
Freud, a seven-volume collection of her books and papers, including
The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense and her work on the analysis
of children and adolescents. She is a very good writer, doesn't get too
technical in most of her works, and uses many interesting case
studies as examples.
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23. • Ego psychology-became primary
American form of psychoanalysis from
the 1940s – early 1970s.
• One goal of the neo-Freudians- make
psychoanalysis an accepted part of
scientific psychology.
• In the process, the neo-Freudians
fostered a more conciliatory
relationship between psychoanalysis
and academic experimental
psychology.
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COMMENT

24. Presentation present by Syeda Hadeesa
Zahra to Miss. Benish Mubeen.
24
Thank you