Windows 2000 Edition Details

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RAI SAHEB BHANWAR SINGH COLLEGE
RALA, NASRULLAGANJ
Project Report
Submitted for the degree of
Bachelor in Computer Science
To
Department of Computer Science
R.S.B. College , Nasrullaganj in District-Sehore , M.P. , India
(2016-17)
Under the supervision of
Mr. C.L. Malviya
Department of Computer Science of
R.S.B. College, Nasrullaganj , District-Sehore , M.P. , India
Submitted By
Namita Yadav
Department of Computer Science of
R.S.B. College , Nasrullaganj , District-Sehore , M.P. , India

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TOPIC
“Windows Editions”
Project Report
Submitted for the
Bachelor in Computer Science
Department of Computer science
Rai Saheb Bhanwar Singh College
Nasrullaganj
Under the Supervision
Mr. C.L. Malviya Submitted by

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Mr.Sourabh Sir
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this Internship project successfully,
many people have best owned upon me their blessings and the heart
pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the people who
have been concerned with Internship project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this
Internship project with success. Then I would like to thank my
Director Sir Mr. Surendra Singh Bhati And vice principal Mr.Y.S
Chandel sir Internship project guide Mr sourbh,& Mr C.L Malviya sir
and my all Department of Computer Science all teachers ,Mr.devendra
Kushwah , Mr.Mahendra, Miss. sonal, Mr.sanjay,whose valuable
guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this and make it full
proof success his suggestion and his instruction has served as the
major contributor towards the completion of the project.
I thanks to all my project group member Archana Panwar,Pooja
Vishwakarma,Archana Sharma,Bhagyashree Jat,Poorva Tiwari,Diksha
Uikey,Radhika Sharma and all my classmate Then, I would like to thank
my parents and friends who helped me with their valuable blessings,
suggestion and guidance has been helpful in various phases of the
completion of the Internship project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank all my classmates who
helped me a lot in this Internship project.
Name –

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Class – B.Sc. VIth Sem (C.S)
Declaration
I hereby that this is entitled ““Career Counselling
Websites “embodies my own work , which has been submitted
for partial fulfillment of B Sc of computer science . This work is
corned not under the supervision and guidance’s of Mr C.L.
Malviya Assistance professor of computer science R. S. B.
college. I further state that I have put more than 45 days of
attendance with . The supervision in the Department of
computer science R. S. B. college.
I further declare that to best of my knowledge the
project doesn’t contends my duplication of work
Date :……………………… Signature of the Student
Place :…………………….. Name:
Class: B.Sc. VI Sem
Roll Number:
Address: NASRULLAGANJ

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INTRODUCTIONTO WINDOWSEDITIONS
Microsoft Windows (or simply Windows) is a metafamily of
graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by
Microsoft. It consists of several families of operating systems,
each of which cater to a certain sector of the computing industry
with the OS typically associated with IBM PC compatible
architecture. Active Windows families include Windows NT,
Windows Embedded and Windows Phone; these may
encompass subfamilies, e.g. Windows Embedded Compact
(Windows CE) or Windows Server. Defunct Windows families
include Windows 9x; Windows 10 Mobile is an active product,
unrelated to the defunct family Windows Mobile.
Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows
on November 20, 1985, as a graphical operating system shell for
MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user
interfaces (GUIs).[4] Microsoft Windows came to dominate the
world's personal computer (PC) market with over 90% market
share, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984.
Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their
innovation in GUI development as implemented on products
such as the Lisa and Macintosh (eventually settled in court in
Microsoft's favor in 1993). On PCs, Windows is still the most
popular operating system. However, in 2014, Microsoft admitted
losing the majority of the overall operating system market to

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Android,[5] because of the massive growth in sales of Android
smartphones. In 2014, the number of Windows devices sold was
less than 25% that of Android devices sold. This comparison
however may not be fully relevant, as the two operating systems
traditionally target different platforms.
As of September 2016, the most recent version of Windows for
PCs, tablets, smartphones and embedded devices is Windows
10. The most recent versions for server computers is Windows
Server 2016. A specialized version of Windows runs on the
Xbox One game console
Screenshot of Windows 10 (Creators Update, version 1703), showing
the Action Center and Start Menu
Developer Microsoft
Written in C, C++, Assembly[1]
Working state Publicly released
Source model Closed / shared source
Initial release November 20, 1985; 31 years ago, as Windows 1.0
Latest release 1607 (10.0.14393.953) (March 14, 2017; 16 days ago)
[±]
Latest preview 1703 (10.0.15058.0) (March 14, 2017; 16 days ago) [±]
Marketing target Personal computing
Available in 137 languages[2]
Update method

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Windows Update
Windows Anytime Upgrade
Windows Store
WSUS
Package manager Windows Installer (.msi), Windows Store
(.appx)[3]
Platforms ARM, IA-32, Itanium, x86-64, DEC Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC
Kernel type
Windows NT family: Hybrid
Windows CE: Hybrid
Windows 9x and earlier: Monolithic (MS-DOS)
Default user interface Windows shell
License Proprietary commercial software
Official website windows.microsoft.com

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Windows 2000 is an operating system for use on both client and server computers.
It was produced by Microsoft and released to manufacturing on December 15,
1999 and launched to retail on February 17, 2000.It is the successor to Windows
NT 4.0, and is the last version of Microsoft Windows to display the "Windows
NT" designation. Widows Server 2003 (released in April 2003). During
development, Windows 2000 was known as Windows NT 5.0.
Four editions of Windows 2000 were released: Professional, Server, Advanced
Server, and Datacenter Server; the latter was both released to manufacturing and
launched months after the other editions.While each edition of Windows 2000 was
targeted at a different market, they shared a core set of features, including many
system utilities such as the Microsoft Management Console and standard system
administration applications.
Windows 2000 introduces NTFS 3.0, Encrypting File System, as well as basic and
dynamic disk storage. Support for people with disabilities was improved over
Windows NT 4.0 with a number of new assistive technologies, and Microsoft
increased support for different languages and locale information. The Windows
2000 Server family has additional features, including the ability to provide Active
Directory services (a hierarchical framework of resources), Distributed File System
(a file system that supports sharing of files) and fault-redundant storage volumes.
Windows 2000 can be installed through either a manual or unattended installation.
Unattended installations rely on the use of answer files to fill in installation
information, and can be performed through a bootable CD using Microsoft
Systems Management Server, by the System Preparation Tool.
Microsoft marketed Windows 2000 as the most secure Windows version ever at
the time; however, it became the target of a number of high-profile virus attacks
such as Code Red and Nimda.For ten years after its release, it continued to receive
patches for security vulnerabilities nearly every month until reaching the end of its
lifecycle on July 13, 2010.
History

