basic think of automobile chassis body and working of petrol and desial engine drives also

1. Vehicle structures and engines
By
Vikas Kumar
AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
Code: 1153AU106

2. History of Automobile
• The first car was built by Joseph Cugnot in 1769. It was powered by a
steam engine and was very slow.
• Jean Joseph Étienne Lenoir was the first to build the one cylinder
engine, internal-combustion engine, was later patent.
• Nikolaus August Otto built the first four cylinder engine.
• In 1886 Gottlieb Daimler designed the first four wheeled automobile.
They also created the first v-slanted engine.
• Karl Benz, know as one of the founders of Mercedes-Benz, is the first
to build an automobile powered by an internal combustion engine.

3. Vehicle assemblies

4. • There are three main general classifications of the various types of vehicles. They
are:
– Single unit vehicles or load carriers.
– Articulated vehicles
– Heavy tractor vehicles.
CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES
AUTOMOBILES
PASSENGER
VEHICLES
LIGHT
VEHICLES
HEAVY
VEHICLES
GOODS
VEHICLES
LIGHT
VEHICLES
HEAVY
VEHICLES

5. PASSENGER
VEHICLES
LIGHT
VEHICLES
THREE
WHEELER
SCOOTERS
MOTOR
CYCLES
JEEP
STATION
WAGONS
PICK UPS CARS
HEAVY
VEHICLES
PASSENGER VEHICLES

6. PASSENGER
VEHICLES
LIGHT
VEHICLES
HEAVY
VEHICLES
BUSES
SINGLE DECK
MINI BUSES BIG BUSES
DOUBLE DECK
COACHES
DELUXE
AIR
CONDITIONED
PASSENGER VEHICLES

7. GOODS
VEHICLES
LIGHT
VEHICLES
DELIVERY
VAN
LIGHT
TRUCK
TEMPO
THREE
WHEELERS
FOUR
WHEELERS
HEAVY
VEHICLES
GOODS VEHICLES

8. GOODS
VEHICLES
LIGHT
VEHICLES
HEAVY
VEHICLES
TRUCK
TRACTOR
TRAILER
GOODS VEHICLES

9. Broad classification of cars present in the Indian market:
ESTATE/STATION
WAGON
SPORTS UTILITY VEHICLE
MULTI-PURPOSE VEHICLE
MULTI-UTILITY VEHICLE
SEDAN/NOTCHBACK
HATCHBACK
PICK-UP TRUCK
VAN

10. The chassis Layout
– The chassis forms the complete
operating unit and is capable of
running with its own power.
– It is an assembly of vehicle
without body.
– The chassis includes the frame,
wheels, axles, springs, shock
absorbers, engine, clutch,
gearbox, propeller shaft and
universal joints, differential and
half shafts, steering, brakes and
accelerator, fuel tank, storage
battery, radiator and silencer.

11. GRILLE
BONNET
WINDSHIELD
A-PILLAR
B-PILLAR ROOF
C-PILLAR
BOOT
DOOR
HANDLES
GLASS
DOOR
FENDER
BUMPER
Car body terminology

12. • Carries passengers in the sitting position and also accommodates their luggage.
• Light motor vehicles designed to carry passengers and sometimes goods, are
broadly classified as follows:
– Saloon/Sedan car . E.g:Indigo Manza, Swift Dzire, Logan
• Saloon cars have an enclosed compartment to accommodate a row of
front and row of rear seats without any partition between the driver and
rear passenger seats.
• A separate luggage space is made either at the front or the rear based on
the location of the engine.
• One or two doors are provided on each side of the car but if the car is a
hatchback a door replaces the luggage space. E.g. Nano, Indica, Jazz,
Punto
MOTOR CAR

13. – Coupe
• The coupe is the outcome of changes in saloon
car design and has two doors, two front seats
and a hard roof.
• When two additional small seats are provided
at the rear, the layout is known as 2+2.
– Convertible
• Normally cars of this type have two doors and
two seats but sometimes two extra seats are
also provided.
• Generally these have a soft folding roof and
wind-up windows to make the compartment
either open or closed.
– Estate car/station wagon
• In this type the passenger roof of saloon is
completely extended to the back end so that
rear space is increased.
• For access a rear door is provided and
sometimes the rear seats are designed to
collapse to provide additional space for
carrying goods.

14. – Pick – up
• This type of vehicle is generally classified as a
two – door front – seating van with an open back
to carry mixed collection of goods. E.g. Xenon,
Scorpio Getaway
• VANS
– These are light goods vehicles used for long distances
or door – door delivery.
– They have seats in the front for the driver and for
only one or two passengers.
– The engine is usually located over or just in front of
the front axle. E.g. Winger, Ace Magic, Omni.

