Alternative Fuels

Alternative Fuels
Prepared by,
Group-10
This Presentation Presented to The Academic Faculty
Adrian Pitman
University of South Wales

Team Members
• Gurjeet Kaur Cheema (30048109)
• Chanaka Dilshan Abeygunawardana (30052855)
• Muhammad Nafees (30051263)
• Rishitha Fonseka (30051360)
Gurjeet Kaur Cheema 30048109

Content
• Introduction
• Environmental Consequences
• Bio Fuel
• Liquid Hydrogen
• Synthetic Fuel
• Summery
• Referencing

• Compared to 60 years ago, airplanes flying today have up to 80%
more fuel efficiency thanks to technological advancements.
Introduction
Why we need alternative fuels ?
Alternative
fuels for
Aviation
Sustainable
growth of
Aviation
Depletion of
petroleum
reserves
Inflation of
fuel price
• Burning carbon-based fuels will always create carbon dioxide as a by-product
• CO2 emissions can only be reduced by burning less fuel through improved aircraft efficiency, improvements in aircraft
operation, or reducing the time that the engines are running.

• A sustainable world meets present needs without posing a threat to future generations' ability to meet their own needs.
• An alternative , sustainably produced jet fuel that , relative to fossil. fuels, results in a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions
across its life cycle .
• Rather than being refined from petroleum, SAF is made from sustainable feed stocks such as cooking oil, plant oil, municipal
wastes, waste gasses, and agricultural residues
Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)
The aviation industry
has a goal of halving
total carbon emissions
by 2050, relative to
2005 levels
The adoption of
SAF is a key part of
achieving this goal
SAF is made from
sustainable feedstocks
such as used cooling
oil & household waste
SAF produces up to
80% fewer lifecycle
carbon emissions than
the traditional jet fuel
it replaces
SAF’s performance & quality is
identical to traditional jet fuel once
blended. It is safe compliant &
thoroughly tests. We have supplied
SAF at 16 locations & counting.
Sustainable Aviation Fuel-key facts

2020 2040
2010 2030
• It will be necessary to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by half by
2030, and to achieve net zero emissions by 2060 in order to avoid the
worst climate impacts.
• Having net-zero emissions refers to producing the same amount of
greenhouse gases as that produced and removing them from the
atmosphere.
Net-Zero emissions
• In aviation this will be done through a variety of ways,
 Investing in newer & more efficient planes and different
types of propulsion.
 And better use of airspace and coordinated flight paths
 The use of sustainable aviation fuels.
Net-Zero emissions
International
Aviation
Net
CO
2
Emissions
(MT) Gurjeet Kaur Cheema 30048109

Carbon offsetting
Carbon offsetting

Analysing /
fossil fuel
Biofuels Synfuels
Liquid
Hydrogen
Advantageousness
Drop in fuel without
affecting aircraft or
infrastructure
Drop in fuel without
affecting aircraft or
infrastructure
The possibility of
reducing climate impact
is high
Disadvantageousness
Non-CO2 effects are only
reduced to a limited
extent
Non-CO2 effects are only
reduced to a limited
extent
Change to Framework
Conventional fuel vs Alternative fuels

• The term biofuel is alluded to as fluid or gas fills for the Transportation area that are overwhelmingly delivered from
biomass.
• Biofuels are an impending elective fuel for modern gas turbines applications. They are predominantly of natural
beginning, being created from plants, for example, corn, sugar stick, and palm oil among others
Biomass
Biofuel and renewable watste others hydro
Biofuel
Biofuel

Type of Biofuels • Biodiesel
Biodiesel normally produced from biological resources such as plants or animal
material
• Methanol
Methanol, otherwise called methyl liquor, among different names, is a synthetic and
the least difficult liquor, with the equation CH3OH produced from corn, wheat, or
sugar beets
• Ethanol
Ethanol, an individual from a class of natural mixtures that are given the overall
name alcohols produced from biomass using bio-syngas obtained from steam
reforming process of biomass
• Fischer-tropsch Diesel
The Fischer-Tropsch process is an assortment of synthetic responses that changes
over a combination of carbon monoxide and hydrogen or water gas into fluid
hydrocarbons
Types of Biofuel
Types of
Biofuel
BIO liquid fuel
Biodiesel
Methanol
Ethanol
Fischer-
Tropsch Diesel
Bio gaseous
fuel
Hydrogen
Methane