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Windows 2000 is a continuation of the Microsoft Windows NT family of operating
systems, replacing Windows NT 4.0. The original name for the operating system
was Windows NT 5.0. Beta 1 of NT 5.0 was released in September 1997, followed
by Beta 2 in August 1998. On October 27, 1998, Microsoft announced that the
name of the final version of the operating system would be Windows 2000, a name
which referred to its projected release date. Windows 2000 Beta 3 was released in
January 1999. NT 5.0 Beta 1 was similar to NT 4.0, including a very similar
themed logo. NT 5.0 Beta 2 introduced a new 'mini' boot screen, and removed the
'dark space' theme in the logo. The NT 5.0 betas had very long startup and
shutdown sounds, though these were changed in the early Windows 2000 beta, but
during Beta 3, a new piano-made startup and shutdown sounds were made,
featured in the final version as well as in Windows ME. The new login prompt
from the final version made its first appearance in Beta 3 build 1946 (the first build
of Beta 3). The new, updated icons (for My Computer, Recycle Bin etc.) first
appeared in Beta 3 build 1976. The Windows 2000 boot screen in the final version
first appeared in Beta 3 build 1994. Windows 2000 did not have a codename
because, according to Dave Thompson of Windows NT team, "Jim Allchin didn't
like codenames".
Windows 2000 Service Pack 1 was codenamed "Asteroid" and Windows 2000 64-
bit was codenamed "Janus." During development, there was a build for the Alpha
which was abandoned some time after RC1 after Compaq announced they had
dropped support for Windows NT on Alpha. From here, Microsoft issued three
release candidates between July and November 1999, and finally released the
operating system to partners on December 12, 1999.The public could buy the full
version of Windows 2000 on February 17, 2000. Three days before this event,
which Microsoft advertised as "a standard in reliability," a leaked memo from
Microsoft reported on by Mary Jo Foley revealed that Windows 2000 had "over
63,000 potential known defects." After Foley's article was published, she claimed
that Microsoft blacklisted her for a considerable time. However, Abraham
Silberschatz et al. claim in their computer science textbook that "Windows 2000
was the most reliable, stable operating system Microsoft had ever shipped to that
point. Much of this reliability came from maturity in the source code, extensive
stress testing of the system, and automatic detection of many serious errors in
drivers." InformationWeek summarized the release "our tests show the successorto

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NT 4.0 is everything we hoped it would be. Of course, it isn't perfect either."
Wired News later described the results of the February launch as "lackluster."
Novell criticized Microsoft's Active Directory, the new directory service
architecture, as less scalable or reliable than its own Novell Directory Services
(NDS) alternative.
Windows 2000 was first planned to replace both Windows 98 and Windows NT
4.0. However, this changed later. Instead, an updated version of Windows 98
called Windows 98 Second Edition was released in 1999.
On or shortly before February 12, 2004, "portions of the Microsoft Windows 2000
and Windows NT 4.0 source code were illegally made available on the Internet."
The source of the leak remains unannounced. Microsoft issued the following
statement:
"Microsoft source code is both copyrighted and protected as a trade secret. As
such, it is illegal to post it, make it available to others, download it or use it."
Despite the warnings, the archive containing the leaked code spread widely on the
file-sharing networks. On February 16, 2004, an exploit "allegedly discovered by
an individual studying the leaked source code for certain versions of Microsoft
Internet Explorer was reported.
Microsoft planned to release a 64-bit version of Windows 2000, which would run
on 64-bit Intel Itanium microprocessors, in 2000.However, the first officially-
released 64-bit editions of Windows were Windows Datacenter Server Limited
Edition and later Windows Advanced Server Limited Edition, which were based
on the pre-release Windows Server 2003 (then known as Windows .NET Server)
codebase. These editions were released in 2002, were shortly available through the
OEM channel and then were superseded by the final versions of Windows Server
2003.
New and updated features
Windows 2000 introduced many of the new features of Windows 98 and Windows
98 SE into the NT line, such as the Windows Desktop Update, Internet Explorer 5
(Internet Explorer 6, which came in 2001, is also available for Windows 2000),
Outlook Express, NetMeeting, FAT32 support, Windows Driver Model, Internet

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Connection Sharing, Windows Media Player, WebDAV support etc. Certain new
features are common across all editions of Windows 2000, among them NTFS 3.0,
the Microsoft Management Console (MMC), UDF support, the Encrypting File
System (EFS), Logical Disk Manager, Image Color Management 2.0, support for
PostScript 3-based printers, OpenType (.OTF) and Type 1 PostScript (.PFB) font
support (including a new font—Palatino Linotype—to showcase some OpenType
features), the Data protection API (DPAPI), an LDAP/Active Directory-enabled
Address Book, usability enhancements and multi-language and locale support.
Windows 2000 also introduced USB device class drivers for USB printers, Mass
storage class devices, and improved FireWire SBP-2 support for printers and
scanners, along with a Safe removal applet for storage devices. Windows 2000 is
also the first Windows version to support hibernation at the operating system level
(OS-controlled ACPI S4 sleep state) unlike Windows 98 which required special
drivers from the hardware manufacturer or driver developer.
A new capability designed to protect critical system files called Windows File
Protection was introduced. This protects critical Windows system files by
preventing programs other than Microsoft's operating system update mechanisms
such as the Package Installer, Windows Installer and other update components
from modifying them. The System File Checker utility provides users the ability to
perform a manual scan of the integrity of all protected system files, and optionally
repair them, either by restoring from a cache stored in a separate "DLLCACHE"
directory, or from the original install media.
Microsoft recognized that a serious error or a stop error could cause problems for
servers that needed to be constantly running and so provided a system setting that
would allow the server to automatically reboot when a stop error occurred. Also
included is an option to dump any of the first 64 KB of memory to disk (the
smallest amount of memory that is useful for debugging purposes, also known as a
minidump), a dump of only the kernel's memory, or a dump of the entire contents
of memory to disk, as well as write that this event happened to the Windows 2000
event log. In order to improve performance on servers running Windows 2000,
Microsoft gave administrators the choice of optimizing the operating system's
memory and processor usage patterns for background services or for applications.
Windows 2000 also introduced core system administration and management

