1. 1
Development Fund for International
Development (DFID)
Rapid Assessment of Water Millennium
Development Goal, Ethiopia
for DFID
Baseline Review
February 2005
Prepared by: Fikru Tessema
Position: Local Consultant

2. 2
PROJECT IDENTIFIERS
1. Project Name:
Rapid Assessment of Water &
Sanitation MDG, for DFID
2. Implementing Agency:
ERM Ltd and Local Consultant
3. Country in which the project is
being implemented:
Ethiopia, East Africa
4. Country Eligibility:
Ethiopia is principally DFID programme
country
5. MDG focal area:
Target 10: Halve by 2015 the
proportion of people without
sustainable access to safe to dirking
water and basic sanitation Services
6. Study Objectives:
Observe the characteristics of PRSPS and
the role of DFID country strategy in
those on/off track counties with respect
to the water MDG.
7. Project linkage to Country MDG:
The Government of Ethiopia needs to identify and implements water MDG, for the
provision of safe water supply services, which could contribute to poverty reduction
and sustainable development of the country.
Based on the current national policy issues, the Government of Ethiopia considers
its responsibility for MDG among issues requiring top priorities and hence gives due
attention to its Water Sector Development Programme with the involvement of the
private sector & NGOs and community participation.
8. PRSP/MDG focal point:
Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED) is a focal body at national
level.
Ministry of Water Resource (MoWR) is responsible at Federal level and Regional;
Zonal & Woreda (District) Water Bureaus are responsible at their respective levels.

3. 3
1. Introduction
1.1 Aim of the Report
This report is for the project: Rapid Assessment of Water
Sector MDG for Ethiopia, which is for the DFID programme
country Ethiopia.
This report presents a summary of current situation of
water coverage, PRSP & related governance; public
expenditure and donors' activities that describing the
country on or off track with respect to water MDGs.
The objective of the report is to identify sufficient
information on current situation of water MDG in area in
order to be able to come up with intended out puts. This
report is, therefore more of to what extent is water and
sanitation coverage is on or off track with respect to
water MDGs rather than a detailed review.
1.2 Layout of the report
This report is divided into sections dealing with current
situation of the country water and sanitation coverage,
PRSP & governance process and donors support for PRSP and
then its contribution to meet water and sanitation MDGS.
2. Background
2.1 Socio-economic background of Ethiopia1
2.1.1 Overview of the economy of Ethiopia
Ethiopia is a developing country with a gross domestic
product (GDP) of USD 6 billion in 2002 and per capita
average income of USD 120/year. The economy of the
country is dominated by agriculture. About 90% of the
population earns their living from the land mainly as
subsistence forms.
1
CSA, Population & Housing Census, Statistical Report for Ethiopia, 2003

4. 4
Agriculture is the backbone of the national economy
and it accounts for about 45% of Ethiopia’s GDP. The
principal exports from this sector are coffee, oil
seeds, vegetables, sugar cone, animal hoof, hides and
skin and beeswax. Up to 60% of the country’s foreign
earnings come from coffee. Another major export earner
is the chat plant (an evergreen shrub that produces a
natural and mildly in toxic ting stimulant).
2.1.2 Population, Industry and Agriculture2
o Population
The estimated population of Ethiopia in 2003 was over
69 million persons of which 58 million (84%) live in
rural areas and 11 million (16%) live in urban areas
of the total urban population, over 2.7 million (25%)
live in Addis Ababa, the capital city.
o Industry
The proportion of public and private sector owned
enterprises varies for the different sectors.
Manufacturing accounts for about 5% of the GDP.
The food and beverage and textile manufacturing
sectors are important in terms of production volume,
and the food, beverage and metal manufacturing sectors
are the most important in terms of contribution to the
gross value of production.
o Agriculture
Agriculture, services, construction, mining and
tourism are important sectors for the future econom0ic
development of the country. The main products of
mining are gold and tantalum, where gold contributes
the highest valve of mineral production.
The agricultural sector, which includes crop
production, animal husbandry, livestock, forestry,
fisheries and agriculture, remains by far the most
important sector of the country. It is also the major
sources of food for the population of nation and hence
the priority.
2
CSA, Population & Housing Census, Economic Statistical Report for Ethiopia, 2003

