General Pathology

1. Prof.Dr.
Khalil Hassan Zenad
Aljeboori
Copyrights©2017lAliraqiaUniversitylDentistrylPathologylProf.Dr.KhalilHassanZenadAljeboori.
CELLULAR ADAPTATION AND
DISTURBANCES OF GROWTH
Lecture 7

2. Copyrights©2017lAliraqiaUniversitylDentistrylPathologylProf.Dr.KhalilHassanZenadAljeboori.
Adaptation :
Are reversible change in tissue either physiological
like enlargement of uterus or breast during
pregnancy or due disease conditions .

3. Copyrights©2017lAliraqiaUniversitylDentistrylPathologylProf.Dr.KhalilHassanZenadAljeboori.
A. Physiological: like hypertrophy of skeletal muscle in
athletes or workers, or uterus during pregnancy .
B. Pathological: like cardiomegaly secondary to hypertension.
The adaption can progress to dysfunction if the stress or cause
is not relieved .
1. Hypertrophy : increase in size of cells resulted into increase
in the size of the whole organ maybe :

4. Copyrights©2017lAliraqiaUniversitylDentistrylPathologylProf.Dr.KhalilHassanZenadAljeboori.
Causes :
A. Decrease work load examples : immobilization of limbs .
B. denervation as in poliomyelitis .
C. Decrease blood supply .
D. inadequate nutrition .
E. Loss of endocrine stimulation, example : postmenopausal
endometrial atrophy .
2. Atrophy : shrinkage of cell size by loss of cell substance this opposite to
hypertrophy, when more cells involved lead to reduce the size of organ .

5. Copyrights©2017lAliraqiaUniversitylDentistrylPathologylProf.Dr.KhalilHassanZenadAljeboori.
A. Physiological hyperplasia: proliferation of glandular epithelial of
breast during pregnancy and enlargement of uterus during pregnancy .
B. Compensatory hyperplasia: occur when part of tissue is removed,
the other part of tissue proliferate to restore the normal size of the organ like
liver .
Most of pathological hyperplasia caused by excessive hormonal and growth
factor, example excessive estrogen stimulation lead to endometrial
hyperplasia and papilloma virus in skin cause squamous cells hyperplasia, if
the cause hormone or growth factor or virus are subsided the hyperplasia
disappear if the cause not subsided and continued the hyperplasia develop
into cancer .
3. Hyperplasia : Increase in the number of cells, randomly
proliferation of cells under different stimuli .

6. Copyrights©2017lAliraqiaUniversitylDentistrylPathologylProf.Dr.KhalilHassanZenadAljeboori.
The metaplastic epithelium still survive the protective mechanism such as cilia and mucus
production .
Also if the cause example smoking is persisting the metaplasia predispose into malignant
transformation such squamous cell carcinoma in bronchi in heavy smokers, also in urinary
bladder in schistosomiasis squamous metaplasia occur, if persists may develop to cancer.
Closely related topic to metaplasia is the process of dysplasia which is the definite step in
cancer evolution .
Dysplasia : A disordered growth in mucus membrane like cervix, does not progress to
cancer, dysplastic cells showed pleomorphic, hyperchromatic and show abundant mitotic
figure, mild or moderate dysplasia is reversible but diffuse dysplasia become cancer .
Anaplasia: Loss of normal cellular differentiation or organization i.e. cells become primitive,
embryonic and undifferentiated type, this important feature of tumor cell .
Anaplasia = Malignant
Neoplasia = tumor
4. Metaplasia : Reversible change in which the mature adult cell ( epithelial or
mesenchymal cell ) replaced by another relative cell type, example : ciliated columnar
epithelium of trachea, bronchi replaced by squamous epithelium in smoking .

7. PRESENTATION
ENDS
Copyrights © 2017 l Aliraqia University l Dentistry l Pathology l Prof.Dr. Khalil Hassan Zenad Aljeboori.
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