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features as the Windows Installer, Windows Management Instrumentation and
Event Tracing for Windows (ETW) into the operating system.
Plug and Play and hardware support improvements
The most notable improvement from Windows NT 4.0 is the addition of Plug and
Play with full ACPI and Windows Driver Model support. Similar to Windows 9x,
Windows 2000 supports automatic recognition of installed hardware, hardware
resource allocation, loading of appropriate drivers, PnP APIs and device
notification events. The addition of the kernel PnP Manager along with the Power
Manager are two significant subsystems added in Windows 2000.
Windows 2000 introduced version 3 print drivers (user mode printer drivers).
Generic support for 5-button mice is also included as standard and installing
IntelliPoint allows reassigning the programmable buttons. Windows 98 lacked
generic support. Driver Verifier was introduced to stress test and catch device
driver bugs.
Shell
Windows 2000 introduces layered windows that allow for transparency,
translucency and various transition effects like shadows, gradient fills and alpha
blended GUI elements to top-level windows. Menus support a new Fade transition
effect.
Improvements in Windows Explorer: "Web-style" folders, media preview and
customizable toolbars
The Start menu in Windows 2000 introduces personalized menus, expandable
special folders and the ability to launch multiple programs without closing the
menu by holding down the SHIFT key. A Re-sort button forces the entire Start
Menu to be sorted by name. The Taskbar introduces support for balloon
notifications which can also be used by application developers. Windows 2000
Explorer introduces customizable Windows Explorer toolbars, auto-complete in
Windows Explorer address bar and Run box, advanced file type association
features, displaying comments in shortcuts as tooltips, extensible columns in
Details view (IColumnProvider interface), icon overlays, integrated search pane in

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Windows Explorer, sort by name function for menus, and Places bar in common
dialogs for Open and Save.
Windows Explorer has been enhanced in several ways in Windows 2000. It is the
first Windows NT release to include Active Desktop, first introduced as a part of
Internet Explorer 4.0 (specifically Windows Desktop Update), and only pre-
installed in Windows 98 by that time. It allowed users to customize the way folders
look and behave by using HTML templates, having the file extension HTT. This
feature was abused by computer viruses that employed malicious scripts, Java
applets, or ActiveX controls in folder template files as their infection vector. Two
such viruses are VBS/Roor-C and VBS.Redlof.a.
The "Web-style" folders view, with the left Explorer pane displaying details for the
object currently selected, is turned on by default in Windows 2000. For certain file
types, such as pictures and media files, the preview is also displayed in the left
pane. Until the dedicated interactive preview pane appeared in Windows Vista,
Windows 2000 had been the only Windows release to feature an interactive media
player as the previewer for sound and video files, enabled by default. However,
such a previewer can be enabled in previous versions of Windows with the
Windows Desktop Update installed through the use of folder customization
templates. The default file tooltip displays file title, author, subject and comments;
this metadata may be read from a special NTFS stream, if the file is on an NTFS
volume, or from an OLE structured storage stream, if the file is a structured storage
document. All Microsoft Office documents since Office 4.0 make use of structured
storage, so their metadata is displayable in the Windows 2000 Explorer default
tooltip. File shortcuts can also store comments which are displayed as a tooltip
when the mouse hovers over the shortcut. The shell introduces extensibility
support through metadata handlers, icon overlay handlers and column handlers in
Explorer Details view.
NTFS 3.0
Microsoft released the version 3.0 of NTFS (sometimes incorrectly called NTFS 5
in relation to the kernel version number) as part of Windows 2000; this introduced
disk quotas (provided by QuotaAdvisor), file-system-level encryption, sparse files
and reparse points. Sparse files allow for the efficient storage of data sets that are

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very large yet contain many areas that only have zeros. Reparse points allow the
object manager to reset a file namespace lookup and let file system drivers
implement changed functionality in a transparent manner. Reparse points are used
to implement volume mount points, junctions, Hierarchical Storage Management,
Native Structured Storage and Single Instance Storage. Volume mount points and
directory junctions allow for a file to be transparently referred from one file or
directory location to another.
Windows 2000 also introduces a Distributed Link Tracking service to ensure file
shortcuts remain working even if the target is moved or renamed. The target
object's unique identifier is stored in the shortcut file on NTFS 3.0 and Windows
can use the Distributed Link Tracking service for tracking the targets of shortcuts,
so that the shortcut file may be silently updated if the target moves, even to another
hard drive.
Encrypting File System
The Encrypting File System (EFS) introduced strong file system-level encryption
to Windows. It allows any folder or drive on an NTFS volume to be encrypted
transparently by the user. EFS works together with the EFS service, Microsoft's
CryptoAPI and the EFS File System Runtime Library (FSRTL). To date, its
encryption has not been compromised.[citation needed]
EFS works by encrypting a file with a bulk symmetric key (also known as the File
Encryption Key, or FEK), which is used because it takes less time to encrypt and
decrypt large amounts of data than if an asymmetric key cipher were used. The
symmetric key used to encrypt the file is then encrypted with a public key
associated with the user who encrypted the file, and this encrypted data is stored in
the header of the encrypted file. To decrypt the file, the file system uses the private
key of the user to decrypt the symmetric key stored in the file header. It then uses
the symmetric key to decrypt the file. Because this is done at the file system level,
it is transparent to the user.
For a user losing access to their key, support for recovery agents that can decrypt
files is built into EFS. A Recovery Agent is a user who is authorized by a public
key recovery certificate to decrypt files belonging to other users using a special

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private key. By default, local administrators are recovery agents however they can
be customized using Group Policy.
Basic and dynamic disk storage
Windows 2000 introduced the Logical Disk Manager and the diskpart command
line tool for dynamic storage. All versions of Windows 2000 support three types of
dynamic disk volumes (along with basic disks): simple volumes, spanned volumes
and striped volumes:
Simple volume, a volume with disk space from one disk.
Spanned volumes, where up to 32 disks show up as one, increasing it in size but
not enhancing performance. When one disk fails, the array is destroyed. Some data
may be recoverable. This corresponds to JBOD and not to RAID-1.
Striped volumes, also known as RAID-0, store all their data across several disks in
stripes. This allows better performance because disk reads and writes are balanced
across multiple disks. Like spanned volumes, when one disk in the array fails, the
entire array is destroyed (some data may be recoverable).
In addition to these disk volumes, Windows 2000 Server, Windows 2000
Advanced Server, and Windows 2000 Datacenter Server support mirrored volumes
and striped volumes with parity:
Mirrored volumes, also known as RAID-1, store identical copies of their data on 2
or more identical disks (mirrored). This allows for fault tolerance; in the event one
disk fails, the other disk(s) can keep the server operational until the server can be
shut down for replacement of the failed disk.
Striped volumes with parity, also known as RAID-5, functions similar to striped
volumes/RAID-0, except "parity data" is written out across each of the disks in
addition to the data. This allows the data to be "rebuilt" in the event a disk in the
array needs replacement.
Accessibility

