Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Carbohydrates in Bacteria
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Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Carbohydrates in Bacteria
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Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Carbohydrates in Bacteria
- 1. Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Carbohydrates in Bacteria Navaira Arif Roll No. 18
- 2. Metabolism • All of the chemical reactions and physical occurings within a living organism • Bacteria obtain the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce by metabolism. • Metabolic functions are often performed by several enzymatic reactions in a series or “pathway”.
- 3. Enzymes – catalysts that speed up chemical reactions Enzymes are substrate specific Sucrases – Sucrose Lactases – Lactose Lipases – Lipids Proteases – Proteins Ureases – Urea DNases – DNA
- 4. Overview of cell metabolism
- 5. Carbohydrate Anabolism • H2 , H2 S and organic compounds are the source of electron donor • O2 never formed as a product • Bacteriochlorophyll absorb light at longer wavelength (infrared region) • Only has cyclic photophosphorylation Bacterial Photosynthesis
- 7. Bacteria – Anoxygenic Phototrophs
- 8. Green Sulphur Bacteria (Chlorobium) Purple Sulphur Bacteria (Chromatium) Halophiles use Bacteriorhodops in Chemoautotraphs use O2 in the air to oxidize inorganic compounds and produce ATP (Thiobacillus, Nitorsomonas, Nitrobacter)
- 9. Chemiosmosis occur only in intact membranes • No proton movement – No ATP production – Organism dies • Point of action of antibiotics
- 10. Carbohydrate Catabolism • Microorganisms oxidize carbohydrates as their primary source of energy • Glucose - most common energy source • 1 mole of glucose yields 686,000 calories • Not all energy trapped by bacteria, only 40% is absorbed • Stepwise process
- 11. • After Sugars are made or obtained, they are the energy source of life. – Breakdown of sugar occurs in different ways: Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Fermentation
- 12. Aerobic Cellular Respiration • Electrons released by oxidation are passed down an Electron Transport System with oxygen being the final electron acceptor • C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ------------- 6 CO2 + 6 H2O 38 ADP + 38 P 38 ATP
- 13. 1. Glycolysis
- 15. 3. Krebs Cycle
- 16. 4. Electron Transport Mechanism • Occurs within the cell membrane of Bacteria
- 17. Total ATP Production in Aerobic Respiration Glycolysis = 2 Transition Reaction = 0 Krebs Cycle = 2 Electron Transport Reaction = 34 Total = 38 ATP
- 19. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration • Electrons released by oxidation are passed down an E.T.S. but oxygen is not the final electron acceptor Desulphovibrio - Sulfate (SO4 -2) to H2S Methanobacterium / methanococcus CO2 to Methane (CH4) E.Coli – Nitrate (NO3-) to Nitrite (NO2-)
- 20. Fermentation Fermentation is a way to recycle NAD+ coenzyme so that glycolysis can again make 2 ATP from 1 glucose molecule Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Acid Fermentation
- 22. Lactic Acid Fermentation End Product - Lactic Acid 2 ATP produced per molecule of glucose Food spoilage Examples are Streptococcus and Lactobacillus Alcoholic Acid Fermentation End products – Alcohol and CO2 2 ATP produced per molecule of glucose Alcoholic Beverages Less beneficial Example is Yeast and some bacteria.
Editor's Notes
- Only one photosystem can not do photolysis of H2O 1. H2O not the source of electron donor (H+) is Bacteriochlorophyls not present in chloroplasts and scattered in cytoplasm Electron completes the cycle of energy transfer beginning with and returning to bacteriochlorophyl , hence called cyclic photophosphorylation
- End Products of Glycolysis 2 Pyruvic acid 2 NADH2 2 ATP
- What happens when there is no oxygen because cell still needs to make their ATP. Now, what kind of cells exist or make ATP without oxygen and they are bacteria, archea, yeast, muscle cells.
- Another case is organism may just stick to glycolysis which does,nt need oxyegen and then use some way to get their NAD+ back. An organic molecule accepts electrons in intermediary steps of glycolysis to regenerate NAD+ from NADH+ Because ATP has the ability to power many cellular processes
- Derivative of pyruvate or pyruvate itself