5. 5
2.1.3 Infrastructure (Transport and communication)3
o Railways:
A 778 kilometer far away line links Addis Ababa with
Djibouti and carries both freight and passengers.
o Roods:
There are about 4,100 k.m of asphalt roads in
Ethiopia with a further 19,000 k.m of gravel and dry
weather roads.
The national network of roads covers just 35% of the
country.
2.2 Overview of government structure in Ethiopia
There are 11 regions in Ethiopia (including Addis
Ababa and Dire Dawa city councils). The regions report
to the ministry of Federal Affairs (MoFA) of the
Federal Government (Figure 2.1).
Each Region divided in to Zones and Zones also divided
in to Woredas(District). Each Woreda are divided in to
Kebeles. Kebele is the smallest and lowest
administrative unit in the government structure.
The Federal Government comprises of the (House of
Federation & House of Representatives (parliament) &
the council of Ministers.
The council of Ministers also comprises ministries in
which ministry of finance & Economic Development is a
focal institution for PRSP/MDG in general and Ministry
of Water Resource is in charge of water & sanitation
MDGs of the country in particular.
3
www.ethiopia.net

6. 6
Figure 2.1 Federal Government Structures
Tigray Region Affar Region
Oromiya Region Southern N/N & People
Somali Region Harari
Gambella Dire Dawa City Council
Benishangul Gumuz Amara Region
Addis Ababa City
Council
Fedral Government
3. Legislation and Enforcement in Ethiopia4
3.1 Hierarchy of laws in Ethiopia
The constitution is supreme law of the line. The
parliament issues proclamations, which are next in
line. Where proclamations give such powers to the
council of ministers the council issues regulations
implementing the proclamations.
All of the above are published in the official Negarit
Gazetta Proclamations may provide for directive to be
issued by an organ of the government, usually a
ministry. Regional laws generally follow the same
sequence and hierarchy.
4
EPA, Review of Ethiopian, Environmental Legislation, 1995

7. 7
3.2 Environmental & Water Legislations in Ethiopia
The Ethiopian environmental policy is enacted since
1997. There are also proclamations for the
environmental protection organs establishment;
environmental impact assessment and environmental
pollution control.
The Ethiopian water policy is enacted since 1999.
There are also water proclamation, healthy policy
(1993), and public health proclamations.
3.3 Conventions5
Ethiopia is a signatory country to various international
conventions and programmes. Some of these conventions
include environmental convention & millennium
development goals (MDG).
4. Current situation of water supply & sanitation service of
Ethiopia6
Current situation of water supply
General
Recognizing pervasive poverty as Ethiopia's development
challenge, the Government has issued the Sustainable
Development & Poverty Reduction Strategy Program (SDPRP)
that conceptualizes the range of guiding strategies for
addressing poverty in the country. With the PRSP, the
Government has committed itself to ensuring sustainable
economic growth and development and improving access to
basic social services.
5
UN Millennium Declaration of 2000
6
MoWR, WSDP, Water Supply and Sanitation Programme, 2002

8. 8
The SDPRP incorporates 4 building blocks: (a) a strategy
for economic growth based on agricultural and industrial
development, (b) judiciary and civil service reform, (c)
decentralization and empowerment, and (d) capacity
building.
The first one, the Agricultural Development-Led
Industrialized Strategy (ADLI), focuses on the basic
needs of the rural population. The ADLI is complemented
by other sectoral programs in Health, Education, and
Roads aimed at improving the physical and social
infrastructure and expanding access to basic goods and
services.
The present Water Sector Development Program (WSDP) and
the Food Security Program are currently being developed.
A strategy for capacity building is designed to support
the implementation of all the envisaged work.
The SDPRP expresses a considered view of sustainable
development regarding the natural environment, including
a full section on the subject that highlights close
linkages between water management and water use (e.g.
increasing sustainable agricultural production) and their
potentially related impacts on the environment (depletion
of water resources, pollution of water bodies and related
effects etc.).
The sustainable use and management of both water
resources and the environment are considered crucial for
the success of socio-economic development and the
reduction poverty in Ethiopia.

9. 9
Time Horizontal of WSDP
The program period of WSSDP is 15 years divide into
short-term, medium -term and long -term. In order to fit
into three existing practice of 5-year plan, each term
will have a five-year period.
All the program and projects proposed under the WSDP and
their respective investment schedules are made to relate
to the above mentioned planning horizon. The level of
detail of each planning horizon will differ.
The short-term is comparatively more detailed when
compared to the medium-term and long-term. The short-
term plan will have more descriptive presentations in
terms of physical targets and budgetary requirements
because of on-going study and design, construction and
rehabilitation projects.
The medium-term plan will contain to some extent carried-
over projects from previous term, which will lead to
well-defined projects. The long-term plan will be
general and will only be indicative.
Water supply service coverage
Water is the basic need to sustain life; every citizen in
the country has the right to have access to potable
water. The current population of Ethiopia is about 69
million of which only 31% is estimated have access to
potable water. In which 23% in rural population and 74%
in urban population have access to potable waster.