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With Windows 2000, Microsoft introduced the Windows 9x accessibility features
for people with visual and auditory impairments and other disabilities into the NT-
line of operating systems. These included:
StickyKeys: makes modifier keys (ALT, CTRL and SHIFT) become "sticky": a
user can press the modifier key, and then release it before pressing the combination
key. (Activated by pressing Shift five times quickly.)
FilterKeys: a group of keyboard-related features for people with typing issues,
including:
Slow Keys: Ignore any keystroke not held down for a certain period.
Bounce Keys: Ignore repeated keystrokes pressed in quick succession.
Repeat Keys: lets users slow down the rate at which keys are repeated via the
keyboard's key-repeat feature.
Toggle Keys: when turned on, Windows will play a sound when the CAPS LOCK,
NUM LOCK or SCROLL LOCK key is pressed.
SoundSentry: designed to help users with auditory impairments, Windows 2000
shows a visual effect when a sound is played through the sound system.
MouseKeys: lets users move the cursor around the screen via the numeric keypad.
SerialKeys: lets Windows 2000 support speech augmentation devices.
High contrast theme: to assist users with visual impairments.
Microsoft Magnifier: A screen magnifier that enlarges a part of the screen the
cursor is over.
Additionally, Windows 2000 introduced the following new accessibility features:
On-screen keyboard: displays a virtual keyboard on the screen and allows users to
press its keys using a mouse or a joystick.
Microsoft Narrator: Introduced in Windows 2000, this is a screen reader that
utilizes the Speech API 5.

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Languages and locales
Windows 2000 introduced the Multilingual User Interface (MUI). Besides English,
Windows 2000 incorporates support for Arabic, Armenian, Baltic, Central
European, Cyrillic, Georgian, Greek, Hebrew, Indic, Japanese, Korean, Simplified
Chinese, Thai, Traditional Chinese, Turkic, Vietnamese and Western European
languages. It also has support for many different locales.
Games
Windows 2000 included version 7.0 of the DirectX API, commonly used by game
developers on Windows 98. The last version of DirectX that Windows 2000
supports is DirectX 9.0c (Shader Model 3.0), that shipped with Windows XP
Service Pack 2. Microsoft published quarterly updates to DirectX 9.0c through the
February 2010 release after which support was dropped in the June 2010 SDK.
These updates contain bug fixes to the core runtime and some additional libraries
such as D3DX, XAudio 2, XInput and Managed DirectX components. The
majority of games written for versions of DirectX 9.0c (up to the February 2010
release) can therefore run on Windows 2000.
Windows 2000 included the same games as Windows NT 4.0 did: FreeCell,
Minesweeper, Pinball, and Solitaire.
System utilities
Windows 2000's Computer Management console can perform many system tasks.
This image shows a disk defragmentation in progress.
Windows 2000 introduced the Microsoft Management Console (MMC), which is
used to create, save, and open administrative tools. Each of these is called a
console, and most allow an administrator to administer other Windows 2000
computers from one centralised computer. Each console can contain one or many
specific administrative tools, called snap-ins. These can be either standalone (with
one function), or an extension (adding functions to an existing snap-in). In order to

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provide the ability to control what snap-ins can be seen in a console, the MMC
allows consoles to be created in author mode or user mode. Author mode allows
snap-ins to be added, new windows to be created, all portions of the console tree to
be displayed and consoles to be saved. User mode allows consoles to be distributed
with restrictions applied. User mode consoles can grant full access to the user for
any change, or they can grant limited access, preventing users from adding snapins
to the console though they can view multiple windows in a console. Alternatively
users can be granted limited access, preventing them from adding to the console
and stopping them from viewing multiple windows in a single console.
The System File Checker (SFC) also comes with Windows 2000. It is a command
line utility that scans system files and verifies whether they were signed by
Microsoft and works in conjunction with the Windows File Protection mechanism.
It can also repopulate and repair all the files in the Dllcache folder.
Recovery Console
The Recovery Console is usually used to recover unbootable systems.
The Recovery Console is run from outside the installed copy of Windows to
perform maintenance tasks that can neither be run from within it nor feasibly be
run from another computer or copy of Windows 2000. It is usually used to recover
the system from problems that cause booting to fail, which would render other
tools useless, like Safe Mode or Last Known Good Configuration, or chkdsk. It
includes commands like 'fixmbr', which are not present in MS-DOS.
It has a simple command line interface, used to check and repair the hard drive(s),
repair boot information (including NTLDR), replace corrupted system files with
fresh copies from the CD, or enable/disable services and drivers for the next boot.
The console can be accessed in either of the two ways:
Booting from the Windows 2000 CD, and choosing to start the Recovery Console
from the CD itself instead of continuing with setup. The Recovery Console is
accessible as long as the installation CD is available.

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Preinstalling the Recovery Console on the hard disk as a startup option in Boot.ini,
via WinNT32.exe, with the /cmdcons switch. In this case, it can only be started as
long as NTLDR can boot from the system partition.
Windows Scripting Host 2.0
Main article: Windows Script Host
Windows 2000 introduced Windows Script Host 2.0 which included an expanded
object model and support for logon and logoff scripts.
Networking
Starting with Windows 2000, the Server Message Block (SMB) protocol directly
interfaces with TCP/IP. In Windows NT 4.0, SMB requires the NetBIOS over
TCP/IP (NBT) protocol to work on a TCP/IP network.
Windows 2000 introduces a client-side DNS caching service. When the Windows
DNS resolver receives a query response, the DNS resource record is added to a
cache. When it queries the same resource record name again and it is found in the
cache, then the resolver does not query the DNS server. This speeds up DNS query
time and reduces network traffic.
Server family features
The Windows 2000 server family consists of Windows 2000 Server, Windows
2000 Advanced Server, and Windows 2000 Datacenter Server.
All editions of Windows 2000 Server have the following services and features built
in:
Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) support, facilitating dial-up and VPN
connections using IPsec, L2TP or L2TP/IPsec, support for RADIUS authentication
in Internet Authentication Service, network connection sharing, Network Address
Translation, unicast and multicast routing schemes.
Remote access security features: Remote Access Policies for setup, verify Caller
ID (IP address for VPNs), callback and Remote access account lockout

