Chromatography is a process used to separate components of a mixture. There are several types of chromatography that separate mixtures using different properties like size, charge, or interaction with a stationary phase. Some common types are column chromatography which purifies biomolecules, ion-exchange chromatography which separates charged molecules like proteins, and affinity chromatography which separates molecules based on biological interactions like antigen-antibody binding. Other techniques described are paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, fast protein liquid chromatography, and pyrolysis gas chromatography.

1. Chromatography and
Its Types

2. Chromatography
01
It is a process for separating components
of a mixture. Generally used for creating
vaccinations, food testing, beverage
testing, drug testing, and forensic testing.

3. Column Chromatography
02
This technique is used for the purification
of biomolecules and to separate a single
chemical compound from a mixture
dissolved in a fluid.

4. Ion- exchange
chromatography
03
It is used to separate charged biological
molecules such as proteins, peptides,
amino acids, or nucleotides. It is often
used as a first step in protein purification.

5. 04
Gel- permeation (molecular
sieve) chromatography
It is a type of molecular sieving
chromatography, used in the separation of
a sample into its constituent parts based
on their molecular sizes.

6. 05
Affinity chromatography
It is used in separating biochemical
mixtures, based on a highly specific
biologic interaction such as that between
antigen and antibody, enzyme and
substrate, or receptor and ligand.

7. 06
Paper chromatography
It is used for the separation of a mixture
having polar and non-polar compounds,
separation of amino acids, and
determining organic compounds,
biochemicals in urine, etc.

8. 07
Thin-layer chromatography
It is used for separating organic
compounds. It is a quick, generic method
for organic reaction monitoring.

9. 08
Gas chromatography
It is used in analytical chemistry for
separating and analyzing compounds that
can be vaporized without decomposition.
This includes testing the purity of a
particular substance, or separating the
different components of a mixture.

10. 09
Hydrophobic Interaction
Chromatography (HIC)
It separates molecules based on their
hydrophobicity and is used for purifying
proteins while maintaining biological
activity due to the use of conditions and
matrices that operate under less
denaturing conditions.

11. 10
High-performance Liquid
Chromatography (HPLC)
It is used to separate, identify, and quantify
each component in a mixture like detecting
vitamin D levels in blood serum.

12. 11
Fast Protein Liquid
Chromatography
It is a form of medium-pressure
chromatography that uses a pump to
control the speed at which the mobile
phase passes through the stationary
phase to analyze or purify mixtures of
proteins.

13. 12
Pyrolysis Gas
Chromatography
It is a potent analytical tool able to
thermally crack (fragment) essentially non-
volatile molecules into fragments suitable
for chromatographic analysis. The
technique enables a reproducible and
characteristic “fingerprint” to be generated
of a non-volatile sample.