Biofuel for Aviation
Ex;
• Aircraft energizes are dependent upon
severe compositional requirements past
those expected for road transport fuel.
• Aviation biofuels can be created through
various handling innovations Lygnocellulosic-
feedstock
changed over utilizing
pyrolysis straightforwardly to
fluid fuel, requiring
overhauling through
hydrogenation, or by
gasification and
FischerTropsch combination
Ethanol
Starch and sugar corps can
be utilized to produce
Ethanol which can then be
changed over to oligomers
what's more dried out

Why need Biofuel ?
Easy to use
Provides energy security
Builds economic development
Greenhouse gas and emission reduction
Energy balance
Recycle and biodegradable

• High Viscosity
• Cold filter plugging point
• Lower specific energy and energy
density
• High corrosive
What are the barriers?

LIQUID
HYDROGEN
Nafees(30051263)

 Hydrogen is a good alternative fuel that is regarded as both energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.
 Liquid hydrogen is a lightweight fuel.
 Liquid hydrogen has around 3 times the energy content of kerosene per kilogram.
 And more than 100 times that of lithium-ion batteries.
 No adverse environmental impact during burning as the byproduct is water vapor &
emits no CO2.
 Hydrogen occurs naturally in the form of molecular hydrogen in gaseous state.
 To exist as a liquid, H2 must be cooled below its critical point of -2530C.
Nafees(30051263)
Liquid Hydrogen (LH2)
Why Liquid Hydrogen ?
Nafees(30051263)

What are the barriers ?
 Commercial hydrogen aircraft need to be developed.
 This fuel would take up approximately 4 times the space that kerosene does.
 Large scale infrastructure changes are required to enable hydrogen’s use.
 Since H2 is a small molecule, leaking through cracks or pores is possible.
 More expensive.
 Hydrogen costs could approach those
of fossil fuels when mature
Nafees(30051263)

How to use LH2 as a fuel ?
LH2 used as
aviation fuel in
2 ways
As direct fuel
In combustion
engine
Used to create
electricity
Through the use
of “Fuel cells”
ZeroAvia’s hydrogen fuel cell plane – HY4
Hydrogen combustion
 In hydrogen combustion, liquid or gaseous hydrogen is burnt to create thrust in a modified gas-turbine engine.
 Hydrogen has many unique properties that make it suitable for combustion,
 Wide flammability range
 High auto-ignition temperature
Nafees(30051263)

 Airbus, believe H2 is a good zero-emission technology to reduce aviation’s climate impact.
 They consider H2 to be an important technology pathway to bringing a zero-emission commercial aircraft to market by
2035.
 However, an aircraft poses several challenges like storing hydrogen on-board, Redesigning the aircraft & etc.
Liquid H2 Tank
H2 systems cold
box
Gas
extraction
Inner vessel
Outer vessel
Suspension
mount
Refuel / Extraction
pipe
Level
probe Dewar
principle
insulation
Heater
pipe
 Storage of H2 at low temperature requires very specific storage tanks.
 It consists of an inner and outer tank separated by a vacuum and a
specialized material, such as Multi-Layer Insulation, to reduce heat
transmission by radiation.
What is ?
Nafees(30051263)

Future Aircraft will be powered by hydrogen propulsion
Nafees(30051263)

What are the environmental consequences ?
 It is free of carbon (zero emission).
 Free from other forms of impurities.
 hydrogen combustion produces up to 90% less nitrogen oxides than kerosene fuel.
 No adverse environmental impact during burning as the byproduct is water vapor.
 Reduce the sound pollution.
 Hydrogen is a energy-efficient and environmentally friendly energy source because;
 Hydrogen combustion would generate approximately 2.6 times more water vapor than kerosene.
 The benefits of a zero-CO2 combustion would outweigh the disadvantage of increasing water
vapor emissions.
 Furthermore, CO2 may last up to 100 years in the atmosphere, but water vapor might last upto
few days to a year.
Nafees(30051263)

• The findings reveal that In the long term, synthetic fuels may be advantageous.
• One concern commonly raised about the development of synthetic fuels plants is sustainability.
• One of the positive defining characteristics of synthetic fuels production is the ability to use multiple feedstocks
(coal, gas, or biomass) to produce the same product from the same plant.
• Synthetic fuel is cheaper than transitional biofuel system, so it might be better to prioritize the use of synthetic fuels
from the start.
 “Synthetic fuel often known as syngas” is a liquid or gaseous fuel made
from a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, or a mixture of
carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
Synthetic Fuel
Why Synthetic Fuel?