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Autodial by location feature using the Remote Access Auto Connection Manager
service
Extensible Authentication Protocol support in IAS (EAP-MD5 and EAP-TLS) later
upgraded to PEAPv0/EAP-MSCHAPv2 and PEAP-EAP-TLS in Windows 2000
SP4
DNS server, including support for Dynamic DNS. Active Directory relies heavily
on DNS.
IPsec support and TCP/IP filtering
Smart card support
Microsoft Connection Manager Administration Kit (CMAK) and Connection Point
Services
Support for distributed file systems (DFS)
Hierarchical Storage Management support including remote storage, a service that
runs with NTFS and automatically transfers files that are not used for some time to
less expensive storage media
Fault tolerant volumes, namely Mirrored and RAID-5
Group Policy (part of Active Directory)
IntelliMirror, a collection of technologies for fine-grained management of
Windows 2000 Professional clients that duplicates users' data, applications, files,
and settings in a centralized location on the network. IntelliMirror employs
technologies such as Group Policy, Windows Installer, Roaming profiles, Folder
Redirection, Offline Files (also known as Client Side Caching or CSC), File
Replication Service (FRS), Remote Installation Services (RIS) to address desktop
management scenarios such as user data management, user settings management,
software installation and maintenance.
COM+, Microsoft Transaction Server and Distributed Transaction Coordinator
MSMQ 2.0
TAPI 3.0

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Integrated Windows Authentication (including Kerberos, Secure channel and
SPNEGO (Negotiate) SSP packages for Security Support Provider Interface
(SSPI)).
MS-CHAP v2 protocol
NT's earlier domain model. Active Directory's hierarchical nature allowed
administrators a built-in way to manage user and computer policies and user
accounts, and to automatically deploy programs and updates with a greater degree
of scalability and centralization than provided in previous Windows versions. User
information stored in Active Directory also provided a convenient phone book-like
function to end users. Active Directory domains can vary from small installations
with a few hundred objects, to large installations with millions. Active Directory
can organise and link groups of domains into a contiguous domain name space to
form trees. Groups of trees outside of the same namespace can be linked together
to form forests.
Active Directory services could always be installed on a Windows 2000 Server,
Advanced Server, or Datacenter Server computer, and cannot be installed on a
Windows 2000 Professional computer. However, Windows 2000 Professional is
the first client operating system able to exploit Active Directory's new features. As
part of an organization's migration, Windows NT clients continued to function
until all clients were upgraded to Windows 2000 Professional, at which point the
Active Directory domain could be switched to native mode and maximum
functionality achieved.
Active Directory requires a DNS server that supports SRVresource records, or that
an organization's existing DNS infrastructure be upgraded to support this. There
should be one or more domain controllers to hold the Active Directory database
and provide Active Directory directory services.
Volume fault tolerance
Along with support for simple, spanned and striped volumes, the server family of
Windows 2000 also supports fault-tolerant volume types. The types supported are
mirrored volumes and RAID-5 volumes:

22
Mirrored volumes: the volume contains several disks, and when data is written to
one it is also written to the other disks. This means that if one disk fails, the data
can be totally recovered from the other disk. Mirrored volumes are also known as
RAID-1.
RAID-5 volumes: a RAID-5 volume consists of multiple disks, and it uses block-
level striping with parity data distributed across all member disks. Should a disk
fail in the array, the parity blocks from the surviving disks are combined
mathematically with the data blocks from the surviving disks to reconstruct the
data on the failed drive "on-the-fly."
Deployment
Windows 2000 system requirements
Minimum Recommended
IA-32 PCs
CPU Pentium 133 MHz Pentium II 300 MHz
Memory 32 MB (128 MB for Server) 128 MB
Hard drive 1 GB (2 GB for Server) 5 GB
Graphics hardware800×600 VGA or better monitor 1024×768 VGA or better
monitor
Input device(s) Keyboard or mouse Keyboard and mouse
Windows 2000 can be deployed to a site via various methods. It can be installed
onto servers via traditional media (such as CD) or via distribution folders that
reside on a shared folder. Installations can be attended or unattended. During a
manual installation, the administrator must specify configuration options.
Unattended installations are scripted via an answer file, or a predefined script in
the form of an INI file that has all the options filled in. An answer file can be
created manually or using the graphical Setup manager. The Winnt.exe or
Winnt32.exe program then uses that answer file to automate the installation.
Unattended installations can be performed via a bootable CD, using Microsoft
Systems Management Server (SMS), via the System Preparation Tool (Sysprep),

23
via the Winnt32.exe program using the /syspart switch or via Remote Installation
Services (RIS). The ability to slipstream a service pack into the original operating
system setup files is also introduced in Windows 2000.
The Sysprep method is started on a standardized reference computer – though the
hardware need not be similar – and it copies the required installation files from the
reference computer to the target computers. The hard drive does not need to be in
the target computer and may be swapped out to it at any time, with the hardware
configured later. The Winnt.exe program must also be passed a /unattend switch
that points to a valid answer file and a /s file that points to one or more valid
installation sources.
Sysprep allows the duplication of a disk image on an existing Windows 2000
Server installation to multiple servers. This means that all applications and system
configuration settings will be copied across to the new installations, and thus, the
reference and target computers must have the same HALs, ACPI support, and mass
storage devices – though Windows 2000 automatically detects "plug and play"
devices. The primary reason for using Sysprep is to quickly deploy Windows 2000
to a site that has multiple computers with standard hardware. (If a system had
different HALs, mass storage devices or ACPI support, then multiple images
would need to be maintained.)
Systems Management Server can be used to upgrade multiple computers to
Windows 2000. These must be running Windows NT 3.51, Windows NT 4.0,
Windows 98 or Windows 95 OSR2.x along with the SMS client agent that can
receive software installation operations. Using SMS allows installations over a
wide area and provides centralised control over upgrades to systems.
Remote Installation Services (RIS) are a means to automatically install Windows
2000 Professional (and not Windows 2000 Server) to a local computer over a
network from a central server. Images do not have to support specific hardware
configurations and the security settings can be configured after the computer
reboots as the service generates a new unique security ID (SID) for the machine.
This is required so that local accounts are given the right identifier and do not clash
with other Windows 2000 Professional computers on a network. RIS requires that
client computers are able to boot over the network via either a network interface