15. • Commercial vehicles used for the transportation of
heavy goods are generally referred to as lorries.
• Vehicles are grouped into two categories
– Rigid truck
– Articulated vehicles
• Rigid trucks are further classified based on the
number of wheel hubs and the number of drive axle
hubs
– A four wheeler (4 x 2) truck with two driving
wheels
– A six wheeler (6 x 2) truck with two driving
wheels
– A six wheeler (6 x 4) truck with four driving
wheels
– An eight wheeler (8 x 4) truck with four driving
wheels.
LORRIES/TRUCKS

16. • Articulated vehicles use a tractor unit for providing the propulsive power and a
semi-trailer for carrying the payload.
• The tractor uses a short rigid chassis and two or three axles.
• The front axle carries the steered road wheels and the rear axle is the driving (live)
one.
• The middle axle may either function as an additional drive axle or for dual steering.
• Fifth wheel coupling : Fifth wheel coupling is the swivel mechanism used to attach
the trailer to the tractor unit
• Articulated vehicle further classified as:
– 4 wheeler and 2 wheel trailer (rigid 4 x 2 tractor and single axle 2 articulated
trailer)
– 6 wheeler tandem drive axle tractor and 4 wheel trailer ( rigid 6 x 4 tractor and
tandem axle 4 articulated trailer)
– 6 wheeler dual steer axle tractor and six wheel trailer ( rigid 6 x 2 tractor and
tri – axle 6 articulated trailer)
ARTICULATED TRACTOR & SEMI TRAILER

17. • Side view and underside view of
a conventional 18-wheeler semi-
trailer truck with an enclosed cargo
space. The underside view shows
the arrangement of the
18 tires (wheels).
• Shown in blue in the underside
view are the axles, drive shaft,
and differentials.
• The legend for labelled parts of the
truck is as follows:
1. tractor unit
2. semi-trailer (detachable)
3. engine compartment
4. cabin
5. sleeper (not present in all trucks)
6. air dam
7. fuel tanks
8. fifth wheel coupling
9. enclosed cargo space
10. landing gear - legs for when
semi-trailer is detached
11. tandem axles

18. Typical Engine Configurations – 4 types - drives
Front engine, front wheel drive
Front engine, rear wheel drive
Front engine, front wheel drive can help
with the drive-ability of the vehicle. The
engine weight over the driven wheels gives
greater traction. This can be particularly
useful in adverse weather conditions.
Front engine, rear wheel drive
configuration has the advantage of
better weight distribution. However,
some traction can be lost because the
bulk of the weight is not over the
driving wheels.

19. Typical Engine Configurations….Drives
Rear engine, rear wheel drive
Rear engine, rear wheel drive provides a
larger load to the rear driving wheels.
However, it can become ‘tail heavy’ which
affects handling of the vehicle. It also
reduces luggage space (which is now in the
front), as the passenger seats need to be
moved forward in order to accommodate
the engine.
Tatra 77, Volkswagen Bug/Beetle
Mid-engine, rear wheel drive
Mid-engine, rear wheel drive engines
provide good vehicle handling and good
traction at the rear wheels. They are
normally found on two-seat sports cars
where these factors are important.
Porsche 914, Toyota MR2

20. FOUR WHEEL DRIVE
– This arrangement is safer because of distribution of the drive
to all four wheels.
– The sharing of the load between the four wheels during acceleration reduces the
risks of wheel spin specifically on slippery surfaces like snow and mud.
– In addition the positive drive to each wheel during braking minimizes the
possibility of wheel lock- up.
– On an icy road or across off-highway a two-wheel-drive vehicle soon becomes
non-drivable due to the loss of grip of one of the driving wheels which causes the
wheel to spin.

21. Materials required to make body parts
• The main requirements of the steel sheet used for making
car bodies are as follows:
•Low tensile strength and high ductility for ease of
forming.
•Easily assembled to form a body unit.
•Light in weight.
•Cheap as possible.

22. Materials required to make body parts
• Low-carbon steel has these properties and is
produced in the large quantities for this purpose.
• A typical composition is:
• Carbon 0.080%
• Silicon 0.002%
• Sulphur 0.020%
• Phosphorous 0.020%
• Manganese 0.350%

23. Engines – Types of Engines, components, functions and materials, working principle,
comparison of four stroke and two stroke engines.

24. •
On a broad view engines are classified as
Thermal engines:
Internal combustion engines (IC engines)
External combustion engines (EC engines)
Electrical engines
In this ppt we would discuss only about Ic engines as
they are used in almost all automobiles.
IC ENGINES
Types Of IC Engines
(i) According to type of ignition use
(a)SI Engine (b) CI Engine
Spark Ignition Engine Compression Ignition
Engine
SI ENGINE
CI ENGINE

25. (2)According to cycle of operation:
Involves four processes ie suction ,compression ,ignition or combustion, exhaust
• Two Stroke: Involves ports, no valves, used in motor cycles. One power stroke
per one revolution of crankshaft. Lower efficiency
• Four Stroke: Involves valves , efficiency is higher. One power stroke per two
revolutions of crankshaft.