• A number of key barriers are there to the use of synthetic fuels in the air transport sector in the present.
 Technological issues -
At the airport level, duplication of infrastructures or changes to airline operational routines would be required.
 Cost of synthetic fuels -
Synthetic fuels would have to cost the same as or less than traditional fuels, but in the present it is more expensive
 Institutional and legal barriers -
We have yet to come across any legislation aimed at increasing the use of synthetic fuels in aviation.
What are the barriers

 “PtL or Power-to-Liquid” is a liquid hydrocarbon generated synthetically.
• The primary energy source is renewable power, and
the primary materials utilized in PtL manufacturing are
water and CO2.
It consists of three main steps ;
1. Renewable energy powers electrolysis to produce green H2.
2. CO₂ is captured and it is converted into carbon feedstock.
3. Carbon feedstocks are synthesized with green hydrogen to generate liquid hydrocarbons. They are then converted to
produce a synthetic equivalent to kerosene.
What is PtL ?
PtL production

 The actual fuel to be used as part of Albatross trials will be a “JetA/A1” SAF blend. It will be composed of synthetic
and conventional blend components.

 Synthetic fuels are one of the potential possibilities for reducing today's
aviation carbon emissions.
 Synthetic fuels are frequently seen as a long-term viable solution, due to their
low lifecycle emissions.
 Materials utilized in PtL manufacturing are water and CO2, so by doing this we
can reduce the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.
Environmental Consequences

Summery

• Airbus.com. Available at: https://www.airbus.com/en (Accessed: January 21, 2022).
• What is sustainable aviation fuel. Available at: https://www.4air.aero/whitepapers/sustainable-aviation-fuel-an-
introduction (Accessed : January 26,2022)
• SAF emission. Available at :https://www.4air.aero/whitepapers/sustainable-aviation-fuel-an-introduction( Accessed :
January 20,2022)
• Net- Zero emissions, Available at :https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClT4naRMQT7sbEy1fQTorGg and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_6onC-7YMtU&t=20s (Accessed : January 23,2022)
• Carbon offsetting. Available at :file:///C:/Users/Admin/Downloads/47-tcbiomass2019-Presentation-Steve-Csonka.pdf(
Accessed : January 30,2022)
• Harris, M. (2021) Zero Avia's hydrogen fuel cell plane ambitions clouded by technical challenges, TechCrunch. Available at:
https://techcrunch.com/2021/04/14/zeroavias-hydrogen-fuel-cell-plane-ambitions-clouded-by-technical-challenges/
(Accessed: January 22, 2022).
• “60 seconds with...Airbus - hydrogen council” (2021). Available at: https://hydrogencouncil.com/en/60-seconds-with-
airbus/ (Accessed: January 21, 2022).
References

• Scheelhaase, J., Maertens, S. and Grimme, W. (2019) “Synthetic fuels in aviation – Current barriers and potential political
measures,” Transportation research procedia, 43, pp. 21–30. doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2019.12.015.
• Power-to-Liquids, explained (no date) Airbus.com. Available at: https://www.airbus.com/en/newsroom/news/2021-07-
power-to-liquids-explained (Accessed: January 23, 2022).
• Harris, M. (2021) ZeroAvia’s hydrogen fuel cell plane ambitions clouded by technical challenges, TechCrunch. Available at:
https://techcrunch.com/2021/04/14/zeroavias-hydrogen-fuel-cell-plane-ambitions-clouded-by-technical-challenges/
• “60 seconds with...Airbus - hydrogen council” (2021). Available at: https://hydrogencouncil.com/en/60-seconds-with-
airbus/ (Accessed: January 21, 2022).
• Fehrm, B. (2020) Bjorn’s Corner: The challenges of Hydrogen. Part 15. Hydrogen cost, Leeham News and Analysis. Available
at: https://leehamnews.com/2020/11/13/bjorns-corner-the-challenges-of-hydrogen-part-15-hydrogen-production/
• Hydrogen (2020) Rolls-royce.com. Available at: https://www.rolls-royce.com/innovation/net-zero/decarbonising-complex-
critical-systems/hydrogen.aspx (Accessed: January 26, 2022).
• Agarwal, P. et al. (2019) “Injector design space exploration for an ultra-low NOx Hydrogen micromix combustion system
GT2019-90833,” in Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo. Phoenix Arizona.
References

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