10. 10
When comparing the urban population to rural, better
service of water supply is provided to urban population
than to rural though the service is inadequate in both.
Challenges to meet water MDGs
The 2015 MDG Target is to halve the population of
Ethiopians with out access to potable water, i.e. more
than 23.81 million people in 15 years (1.59 million
people/year) have to have access to potable water.
Initiatives to improve access to potable water and meet
water MDGs
A water sector development programme is launched to
improve the situation in the next 15 years staring from
the year 2002. The WSDP reflects local, regional and
national priorities in the water supply and sanitation
sub-sector.
The program and projects are accompanied by their
respective investment schedules, implementation strategy,
institutional and coordination arrangements and
monitoring and evaluation mechanisms.
Current water activities and initiatives
For meeting the National and regional development
objectives and MDG, the following measures are deigned to
be taken.

11. 11
1. Carrying out balanced regional development by
extending more assistance to the poor and least
developed regions;
2. Strengthening institutional and technical capacities
at all levels (national, regional, woreda and local)
in program and projects development, implementation,
rehabilitation, operation and maintenance, monitoring
and evaluation;
3. Ensuring sustainable development, effective management
and efficient resource utilization;
4. Promoting active stakeholders participation in the
planning, design, implementation, rehabilitation,
operation and maintenance, monitoring and evaluation
of water supply and sanitation schemes. The major
stakeholders are the federal and regional executing
institutions, the local communities, women, the
private sector, NGO's and
5. Emphasizing woreda level implementation in order to
accomplish the planning targets, there should be
necessary and adequate capacity for the implementation
of the program.
6. The capacity building aspect should, therefore, be
specific and consider the existing capacity and gap in
each region. Focus will be made on the following build
capacity in:
o Small scale project study, design and
implementation in the short and medium term;
o National capacity in large projects study and
design;
o Rehabilitation; operation and maintenance,
management, monitoring and evaluation at local,
regional and federal levels;

12. 12
Current Sanitation Services Situations7
Sanitation Service Coverage
The sanitation service coverage is extremely low because
of lack access to water & sanitation services.
o Low number of population (11.5%) with access to
improved sanitation, in which 49.7% in urban and
3.9% in rural.
o Less than 1% of the health budget is dedicated to
sanitation improvement
Challenge to meet Sanitation MDG
o The 2015 Millennium Development Goal Target is to
halve the proportion of Ethiopians without access
to improved sanitation, i.e., for more than 30.53
million people in 15 years (2.04 million
people/year) should have to have access to
improved sanitation facilities.
Initiatives to improve access to sanitation & meet
sanitation MDG
o Positive examples abound from the regions/zones
offering lessons which can be taken to scale:
For example, Southern Regions/zones have achieved
75% sanitation facilities coverage with its own
resources through political (and budget)
7
MoH. Health & Health Related Indicators, 2003

13. 13
commitment, inter-sectoral collaboration, and
accountability and community ownership.
o Increasing inter-sectoral convergence around a
single sanitation strategy.
o Advancing decentralisation is dedicated towards
people leading their own development.
o Donors recommend funds to be dedicated for
sanitation and hygiene in WASH programmes.

14. 14
5. Current projects/programmes in line with Water and Sanitation MDGs8
Se.
No.
Name of
Project/Programme Contact Person and Details Description of Work
Key Issues
1 Urban Water Supply o Location: in 11 Regions
o Category: Regional projects
o Implementing agency:
Addis Ababa Water &
Sewerage Authority,
Regional Water Bureaus,
NGOs, etc
o Contact person: Mr
Yohanes G/Medihene
(Federal MoWR)
o To provide potable water
supply for urban population
o Components: Study &
design, construction and
rehabilitation & expansion
o Costs:
Foreign C: $491.51 mill
Local C: $191.16 mill
o Achieve urban
coverage, end of
2016: 98.2%)
o Benefiting urban
population, end of
2016: 17.838 mill
2 Sewerage & water
Related Urban
Sanitation
o Location: in 11 Regions
o Category: Regional projects
o Implementing agency:
Addis Ababa Water &
Sewerage Authority,
Regional Water Bureaus,
NGOs, etc
o Contact person: Mr
Yohanes G/Medihene
(Federal MoWR)
o To provide sewerage and
water related urban and
sanitation services
o Achieve urban
coverage, end of
2016: 109 cities &
towns study &
design for 110
projects'
construction will be
carried out.
o Planned service
coverage: 80% of
urban waste water
8
MoWR, WSDP, Projects Profiles, 2002