24
card that has a Pre-Boot Execution Environment (PXE) boot ROM installed or that
the client computer has a network card installed that is supported by the remote
boot disk generator. The remote computer must also meet the Net PC specification.
The server that RIS runs on must be Windows 2000 Server and it must be able to
access a network DNS Service, a DHCP service and the Active Directory services.
Editions
Microsoft released various editions of Windows 2000 for different markets and
business needs: Professional, Server, Advanced Server and Datacenter Server.
Each was packaged separately.
Windows 2000 Professional was designed as the desktop operating system for
businesses and power users. It is the client version of Windows 2000. It offers
greater security and stability than many of the previous Windows desktop
operating systems. It supports up to two processors,and can address up to 4 GB of
RAM. The system requirements are a Pentium processor (or equivalent) of 133
MHz or greater, at least 32 MB of RAM, 650 MB of hard drive space, and a CD-
ROM drive (recommended: Pentium II, 128 MB of RAM, 2 GB of hard drive
space, and CD-ROM drive).
Windows 2000 Server shares the same user interface with Windows 2000
Professional, but contains additional components for the computer to perform
server roles and run infrastructure and application software. A significant new
component introduced in the server versions is Active Directory, which is an
enterprise-wide directory service based on LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access
Protocol). Additionally, Microsoft integrated Kerberos network authentication,
replacing the often-criticised NTLM (NT LAN Manager) authentication system
used in previous versions. This also provided a purely transitive-trust relationship
between Windows 2000 domains in a forest (a collection of one or more Windows
2000 domains that share a common schema, configuration, and global catalog,
being linked with two-way transitive trusts). Furthermore, Windows 2000
introduced a Domain Name Server which allows dynamic registration of IP
addresses. Windows 2000 Server supports up to 4 processors and 4GB of RAM,
with a minimum requirement of 128 MB of RAM and 1 GB hard disk space,
however requirements may be higher depending on installed components.

25
Windows 2000 Advanced Server is a variant of Windows 2000 Server operating
system designed for medium-to-large businesses. It offers clustering infrastructure
for high availability and scalability of applications and services, including support
for up to 8 CPUs, a main memory amount of up to 8 gigabytes (GB) on Physical
Address Extension (PAE) systems and the ability to do 8-way SMP. It supports
TCP/IP load balancing and enhanced two-node server clusters based on the
Microsoft Cluster Server (MSCS) in Windows NT Server 4.0 Enterprise Edition.
System requirements are similar to those of Windows 2000 Server, however they
may need to be higher to scale to larger infrastructure.
Windows 2000 Datacenter Server is a variant of Windows 2000 Server designed
for large businesses that move large quantities of confidential or sensitive data
frequently via a central server. Like Advanced Server, it supports clustering,
failover and load balancing. Its minimum system requirements are normal, but it
was designed to be capable of handing advanced, fault-tolerant and scalable
hardware—for instance computers with up to 32 CPUs and 32 GBs RAM, with
rigorous system testing and qualification, hardware partitioning, coordinated
maintenance and change control. System requirements are similar to those of
Windows 2000 Advanced Server, however they may need to be higher to scale to
larger infrastructure. Windows 2000 Datacenter Server was released to
manufacturing on August 11, 2000 and launched on September 26, 2000. This
edition was based on Windows 2000 with Service Pack 1 and was not available at
retail.
Service packs
Windows 2000 has received four full service packs and one rollup update package
following SP4, which is the last service pack. These were: SP1 on August 15,
2000, SP2 on May 16, 2001, SP3 on August 29, 2002 and SP4 on June 26, 2003.
Microsoft phased out all development of its Java Virtual Machine (JVM) from
Windows 2000 in SP3. Internet Explorer 5.01 has also been upgraded to the
corresponding service pack level.

26
Microsoft had originally intended to release a fifth service pack for Windows 2000,
but Microsoft cancelled this project early in its development, and instead released
Update Rollup 1 for SP4, a collection of all the security-related hotfixes and some
other significant issues. The Update Rollup does not include all non-security
related hotfixes and is not subjected to the same extensive regression testing as a
full service pack. Microsoft states that this update will meet customers' needs better
than a whole new service pack, and will still help Windows 2000 customers secure
their PCs, reduce support costs, and support existing computer hardware.
Security
During the Windows 2000 period, the nature of attacks on Windows servers
changed: more attacks came from remote sources via the Internet. This has led to
an overwhelming number of malicious programs exploiting the IIS services –
specifically a notorious buffer overflow tendency. This tendency is not operating-
system-version specific, but rather configuration-specific: it depends on the
services that are enabled. Following this, a common complaint is that "by default,
Windows 2000 installations contain numerous potential security problems. Many
unneeded services are installed and enabled, and there is no active local security
policy." In addition to insecure defaults, according to the SANS Institute, the most
common flaws discovered are remotely exploitable buffer overflow vulnerabilities.
Other criticized flaws include the use of vulnerable encryption techniques.
Code Red and Code Red II were famous (and much discussed) worms that
exploited vulnerabilities of the Windows Indexing Service of Windows 2000's
Internet Information Services (IIS). In August 2003, security researchers estimated
that two major worms called Sobig and Blaster infected more than half a million
Microsoft Windows computers. The 2005 Zotob worm was blamed for security
compromises on Windows 2000 machines at ABC, CNN, the New York Times
Company, and the United States Department of Homeland Security.

27
On September 8, 2009, Microsoft skipped patching two of the five security flaws
that were addressed in the monthly security update, saying that patching one of the
critical security flaws was "infeasible. According to Microsoft Security Bulletin
MS09-048: "The architecture to properly support TCP/IP protection does not exist
on Microsoft Windows 2000 systems, making it infeasible to build the fix for
Microsoft Windows 2000 Service Pack 4 to eliminate the vulnerability. To do so
would require re-architecting a very significant amount of the Microsoft Windows
2000 Service Pack 4 operating system, [...] there would be no assurance that
applications designed to run on Microsoft Windows 2000 Service Pack 4 would
continue to operate on the updated system." No patches for this flaw were however
released for the newer Windows XP (32-bit) and Windows XP Professional x64
Edition either, despite both also being affected;Microsoft suggested turning on
Windows Firewall in those versions.
Support lifecycle
Windows 2000 was superseded by newer Microsoft operating systems: Windows
2000 Server products by Windows Server 2003, and Windows 2000 Professional
by Windows XP Professional.
The Windows 2000 family of operating systems moved from mainstream support
to the extended support phase on June 30, 2005. Microsoft says that this marks the
progression of Windows 2000 through the Windows lifecycle policy. Under
mainstream support, Microsoft freely provides design changes if any, service packs
and non-security related updates in addition to security updates, whereas in
extended support, service packs are not provided and non-security updates require
contacting the support personnel by e-mail or phone. Under the extended support
phase, Microsoft continued to provide critical security updates every month for all
components of Windows 2000 (including Internet Explorer 5.0 SP4) and paid per-
incident support for technical issues. Because of Windows 2000's age, updated
versions of components such as Windows Media Player 11 and Internet Explorer 7
have not been released for it. In the case of Internet Explorer, Microsoft said in
2005 that, "some of the security work in IE 7 relies on operating system
functionality in XP SP2 that is non-trivial to port back to Windows 2000."

