2. Morphology of cell injury Adaptive
changes
• Morphology is the Study of form,
shape or structure.
• Adaptive mechanisms described
basic pattern of macroscopic change
which can be include by both
• Pathological injury.
• Physilogical stimuli.
5. HYPERTROPHY
•Increase in physical size of
cells with subsequent
increase in the volume of
an organ or tissue due to
the enlargement of its
component cells.
6. Types of hypertrophy
• Cellular hypertrophy- increase
in cell size
• Organ hypertrophy- increase
in organ size
16. Hypertrophy
• This is cardiac hypertrophy involving
the left ventricle.
• The number of myocardial fibres
does not increase, but their size can
increase in response to an increased
workload,
• leading to the marked thickening of
the left ventricle in this patient with
systemic hypertension.
18. HYPERPLASIA
• Hyperplasia or hypergenesis is an
increase in the amount of organic tissue
that results from cell proliferation.
• It may lead to the gross enlargement of
an organ, and the term is sometimes
confused with benign neoplasia or
benign tumor.
• Hyperplasia is a common preneoplastic
response to stimulus.
19. HYPERPLASIA
• The enlargement of an organ or
tissue caused by an increase in the
reproduction rate of its cells, often
as an initial stage in the
development of cancer
• Before cancer cells form in tissues of
the body, the cells go through
abnormal changes called
hyperplasia and dysplasia
20. • Hyperplasia is NOT a neoplastic
process, but it may be fertile soil
for malignancy.
• Atypical Hyperplasia in the
endometrium carries an
increased risk for development
of endometrial adenocarcinoma
22. PHYSIOLOGIC HYPERPLASIA
1. Hormonal hyperplasia-
female breast at puberty and
in pregnancy
1. Compensatory hyperplasia-
liver regeneration after
partial resection
33. ATROPHY
• Decrease in the physical size
of a cell or organ by loss of cell
substance (both size and
number)
• Reduced functionality of an
organ, with decrease in the
number or volume of cells
34. Types of atrophy
• Cellular atrophy cause
decrease in organ size
• Muscle atrophy decrease in
the mass of the muscle
35. Causes of Pathologic Atrophy
1. Decreased workload or physical activity
2. Loss of innervation e.g poliomyelitis
3. Decreased blood supply
4. Inadequate nutrition
5. Loss of endocrine stimulation e.g-
gonandal atrophy.
6. Aging e.g-brown atrophy of heart.
7. Malnutrition
8. Burn and broken bones
39. METAPLASIA
• Metaplasia "change in form" is the
transformation of one differentiated cell
type to another differentiated cell type.
• The change from one type of cell to
another may be part of a normal
maturation process, or caused by some
sort of abnormal stimulus
40. Metaplasia
Pathological irritation-is cigarette
smoke that causes the mucus-
secreting ciliated pseudostratified
columnar respiratory epithelial
cells that line the airways to be
replaced by stratified squamous
epitheliumChronic irritation
45. DYSPLASIA
• abnormality of development or an
epithelial anomaly of growth and
differentiation
• The cell look abnormal under a
microscopic but are not cancer cells.
• Hyperplasia and dysplasia may not may
not become cancer.
• Abnormal and potentially reversible
process where there is disordered
growth and maturaton of cells and tissue
46. DYSPLASIA
• The number of adult and mature cells
decrease while the number immature cells
increase.
• Normal cells may become cancer cells.
Before cancer cells form in tissues of the
body, the cells go through abnormal
changes called hyperplasia
and dysplasia. ...
• In dysplasia, the cells look abnormal under
a microscope but are not cancer.