15. 15
Se.
No.
Name of
Project/Programme Contact Person and Details Description of Work
Key Issues
3 Rural Water Supply o Location: in 10 Regions
o Category: Regional
projects
o Implementing agency:
Regional Water
Bureaus, NGOs, etc
o Contact person: Mr Mr
Getachew Asbdi
(Federal MoWR)
o To provide potable water
supply for rural
population
o Components: Spring
development, water well,
water harvesting, stock
ponds, river intake, sub-
surface & earth dam
o Costs:
Foreign C: $7198.42 mill
Local C: $1238.43 mill
o Achieve rural
coverage, end of
2016: 70.9%
o Benefiting rural
population, end of
2016: 55.765mill
4 Irrigation o Location: 22 site in
different Regions
o Category: Federal projects
o Implementing agency:
Project Office (Federal
MoWR)
o Contact person: Project
Offices (Federal MoWR)
o To produce industrial crops,
food crops & fodder, etc
o To generate employment and
promote regional
development
o Diversified crops, etc
5 Irrigation o Location: 12 site in
different Regions
o Category: Regional projects
o Implementing agency:
Regional Project Office
o Contact person: Project
Offices
o To produce industrial crops,
food crops & fodder, etc
o To generate employment and
promote regional
development
o Diversified crops, etc

16. 16
Se.
No.
Name of
Project/Programme Contact Person and Details Description of Work
Key Issues
6 Water Resources
development
o Location: Through out the
country
o Category: Federal &
Regional projects
o Implementing agency:
MoWR & Regional Project
Offices
o Contact person: MoWR &
Project Offices
o To conduct:
 Hydrology program
 Meteorology program
 Integrated river basin master
plan
 Ethiopian groundwater
resources assessment
 Besseka Lake control works
 Flood protect studies
 Watershed management
 Water quality laboratories
o Generating
databases, etc
7 Institutional & human
resources development
o Capacity building o Staffs and
community training
and supply of
equipments

17. 17
6. PRSP and Related Governance Processes9
6.1 Focus of the PRSP in Relation to the water MDGS
PRSP is prepared by the Ethiopian Government in
January 2001, which is grounded in the National
Development program (NDP), and formulates policies
aimed at achieving MDG by 2015.
The formulation of PRSP in Ethiopia recognizes three
important tasks:
1. The poverty analysis, which provides basic
information on incidence of poverty
characteristics of the various householders and
vulnerable groups, including women and the cause
of poverty encompassing factors associated with
opportunities, capabilities and vulnerability.
2. Studies, which have been made by the government
and other development partners regarding the
effectiveness of past policies and public
expenditure programmes shall be used to
strengthen the choice of the public action under
the PRSP.
3. Consultation where the findings shall supplement
the quantitative poverty analysis and contribute
to an understanding of the effectiveness of an on
going public action, including an institutional
arrangement and capacity for implementing,
focused programme.
9
MoFED, Development and Poverty Profile and Poverty Analysis of Ethiopia, March 2002

18. 18
6.2 Capacity
The government in December 1998 has prepared a
strategy for capacity building and programme
framework.
The ability to implement programmes, issuing and
monitoring contract and standards at a decentralized
level faces some challenges as the government seeks to
implement the decentralization.
The challenges are institutional and technical
capacity limitations and constraints in the course of
implementing the development programmes in line with
meeting water MDGS.
6.3 Status of finance10
o Sector investment plan:
The total estimated cost of the WSDP is USD 7,444.8
million over 15 years period (2002-2017 covering all
aspects of water resources development and management
and extending to all possible water uses.
o Sources of Funding
The government has made some tentative estimates of
the contributions from different sources over the next
15 years.
10
MoWR WSDP (2002-2016), Executive Summarry,2002