28
While users of Windows 2000 Professional and Server were eligible to purchase
the upgrade license for Windows Vista Business or Windows Server 2008, neither
of these operating systems can directly perform an upgrade installation from
Windows 2000; a clean installation must be performed instead or a two-step
upgrade through XP/2003. Microsoft has dropped the upgrade path from Windows
2000 (and earlier) to Windows 7. Users of Windows 2000 must buy a full
Windows 7 license.
Although Windows 2000 is the last NT-based version of Microsoft Windows
which does not include product activation, Microsoft has introduced Windows
Genuine Advantage for certain downloads and non-critical updates from the
Download Center for Windows 2000.
Windows 2000 reached the end of its lifecycle on July 13, 2010. It will not receive
new security updates and new security-related hotfixes after this date. In Japan,
over 130,000 servers and 500,000 PCs in local governments were affected; many
local governments said that they will not update as they do not have funds to cover
a replacement.
As of 2011 Windows Update still supports the Windows 2000 updates available on
Patch Tuesday in July 2010, e.g., if older optional Windows 2000 features are
enabled later. Microsoft Office products under Windows 2000 have their own
product lifecycles. While Internet Explorer 6 for Windows XP did receive security
patches up until it lost support, this is not the case for IE6 under Windows 2000.
The Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool installed monthly by Windows
Update for XP and later versions can be still downloaded manually for Windows
2000.

29
Total cost of ownership
In October 2002, Microsoft commissioned IDC to determine the total cost of
ownership (TCO) for enterprise applications on Windows 2000 versus the TCO of
the same applications on Linux. IDC's report is based on telephone interviews of
IT executives and managers of 104 North American companies in which they
determined what they were using for a specific workload for file, print, security
and networking services. IDC determined that the four areas where Windows 2000
had a better TCO than Linux – over a period of five years for an average
organization of 100 employees – were file, print, network infrastructure and
security infrastructure. They determined, however, that Linux had a better TCO
than Windows 2000 for web serving. The report also found that the greatest cost
was not in the procurement of software and hardware, but in staffing costs and
downtime. While the report applied a 40% productivity factor during IT
infrastructure downtime, recognizing that employees are not entirely unproductive,
it did not consider the impact of downtime on the profitability of the business. The
report stated that Linux servers had less unplanned downtime than Windows 2000
servers. It found that most Linux servers ran less workload per server than
Windows 2000 servers and also that none of the businesses interviewed used 4-
way SMP Linux computers. The report also did not take into account specific
application servers – servers that need low maintenance and are provided by a
specific vendor. The report did emphasize that TCO was only one factor in
considering whether to use a particular IT platform, and also noted that as
management and server software improved and became better packaged the overall
picture shown could change.
Windows Server 2003
Windows Server 2003 (sometimes informally referred to as Win2K3, or just 2K3)
is a server operating system produced by Microsoft and released on April 24, 2003.
It was a successor of Windows 2000 Server and incorporated some of Windows
XP's features. An updated version, Windows Server 2003 R2, was released to
manufacturing on December 6, 2005. Its successor, Windows Server 2008, was

30
released on February 4, 2008. Windows Server 2003's kernel was later adopted in
the development of Windows Vista.
Overview
Windows Server 2003 was the follow-up to Windows 2000 Server, incorporating
compatibility and other features from Windows XP. Unlike Windows 2000 Server,
Windows Server 2003's default installation has none of the server components
enabled, to reduce the attack surface of new machines. Windows Server 2003
includes compatibility modes to allow older applications to run with greater
stability. It was made more compatible with Windows NT 4.0 domain-based
networking. Incorporating and upgrading a Windows NT 4.0 domain to Windows
2000 was considered difficult and time-consuming, and generally was considered
an all-or-nothing upgrade, particularly when dealing with Active Directory.
Windows Server 2003 brought in enhanced Active Directory compatibility, and
better deployment support, to ease the transition from Windows NT 4.0 to
Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP Professional.
Changes to various services include those to the IIS web server, which was almost
completely rewritten to improve performance and security, Distributed File
System, which now supports hosting multiple DFS roots on a single server,
Terminal Server, Active Directory, Print Server, and a number of other areas.
Windows Server 2003 was also the first operating system released by Microsoft
after the announcement of its Trustworthy Computing initiative, and as a result,
contains a number of changes to security defaults and practices.
The product went through several name changes during the course of development.
When first announced in 2000, it was known by its codename, "Whistler Server"; it
was named "Windows 2002 Server" for a brief time in mid-2001, followed by
"Windows .NET Server" and "Windows .NET Server 2003". After Microsoft
chose to focus the ".NET" branding on the .NET Framework, the OS was finally
released as "Windows Server 2003".

31
Development
Windows Server 2003 was the first Microsoft Windows version which was
thoroughly subjected to semi-automated testing for bugs with a software system
called PREfast developed by computer scientist Amitabh Srivastava at Microsoft
Research.The automated bug checking system was first tested on Windows 2000
but not thoroughly. Amitabh Srivastava's PREfast found 12% of Windows Server
2003's bugs, the remaining 88% being found by human computer programmers.
Microsoft employs more than 4,700 programmers who work on Windows, 60% of
whom are software testers[12]whose job is to find bugs in Windows source code.
Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates stated that Windows Server 2003 was Microsoft's
"most rigorously tested software to date." Microsoft later used Windows Server
2003's kernel in the development of Windows Vista.
Changes

32
Manage Your Server
The following features are new to Windows Server 2003:
 Internet Information Services (IIS) v6.0
 Significant improvements to Message Queuing
 Manage Your Server – a role management administrative tool that allows an
administrator to choose what functionality the server should provide
 Improvements to Active Directory, such as the ability to deactivate classes
from the schema, or to run multiple instances of the directory server
(ADAM)
 Improvements to Group Policy handling and administration
 Provides a backup system to restore lost files
 Improved disk management, including the ability to back up from shadows
of files, allowing the backup of open files.
 Improved scripting and command line tools, which are part of Microsoft's
initiative to bring a complete command shell to the next version of Windows
 Support for a hardware-based "watchdog timer", which can restart the server
if the operating system does not respond within a certain amount of time.
 The ability to create a rescue disk was removed in favor of Automated
System Recovery (ASR).
Windows Server 2008
Windows Server 2008 (sometimes abbreviated as "Win2K8"[4] "WinServer2K8"
"Windows 2008" or "W2K8") is one of Microsoft Windows' server line of
operating systems. Released to manufacturing on February 4, 2008, and officially
released on February 27, 2008, it is the successor to Windows Server 2003,
released nearly five years earlier. A second release, named Windows Server 2008
R2, was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009.[5]

