Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry

1. BP504 T.
{PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY II
(Theory)}
Gaurav Saxena

2. UNIT-I 07 Hours
Metabolic pathways in higher plants and their determination
a) Brief study of basic metabolic pathways and formation of different
secondary metabolites through these pathways- Shikimic acid
pathway, Acetate pathways and Amino acid pathway.
b) b) Study of utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of
Biogenetic studies.

3. Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that occur in a cell, which enable
it to keep living, growing and dividing. Metabolic processes are usually
classified as:
Catabolism - obtaining energy and reducing power from nutrients.
Anabolism - production of new cell components, usually through processes
that require energy and reducing power obtained from nutrient catabolism.

4. A plant cell produces two types of metabolites: Primary Metabolites
involved directly in growth and metabolism, and Secondary
Metabolites considered as end products of primary metabolism and
not involved in metabolic activity. The group of pathways
synthesizing simpler but essential molecules for normal
physiological growth and energy requirements of plants is called
primary metabolism and the products are called primary
metabolites. They are widely distributed in nature and are also
utilized as food by man obtained from nutrient catabolism.

5. Primary metabolites such as carbohydrates, organic and amino acids,
vitamins, hormones, flavonoids, phenolics, and glucosinolates are
essential for plant growth, development, stress adaptation, and defence.
Besides the importance for the plant itself, such metabolites determine the
nutritional quality of food, colour, taste, smell, antioxidative,
anticarcinogenic, antihypertension, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial,
immunostimulating, and cholesterol-lowering properties.

6. Secondary metabolites are compounds produced in other metabolic
pathways that, although important, are not essential to the functioning of
the plant. However, secondary plant metabolites are useful in the long
term, often for defence purposes, and give plants characteristics such as
colour. Secondary plant metabolites are also used in signalling and
regulation of primary metabolic pathways. Plant hormones, which are
secondary metabolites, are often used to regulate the metabolic activity
within cells and oversee the overall development of the plant.

7. Secondary metabolites are compounds produced in other metabolic
pathways that, although important, are not essential to the functioning of
the plant. However, secondary plant metabolites are useful in the long
term, often for defence purposes, and give plants characteristics such as
colour. Secondary plant metabolites are also used in signalling and
regulation of primary metabolic pathways. Plant hormones, which are
secondary metabolites, are often used to regulate the metabolic activity
within cells and oversee the overall development of the plant.

8. Synthesis vs. Biosynthesis Synthesis refers to the formation of
macromolecules from small molecules artificially. Biosynthesis refers to the
formation of larger organic compounds from small molecules within a living
organism. Process Synthesis is artificial and chemical. Biosynthesis is
biological and catalyzed by enzymes. Resulting Polymers Synthesis can result
in polymers which are organic or non-organic. Biosynthesis is biological and
catalyzed by enzymes. Occurrence Synthesis occurs outside living organisms.
Biosynthesis occurs within a living organism.

9. Summary
Metabolism & Metabolic pathways
Plant Metabolites
Biosynthesis and Synthesis

10. Doubts

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