27. (3)According to number and position of cylinder:

28. (4)According to the fuel used
• Petrol Engines
• Diesel Engines
• Dual fuel engines
• Petrol Engines
• Diesel Engines
• Dual fuel engines

29. (5)According to charge stratification
1.Homogeneous Charge (pre mixed charge)
(i) With carburetion
2.Stratified Charge
(i)With fuel injection

30. According to the speed
• Low Speed Engines
• Medium Speed Engines
• High Speed Engines

31. (7)According to cooling system
(i) Liquid cooled
(ii) air cooled
Air cooled engine water cooled

32. (i) Otto cycle(combustion at constant volume)
(ii) Diesel Cycle(combustion at constant pressure)
(iii) Dual Combustion engines
(8) According to Thermodynamic cycle

33. Components Of IC engine

35. • Cranckshaft: Device where reciprocating motion is converted into
rotatory motion.
• Connecting rod: connects piston with crankshaft.
• Flywheel : Its purpose is to sustain the rotatory motion and keep
the crank shaft turning at constant speed during the time when
the power stroke is not taking place.
• Camshaft: It is used for opening and closing valves .
• Cooling System: Does not allow cylinder wall and piston to expand due
to heat generated.
IC ENGINE PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

36. Engine components and its function and material
Cylinder head
The main function of cylinder is to guide the piston.
Material :
• Grey cast iron – Wear and Corrosion
• Aluminium alloy – Aluminium –silicon - Better casing properties

37. Cylinder head
• The main function of cylinder head is to seal the cylinder block and
not to permit entry and exit of gases on cover head valve engine.
Types:
• Loop flow type cylinder head
• Off set cross – flow type cylinder head
• In-line cross-flow type cylinder head

38. Pistons
Functions:
• To transmit the force of explosion to the crankshaft.
• To form a seal so that the high pressure gases in the combustion
chamber do not escape in to the crankcase.
•To serve as guide and a bearing for small end of the connecting rod.
Material:
Cast iron and aluminium alloy (Aluminium – silicon)
Advantages of aluminium alloy:
• Three time lighter than cast iron
•Higher thermal conductivity
Disadvantages:
• It is not as strong as cast iron (Hence thicker section have to be is
used)

39. Piston rings
Functions:
• Prevention of leakage of gas into the crank case.
• Prevention of lubricating oil film
• Prevention of lubricant entry into the combustion chamber above the
piston head.
• Removing unnecessary and excessive lubricating oil from cylinder
wall.
• Prevention of carbon deposit and other impurities.
• Easy transmission of heat from piston to cylinder wall.
• Balancing of side thrust of the piston
Piston rings are made of cast iron of fine grain and high elastic
material which is not affected by the working heat. Sometimes it is
made by alloy spring steel.
Compression ring , Oil ring

41. Connecting rod
The function of connecting rod is to convert the reciprocating
motion of the piston in to the rotary motion of the crankshaft.
Material:
• Drop forging of steel or duralumin.
• Malleable or Spheroidal graphite cast iron.

42. Crank shaft
The function of crank shaft is receives the efforts or thrust
supplied by piston to the connecting rod and converts the
reciprocating motion of piston into rotary motion of crankshaft
Material:
• Forging steel
• Spheroidal graphitic
• Nickel alloy castings

43. Valves
• To control the inlet and exhaust of internal combustion engine,
valves are used.
• Two valves are used for each cylinder one for inlet of air-fuel
mixture inside the cylinder and other for exhaust of combustion
gases.

44. Spark plug
• It is used in spark ignition engine. The main function of a spark plug
is to conduct the high potential from the ignition system into the
combustion chamber to ignite the compressed air fuel mixture.

45. Manifold
• The main function of manifold is to supply the air fuel mixture and
collects the exhaust gases equally form all cylinder.
• In an internal combustion engine two manifold are used, one for
intake and other for exhaust.
• They are usually made by aluminium alloy.

46. Camshaft
• Camshaft is used in IC engine to control the opening and closing of
valves at proper timing.
• It is drive by the timing belt which drives by crankshaft.
• It is placed at the top or at the bottom of cylinder.
• They are usually made by cast iron with an addition of 1% chrome.

47. Flywheel
• The main function of flywheel is to rotate
preparatory stroke.
• It also makes crankshaft rotation more uniform.
the shaft during
They are usually made by cast iron.

48. IC ENGINES PRINCIPLE AND ITS WORKING
 IC engines work on the principle of ideal has law pv=nRT
 As temperature of gas increases the pressure also increases which
tends the gas to expand.
 Four Processes are involved in IC engines
(1)Suction of air
fuel mixture or
only air
(2)Compression
of air fuel
mixture or only
air
(3)Combustion
of air fuel
mixture
(4)Exhaust of
burnt air fuel
mixture