33
History
Originally known as Windows Server Codename "Longhorn", Microsoft chairman
Bill Gates announced its official title (Windows Server 2008) during his keynote
address at WinHEC 16 May 2007.
Beta 1 was released on 27 July 2005, Beta 2 was announced and released on 23
May 2006 at WinHEC 2006 and Beta 3 was released publicly on 25 April 2007.
Release Candidate 0 was released to the general public on 24 September 2007 and
Release Candidate 1 was released to the general public on 5 December 2007.
Windows Server 2008 was released to manufacturing on 4 February 2008 and
officially launched on 27 February 2008.
Features
Windows Server 2008 is built from the same code base as Windows Vista;
therefore, it shares much of the same architecture and functionality. Since the code
base is common, it automatically comes with most of the technical, security,
management and administrative features new to Windows Vista such as the
rewritten networking stack (native IPv6, native wireless, speed and security
improvements); improved image-based installation, deployment and recovery;
improved diagnostics, monitoring, event logging and reporting tools; new security
features such as BitLocker and ASLR (address space layout randomization);
improved Windows Firewall with secure default configuration; .NET Framework
3.0 technologies, specifically Windows Communication Foundation, Microsoft
Message Queuing and Windows Workflow Foundation; and the core kernel,
memory and file system improvements. Processors and memory devices are
modeled as Plug and Play devices, to allow hot-plugging of these devices. This
allows the system resources to be partitioned dynamically using Dynamic
Hardware Partitioning; each partition has its own memory, processor and I/O host
bridge devices independent of other partitions.

34
Server Core
Default user interface for Server Core. Because Windows Explorer is removed
from Server Core, programs such as Notepad use the Windows NT 3.x-style file
dialog. Windows Server 2008 includes a variation of installation called Server
Core. Server Core is a significantly scaled-back installation where no Windows
Explorer shell is installed. All configuration and maintenance is done entirely
through command-line interface windows, or by connecting to the machine
remotely using Microsoft Management Console. However,
HYPER-V

35
Hyper-V architecture
Hyper-V is hypervisor-based virtualization software, forming a core part of
Microsoft's virtualization strategy. It virtualizes servers on an operating system's
kernel layer. It can be thought of as partitioning a single physical server into
multiple small computational partitions. Hyper-V includes the ability to act as a
Xen virtualization hypervisor host allowing Xen-enabled guest operating systems
to run virtualized.A beta version of Hyper-V shipped with certain x86-64 editions
of Windows Server 2008, prior to Microsoft's release of the final version of Hyper-
V on 26 June 2008 as a free download. Also, a standalone version of Hyper-V
exists; this version supports only x86-64 architecture.While the IA-32 editions of
Windows Server 2008 cannot run or install Hyper-V, they can run the MMC snap-
in for managing Hyper-V.
Windows System Resource Manager
Windows System Resource Manager (WSRM) is integrated into Windows Server
2008. It provides resource management and can be used to control the amount of
resources a process or a user can use based on business priorities. Process
Matching Criteria, which is defined by the name, type or owner of the process,
enforces restrictions on the resource usage by a process that matches the criteria.
CPU time, bandwidth that it can use, number of processors it can be run on, and
allocated to a process can be restricted. Restrictions can be set to be imposed only
on certain dates as well.
Server Manager
Server Manager is a new roles-based management tool for Windows Server 2008.
It is a combination of Manage Your Server and Security Configuration Wizard
SCW from Windows Server 2003. Server Manager is an improvement of the
Configure my server dialog that launches by default on Windows Server 2003
machines. However, rather than serve only as a starting point to configuring new
roles, Server Manager gathers together all of the operations users would want to
conduct on the server, such as, getting a remote deployment method set up, adding

36
more server roles etc., and provides a consolidated, portal-like view about the
status of each role.
System requirements
System requirements for Windows Server 2008 are as
follows
Criteria
2008 2008 R2
Minimum Recommended Minimum Recommended
CPU
 1 GHz (IA-32)
 1.4 GHz (x86-64
or Itanium)
2 GHz or
faster
1.4 GHz (x86-64
or Itanium)
2 GHz or faster
RAM 512 MB
2 GB or
greater
512 MB 2 GB or greater
HDD
 Other editions,
32-bit: 20 GB
 Other editions,
64-bit: 32 GB
 Foundation: 10
GB
40 GB or
greater
 Foundation: 10
GB
 Other editions:
32 GB
 Foundation: 10
GB or greater
 Other editions:
32 GB or
greater
Devices DVD drive, 800 × 600 or higher display, keyboard and mouse
Windows Server 2008 R2
Windows Server 2008 R2 is a server operating system produced by Microsoft. It
was released to manufacturing (RTM) on July 22, 2009 and launched on October
22, 2009. According to the Windows Server Blog, the retail availability was
September 14, 2009. It is built on the same kernel used with the client-oriented
Windows 7. It is the first 64-bit–only operating system released from Microsoft.
Enhancements include new functionality for Active Directory, new virtualization
and management features, version 7.5 of the Internet Information Services (IIS)
web server and support for up to 256 logical processors. There are seven editions:
Foundation, Standard, Enterprise, Datacenter, Web, HPC Server and Itanium, as
well as Windows Storage Server 2008 R2.

37
Scalability
Specification
Windows Server
2012
Windows Server
2008 R2
Physical processors[a] 64 64
Logical processors
when Hyper-V is disabled
640 256
Logical processors
when Hyper-V is enabled
320[b] 64
Memory 4 TB 2 TB
Failover cluster nodes (in any
single cluster)
64 16

38
CONCLUSION
With the help of this website students can choose the career after
completed 12th and graduation . The main purpose behind this website to
solve the problem of student for confused their career

39
REFERENCES
www.careerfutura.com/
www.justclial.com>Indore>
Consekkors> Counselling Service

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Serial No Class Name Total Result
1 Bsc 1 Sem 425/600 Pass
2 Bsc II SEM 431/600 Pass
3 BSC IIISEM 458/600 Pass
4 BSC IV SEM 471/600 Pass
5 BSC V SEM 478/600 Pass
6

41
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DATE Sign of Student Operator institution Signature

42
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