Explanation of role of vitamins in metabolism.

2. Submitted by:
Hafsa Naseer
MS-BOT-21
2020-2022.
Submitted to:
Mam Uzma Irfan.
Topic:
Role of vitamins in metabolism.

3. CONTENT:
• Metabolism
• Vitamins
• Thiamine
• Biotin
• Riboflavin
• Pentothenic acid
• Folate
• Nicotine amide
• Cobalamin

4. Metabolism:
• Metabolism is a term that is used to describe all chemical reactions involved in
maintaining the living state of the cells and the organism.
• Categories:
• Catabolism - the breakdown of molecules to obtain energy.
• Anabolism - the synthesis of all compounds needed by the cells.

5. Vitamins:
• A vitamin is an organic molecule that is an essential micronutrient which an
organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism.
• Essential nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, and therefore must be
obtained through the diet.

6. Role of vitamins in metabolism:
• Vitamins and minerals play a different kind of role in energy metabolism.
• They are required as functional parts of enzymes involved in energy release and
storage.

7. Thaimine (B1):
• Thiamine, one of the water-soluble vitamins, is especially important in glucose
metabolism.
• It acts as a cofactor for enzymes that break down glucose for energy production.
• DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES:
• Thiamine deficiency also known as beriberi .
• It can cause symptoms of fatigue, confusion, movement impairment, pain in the
lower extremities, swelling, and heart failure.

8. Wernick-korsakoff syndrome:
• It is characterized by disorientation, amnesia, jerky eye movements, and
staggering gait.
• Sources of thiamine:
• Whole grains, enriched flour, green leafy vegetables, legumes, and pork are
excellent dietary sources of thiamine.

9. Riboflavin (B2):
• Riboflavin, also a water-soluble vitamin, is an essential component of
flavoproteins, which are coenzymes involved in many metabolic pathways of
carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism.
Deficiency of riboflavin & it’s symptoms:
• Riboflavin deficiency sometimes referred to as ariboflavinosis.
• Weakness, dry, scaly skin, mouth inflammation and sores, cracks at the corner of
the mouth, painful magenta (purplish-red) tongue, smoothness of the tongue
(glossitis), sore throat, itchy eyes, and light sensitivity.

10. Sources of riboflavin:
• Whole grains, enriched flour products, milk and green leafy vegetables are good
sources of this vitamin.
• Riboflavin is very sensitive to irradiation and UV light, so this is the reason milk
is not sold in clear bottles.

11. Niacin (B3):
• Niacin is a water-soluble vitamin and is found as nicotinamide (niacinamide) or
nicotinic acid.
• It is a component of the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
and its phosphorylated form (NADP), which are involved in the catabolism
and/or anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

12. Deficiency of niacin & it’s symptoms:
• Niacin deficiency is commonly known as pellagra and is characterized by
diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and sometimes death.
Dietary sources:
• Dietary sources of niacin are whole grains, enriched flour, legumes and protein
containing tryptophan such as meat and poultry.
• On special note, nicotinic acid in lard amounts is used as a blood cholesterol
lowering drug.

13. • Pantothenic acid (B5):
• Pantothenic acid, another water-soluble vitamin, forms coenzyme A, which is the
main carrier of carbon molecules in a cell.
• Acetyl-coA is the carbon carrier of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids into the
citric acid cycle.

14. Deficiency, signs & symptoms:
• Vitamin B5 deficiency is exceptionally rare and may be caused by malabsorption.
• Signs and symptoms include fatigue or weakness, irritability, gastrointestinal
distress, numbness, muscle pain, and cramps.
• Dietary sources:
• Pantothenic acid is found in all foods but better sources are whole grains, oats,
tomatoes, broccoli, meat especially chicken, milk, and egg yolks.

15. Pyroxidine (B6):
• Pyroxidine (water-soluble vitamin) is the coenzyme involved in nitrogen transfer
between amino acids and therefore plays a role in amino-acid synthesis and
catabolism.
Deficiency signs & symptoms:
• A deficiency in vitamin B6 can cause signs and symptoms of muscle weakness,
dermatitis, mouth sores, fatigue, and confusion.
• Vitamin b6 is a required coenzyme for the synthesis of hemoglobin.

16. Biotin (B7):
• Biotin (water-soluble vitamin) is required as a coenzyme in the citric acid cycle
and in lipid metabolism.
Deficiency signs & symptoms:
• As weakness, but may also include hair loss when severe, a rash around the eyes,
nose and mouth, depression, lethargy and hallucinations.

17. Dietary sources:
• Excellent dietary sources include meat, fish, milk, egg yolks, nuts and microflora
production in the large intestine (colon).

18. Folate:
• Folate is a required coenzyme for the synthesis of the amino acid methionine,
and for making RNA and DNA.
Dieseses related to folate deficiency:
• A consequence of folate deficiency is macrocytic, also called megaloblastic
anemia.
• Macrocytic and megaloblastic mean “big cell,” and anemia refers to fewer red
blood cells or red blood cells containing less hemoglobin. Macrocytic anemia is
characterized by larger and fewer red blood cells.

19. Cobalamin (B12):
• Cobalamin contains cobalt, making it the only vitamin that contains a metal ion.
Cobalamin is an essential part of coenzymes.
• It is necessary for fat and protein catabolism, for folate coenzyme function, and
for hemoglobin synthesis.

20. Deficiency signs & symptoms:
• A deficiency in cobalamin has similar consequences to health as folate
deficiency.
• In children and adults cobalamin deficiency causes macrocytic anemia, and in
babies born to cobalamin-deficient mothers, there is an increased risk of neural-
tube defects.