Gastrointestinal disorders GI introduction about disorders

1. Introduction to GIT
by
Henok L. (Bsc, Msc in Adult Health
Nursing)
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2. Outline
• Introduction to gastrointestinal system
– Overview of anatomy and physiology
– Overview of assessment & diagnostic methods
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3. Introduction
▪ The digestive system is made up of:
• The alimentary canal (food passageway)
• The accessory organs of digestion
– Help to prepare food for absorption and utilization
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4. Introduction…
▪ The alimentary canal is approximately 9.3m (28
feet) long in the adult and extends from the lips to
the anus
▪ It is composed of the organs listed below;
– Mouth (and associated glands)
– Pharynx
– Esophagus
– Stomach
– Small intestine (and associated glands)
– Large intestine
– Rectum
– Anal canal and anus
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5. Introduction…
❑The accessory organs located inside the GIT are:
– Teeth
– Tongue
– Salivary glands (parotid, sublingual &
submandibular)
– Pancreas
– Liver
– Gall bladder
– The appendix
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6. Organs of the GI system and associated structures…
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7. Function of the Digestive system
▪ To breakdown food particles in to the molecular
form for digestion
▪ To absorb the small molecules in to the blood
stream
▪ To eliminate undigested and unabsorbed food
stuffs and other waste products from the body
➢ In General secretion, digestion, absorption,
motility and elimination
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8. Mouth or Oral Cavity
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• Is the beginning of the digestive tract
• Food broken into small particles and mixed with
saliva to be swallowed
• Defense against invading microorganisms
– Contains specific antimicrobial proteins
• Mucus covers food and follows it to colon
– It can attach to mucosal surfaces and forms protective barrier

9. Teeth
▪ According to the location and function, they are
divided into:
– Incisors(8), Canine(4), Premolars(8) and
Molars(12)
▪ There are 32 permanent teeth in the normal adult
• The primary function of the teeth:-
– Is to chew or masticate food
– The teeth also help modify sound produced by the
larynx to form words
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10. Teeth…
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11. Teeth…
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12. Salivary Glands
• The first accessory organs of digestion
• They are the main source of the secretion in the
mouth
• There are three pairs of salivary glands:
1. Parotid glands:- secrete serous saliva (watery fluid)
such as digestive enzyme- Amylase
2. Submandibular glands:- secrete mucous saliva
3. Sublingual glands:- secrete mixed type of saliva
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13. Salivary glands…
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14. The Tongue
• Is a muscular organ
• It is utilized for speech, taste, mastication,
salivation and swallowing
• Taste Buds: are sensitive to
– Sweet, Sour, Bitter and Salty
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15. The Tongue…
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16. Pharynx
▪ Is a musculo membranous passage that leads from
the nose and mouth to the esophagus
▪ The passage of food from the pharynx into the
esophagus is the second stage of swallowing
▪ The larynx is closed off from pharynx while
swallowing
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17. Esophagus
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▪ Is a musculomembranous passage about 23-25 cm (10
inches) long, lined with a mucous membrane
▪ It leads from the pharynx through the chest to the
upper end of the stomach
▪ It passes through the diaphragm at an opening called
the diaphragmatic hiatus
▪ There are sphincters:
– Upper esophageal sphincter (UES)
– Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

18. Esophagus…
▪ Its function is to complete the act of swallowing
▪ The involuntary movement of material down the
esophagus is carried out by the process peristalsis
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19. Stomach
▪ Is an elongated pouch-like structure lying just
below the diaphragm, with most of it to the left of
the midline
▪ Capacity: about 1500ml
▪ It has three divisions:
– The Fundus, The Body and The Pylorus
▪ Circular sphincter muscles: Cardiac and Pyloric sphincters
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20. Stomach…
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21. Stomach…
▪ In important functions of the stomach are:-
– It acts as a storehouse for food, receiving fairly
large amounts,
– Churning(roiling) it, and breaking it down
further for mixing with digestive juices.
– Produce gastric juices (which contain enzymes)
and hydrochloric acid.
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22. GIT secretions in Stomach…
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23. Small Intestine
• Is the longest segment of the GI tract for about 2/3
of the total length. [22 feet (7.3m) long]
▪ Is divided into three continuous parts:
– Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum
• Receives digestive juices from:- Pancreas, Liver and
Gallbladder
• Most of the absorption of food takes place in the
small intestine (the capillaries of the villi)
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24. Small Intestine…
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25. Large Intestine
• Is about 5 feet long
• Consists of:- Ascending colon, Transverse colon,
Descending colon and Sigmoid colon
Main functions:
▪ Absorption of water and electrolytes from
undigested food
▪ Removal of undigested and waste materials
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26. Large Intestine…
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27. Motility of GIT
1 ~ 5 cm
and cutting
Segmentation movements
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28. Orad caudad
Peristalsis
Motility of GIT…
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29. Assessment & diagnostic methods
• History
• P/E
• Diagnostic tests
– Stool exam
– Breath test (hydrogen, urea…)
– Peritonial fluid analysis
– Radiological exam (Plain, contrast x-rays)
– Endoscopy (upper endoscopy, Colonoscopy,
Sigmoidoscopy, Proctoscopy)
– Organ function tests
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30. Assessment & diagnostic methods…
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31. Common sites of referred abdominal pain
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32. END
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