19. 19
The government has already mobilized a total of USD
1,241 from different sources from the total investment
requirement, i.e. USD 2,110 million for short-term
(2002-2006) plan. The remaining balance turns out to
be USD 174 million per year over the next five years
that is yet to be mobilized or secured.
The government can proceed with implementation of the
programme because the financing seems on budget and
hence meet the MDGS targets.
Over all mobilized funds from different sources of
finance are: 40% from domestic sources and 60% from
donor sources. The already-mobilized funds are more
from donors financing than to be come from domestic
sources.
o Status of public financial Management (PFM):
Regions formally assign expenditure and revenue
responsibilities within regions in ways that maximize
operational efficiency.
To be sustainable, enabling legislation is developed
for local governments within regions including the re-
demarcation of financing viable local jurisdictions
and the harmonization of various forms of local
government (including woredas and municipalities).

20. 20
o Transfers and flows of revenue:
It is basically designed to be done by establishing
tariff structure for water services based on site-
specific characteristics of the schemes, and ensure
that water prices lead projects to full cost recovery
based upon users’ payment capacities and to be
retained as to the project level, i.e. community based
management schemes for revenue transfer and flow.
o Revenue transfer and flows transparency:
It is designed to implemented by establishing
financial management rules and feasible arrangements
for resources allocation, cost sharing and accessing
funds for demand driven water supply systems,
promoting local self financing program and projects,
based on the overall socio-economic development
condition of local communities and through appropriate
incentive mechanism.
6.4 Status of institutional set up
The establishment of the new Capacity Building
Ministry is one testimony for the Government’s
commitment to further deepen the executing capacity of
various forms of government (including federal,
regions, woredas and municipalities) and foster
empowerment, duties and responsibilities
transformation at the grass-root level in the process
of implementing poverty reduction program and hence
meet MDG Targets.

21. 21
o Extent of sector coordination:
There should be a participatory approach for
sustainable and effective implementation of water and
sanitation development programme (WSSDP).
The establishment of the Local Water Committees (LWC),
Water Users Association (WUA), Water Boards (WB), and
Zonal Water Councils (ZWC) in which both the primary &
secondary stakeholders are made to participate
actively are the fundamental requirements for
effective & sustainable implementation of the water
sector development programme and hence meet water and
sanitation MDG Targets.
Since water supply and sanitation services provision
is a key sectoral measure and cross-cutting issue,
WSDP is developed to enhance and promote efforts made
by different actors to wards an efficient, equitable
and optimum utilization of the available water
resources.
o Private Sector participation (PSP):
PSP is also taken as key issue in the PRSP/MDG. There
are different types of contracts that can be used to
involve the private sector. The simple ones are the
Service Contracts, and the Management Contracts, which
can be tried initially in order to benefit from the
PSP. For the potential benefits of introducing PS,
various activities have been under taken to develop
the private sector.

22. 22
These activities include incentives and management
skills that have been designed to be carried out by
establishing industrial training institutes,
strengthening of financial sector, supporting the
development of chambers of commerce and industrial
association and improving the setting of product
standardization.
o Key drivers behind the PRSP:
There is a broad thrust of Ethiopia’s strategy during
the sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction
Programme, which consists of agricultural development,
water harvesting, and small scale irrigation focus on
increased water resource utilization are among the
issues to ensure food security and hence there will be
a sustainable development and poverty reduction.
o Degree of Decentralization:
By way of deepening and broadening the
decentralization process, measures are currently under
way to pave the ground to render districts (woredas)
the center of socio-economic development by way of
ensuring their autonomy on resources; it is already
planned to effect block grants directly to districts
(woredas).
This will provide a basis for a meaningful
participation by the people in local development
programs (LDP). Typically, this will entail primary
education, primary health care, rural water supply,

23. 23
rural roads, and agricultural extensions. Gender
equality will continue to be emphasized in the process
of decentralization and improvement.
MoFED is a focal institution for the implementation of
PRSP/MDG and its Planning and Programming Department
is serving as a working group or secretarial for
overall country PRSP implementation and MDG Target
achievement.
MoWR is the ministry in charge of water MDG Target
achievements at federal level and Regional Water
Bureaus at Regional Government level.

