2. Profile
• PhD. Environmental Governance (in
progress)
• MPhil. Governance & Public Policy
• MA English Literature & Linguistics
• Faculty of Architecture, Allied
Sciences & Humanities, UET,
Peshawar
3. Contents
• Socialization
• Social Internalization
• Social Cognition
• Society
• Social Structure
• Culture and Civilization
• Social Control
• Social Development (Erikson’s
Theory)
• Moral Dilemma
• Moral Development (Kohlberg's
Theory)
4. SOCIALIZATION
• A continuing process whereby an individual
acquires a personal identity and learns the norms,
values, behavior, and social skills appropriate to
his or her social position.
• Types
• Social Internalization- Unconscious Learning
of the environment/surroundings and from
the environment/surroundings
• Social Cognition- Consciously Observing the
environment/surroundings and accord
making conscious leering
5. SOCIETY & SOCIAL
STRUCTURE
• Society is –A complex network of relationships for the fulfillment
of basic needs
• Social Structure- the distinctive, stable arrangement of
frameworks i.e. Social Status, Social Roles, Social grouping, Social
Institutions whereby human beings in a society interact and live
together.
• Social Status- The position a person occupies in society-
Male/Female/
Father/Mother/Son/Daughter/Engineer/Doctor etc.
• Social Roles- The set of responsibilities, rights and
privileges attached to a given social status
• Social Grouping-Two or more people, who interact with
one another, share similar characteristics, and collectively
have a sense of unity e.g. Family, class, political party,
religious community, society etc.
• Institution- A proper pattern or order of thought, when put
into action, fulfils a given social need (s)
6. CULTURE &
CIVILIZATION
• Culture- All that is abstract and
material. Collectively produced
and shared a by a community is
referred to as its culture
• Civilization- The material part
culture represents or identifies
Civilization- Egyptian Civilization,
Greek Civilization, Indus
Civilization, Contemporary
Civilization etc. (“Engineers are
the creators of civilization)
7. SOCIAL CONTROL
• A process by which individual is made
group responsive, social organization is
built, and maintained. There are two
types of Social Control
• 1. Informal- Value system
• Values- Collective experiences of
what is right, good and desirable
• Norms-unwritten rules about how
to behave in a specific situation
• 2. Formal- Law- A rule enacted by a
competent formal body (legislature) and
backed by the power (writ of the state)
of the state
8. Social Development
• Basic Human Needs are the same
• Development is the response to the
Need
• Development takes place in stages
• Every stage of development
presents a psychological Challenge
to the individual
• The psychological challenge also
shows the motivation in the
individual to overcome the
overcome it
• Thus the Various personality
traits/characteristics we acquire at
various stages of our development
9. Moral Dilemma &
Moral Development
• Moral Dilemma- An ambiguous situation where the
individual is confronted with multiple moral choices
• Pre-conventional Ethics- Action are
influenced/governed/motivated by egocentrism and
self-centeredness with no regards for values and rules
• Conventional Ethics- Actions are
influenced/governed/motivated by the conventions or
appearances or perception of reputations
• Post-conventional Ethics- Actions are
influence/governed/motivated by their ‘Moral
correctness’ or being ‘Right’ irrespective of the
apparent benefit or loss