25. 25
oo FFrraammeewwoorrkk ffoorr WWaatteerr PPrrooggrraamm MMaannaaggeemmeenntt SSttaakkeehhoollddeerr
AArrrraannggeemmeennttss
Donors
PrivateSector&NGOs
Local Community Groups
PrivateSector&NGOs
Imlementation
(Regional Bureaus)
Coordination
Strategic Plan
Teams
Reginal Program
Management Unit
(PMU) Exec.Council Office
Coordination
Strategic Plan
Teams
Implementation
with MoWR
Fedral PMU
MoWR
Ministry of Water Resources
(MoWR)
Natinal Water Streeing Committee
(Inter-Ministerial Body)
Woreda/Zonal
Level Offices
Implementation by
Line Dept / Institutions

27. 27
o Key Players and Their Respective Roles & Contribution to Water MDGs, the PRSP &
Governance Processes Programmes in Ethiopia.
Se.
No.
Key Players Roles & Contribution to water MDGs
1 Government organizations
1.1 Federal:
o Ministry of Finance & Economic
Development
o National focal institution for PRSP/MDG & financing of
projects in line with PRSP programme MDG target.
o Ministry of water Resource o Responsible for water resource development in line with
achieving water & sanitation MDG Target.
o Ministry of Health o Responsible for potable water supply sanitation service
provision in line with achieving water & sanitation MDG
target.
o Environment Protection Authority o Responsible for water resource conservation in the
country in line with achieving environment MDG objective.
o Ministry of capacity building o Responsible for capacity building in human resource and
institutional development in the country in line with RRSP
programme MDG target

28. 28
Se.
No. Key Players Roles & Contribution to water MDGs
1 1.2 Regional:
o Finance & Economic Development
Bureaus
o Regional focal institution & financing of projects in line
with RRSP programme & MDG target.
o Health Bureaus o Responsible for potable water supply & sanitation service
provision in line with achieving water & sanitation MDG
target.
o Environmental Protection Bureaus o Responsible for water resource conservation in the
regions in line with achieving environment MDG objective.
o Capacity Building Bureaus o Responsible for capacity building in human resource &
institutional development in the regions in line with PRSP
programme/MDG target.
2 Non-governmental organization:
2.1 Bilateral & multilateral:
o World Bank
o Fund country water & sanitation programmes under its
water & sanitation programme (WSP)
o European Union o Fund country water & sanitation programme in line with
poverty reduction programme/Food security and hence
meet MDG targets.

29. 29
Se.
No. Key Players Roles & Contribution to water MDGs
2 o United Nation Agencies (UNICEF,
WHO, UNDP, UNEP, etc.)
o Fund country water & sanitation programme in line with
poverty reduction programme/MDG objectives.
o African Development Bank o Fund country water & sanitation programme under its
water & sanitation programme (WSP)
o USAID, GTZ, CIDA, JICA, NATDC
(Norwegian), etc
o Fund country water & sanitation programme in line
poverty reduction programme /food security and hence
meet MDG targets.
2.2 International & Local NGOs:
o Water Aid-Ethiopia o Implement & water & sanitation projects
o Water Action o Implement water & sanitation projects
o Merlin o Support water & sanitation projects under its water &
sanitation programme.
o Concern-Ethiopia o Implement & support water and sanitation project.
o Action Aid - Ethiopia o Implement & support water projects in line with poverty
reduction programme in the country.
o Canadian Physician Aid (CPAR) o Implement water & sanitation projects.

30. 30
Se.
No. Key Players Roles & Contribution to water MDGs
2 o CRDA o Coordinate several NGOs as an umbrella NGO and
facilitate their involvement in PRSP & MDG target
achievement.
3 Water councils & Associations:
3.1 Water councils
o National water council o Evaluation water & sanitation programme
implementation in the country with respect to meet water
MDG.
o Regional, Zonal & Woreda water
councils.
o Evaluation water & sanitation programme
implementation in the Regional, Zonal & Woreda with
respect to meet water MDG.
3.2 Water Associations:
o User Association o Develop self-reliance & full cost recovery system to
sustain water & sanitation projects with respect to meet
water MDG.

31. 31
6.5 Performance standards and monitoring indicators
o Performance Standards:
A programme implementation manual (PIM) is under
development that would serve as a step-by-step guide
to deal with different aspects of programme
implementation.
Such aspects include:
- Procurement of goods and services
- Engagement of consultants/firms
- Accessing programme funds
- Disbursement procedures and regulations
- Roles and functions of implementing
agencies.
o Monitoring Indicators:
A monitoring system will be put in place that will
include baseline data and information and encompass a
reporting mechanism. It will also include detailed
procedures for the monitoring and evaluation of
program impacts.