This document discusses professional codes of ethics and how they are developed and enforced. It covers: - Codes of ethics generally spring from public expectations of organizations and convey values and standards to guide member behavior and advance organizational goals. - Enforcement of codes varies between associations but may include responding to ethics inquiries, reviewing complaints, and recognizing exemplary conduct. For example, the American Society for Public Administration reviews complaints and seeks resolution. - Critics argue codes focus too much on rules and too little on broader social responsibilities. Effective codes require implementation through education, interpretation and enforcement. - Incorporating codes into a personal code can strengthen individual standards and values from multiple sources of ethical guidance.

1. CODIFYING DUTY AND
ETHICAL PERSPECTIVES:
PROFESSIONAL CODES OF
ETHICS

2. INTRODUCTION

3. INTRODUCTION
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 Chapter V reporters will be discussing on how code
of ethics are born.
 Incites or samples as discussed in this book by Svara
will be presented. Current and personal experiences
and background of the reporters shall also be
mentioned.
 Codes of Ethics discussed in this chapter were
developed by professional associations whereas
those developed by government and non-profit
organizations (those contained in ethics Laws such
as Republic Acts 6713 and 3019 or the Code of
Conduct of Public Officials and Employees and The
Anti-Corruption Practices Act will be discussed in
later chapters
 Codes of Ethics generally, may it be in a private
organization or in a government or non-profit
organization, sprang from the expectations by the
public to the members.
 Are results of duty and ethical perspectives
 Bring together expectations of the public to
members of government and non-profit
organizations
 Convey values, standards and behavior
which contribute to the enhancement of the
interest of the public
 Achievement of goals of the organization
and its members
Codes of Ethics

4. INTRODUCTION
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 Code of Ethics for Government Service
 is included in this discussion as its contents of minimum
standards are compared to more elaborated codes.
 American Society for Public Administration (ASPA),
 Represents important statements for generalist
administrators in government
 International City/County Management Association (ICMA),
 Same as ASPA
 Independent Sector (IS), Code of Ethics
 Provides a comprehensive statement for administrators
in nonprofit organizations from independent sectors
 American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP),
 A code for group of professionals in private settings
 National Association of Social Workers
 Codes with nature for a more delicate line of work
What codes you will hear from us
 The Code of Ethics for Government
Service is included in this discussion as its
contents of minimum standards are
compared to more elaborated codes.

5. INTRODUCTION
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4 Kinds of Statements
Codes
1. “Don’t” statements:
• cover prohibited behaviors or activities
• Tend to be the most specific do not encourage
elevating ethical thinking
• Rule-based tenents
• Intended to reduce misbehavior but do not promote
positive ethical behavior
• Second most common form of statement among all
codes
2. Obligations and Responsibilities:
• Set forth things one must and should do
3. Virtues, personal qualities, and / values
• Essential statements about how one should be, rather
than what should do
4. Aspirations:
• Desirable conditions one seek to promote as opposed t
to actions and personal qualities
Notes-worthy
 The Öath” is not a complete statement of values.
It only assumes that one knows the ideals and
sacred things.
 Codes may be designed to be regulatory,
educational or inspirational but if stated
differently, they could serve as rules constraining
and setting limits by identifying behaviors that
should be avoided.
Notes-worthy
Codes of Ethics are:
1. Not necessary
2. Not oriented to broad and significant
standards
3. Not enforced

6. BREADTH AND PURPOSE OF
CODES

7. BREADTH AND PURPOSE
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Ethics involves reflective
choices, not simply following
rules- these criticism implies
that codes operate only at
Stage 4 level of ethical
thinking ( Kholberg 1981)
Code of Ethics for Government
has many “don’t” statement
and general sets minimal
standards
▪ The other codes – have a
balance of statement
▪ The related but distinct
criticism is that codes focus on
micro rather than macro ethics
▪ Macroethics – refers to “social
responsibilities of professional
as a group” and what they can do
and what should do “ to
influence social policy (Ladd
1980)

8. BREADTH AND PURPOSE
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▪ ASPA code was exchange in 2013 to
identify the social responsibilities
that all public administrator share
▪ ICMA code of asserts the broad
responsibility of city and country
managers to advance “effective and
democratic local government by
responsible elected officials”

9. ENFORCEMENT OF CODES

10. ENFORCEMENT- THE ACT OF COMPELLING
OBSERVANCE OF OR COMPLIANCE WITH A LAW RULE
OR OBLIGATION.
CODE OF ETHICS- IS A GUIDE OF PRINCIPLES DESIGNED
TO HELP PROFESSIONALS CONDUCT BUSINESS
HONESTLY AND WITH INTEGRITY.
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ENFORCEMENT OF CODES

11. Effective codes require implementation, and implementation
involves the capacity to interpret the code, to provide
education and training, and to enforce the code (Gilman 2005).
The nature of the enforcement process in professional
associations varies greatly. There are no enforcement
procedure for the Code of Ethics for Government Service.
Republic Act No. 6713, otherwise known as the “Code of
Conduct and Ethical standards for public officials”
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ENFORCEMENT OF CODES

12. ASPA (AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION)
ASPA-IS A MEMBERSHIP ASSOCIATION OF ALMOST 10,000 PROFESSIONALS IN US SPONSORING
CONFERENCE AND PROVIDING PROFESSIONAL SERVICES PRIMARILY TO THOSE WHO STUDY THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF GOVERNMENT POLICY, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION.
ICMA- (INTERNATIONAL CITY/COUNTRY MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION)
is an association representing professionals in local government management. It is based in Washington,
D.C
AICP- AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CERTIFIED PLANNERS
Certifies professionals in the US in the field of urban planning and assists planners in the areas of
ethics, professional development, planning education and standards of planning practice. 12
ENFORCEMENT OF CODES

13. ASPA (AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION)
ASPA Code of Ethics Review Process:
▪ Responding to inquiries from members about ethical standards and
handling ethical dilemmas
▪ Reviewing requests for help from members who have been penalized for
upholding the Code and providing support to them
▪ Recognizing members whose actions exemplify the code
▪ Reviewing and seeking to resolve complaints about a member whose
actions may have violated the Code of Ethics
ASPSCodeofEthics.pdf
Source: https://www.aspanet.org/ASPA/Code-of-Ethics/Code-of-Ethics.aspx
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ENFORCEMENT OF CODES

14. ICMA- (INTERNATIONAL CITY/COUNTRY MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION)
ICMA Code of Ethics
ICMA Code of Ethics (June 2020).pdf
Source: https://icma.org/documents/icma-code-ethics-amended-june-
2020
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ENFORCEMENT OF CODES

15. AICP- AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CERTIFIED PLANNERS
AICP-Ethics-Revised-AICP-Code-Professional-Conduct-2016-04-01.pdf
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ENFORCEMENT OF CODES

16. RESTATING THE PURPOSE
OF CODES OF ETHICS

17. RESTATING THE PURPOSE OF CODES OF ETHICS
▪ Codes of ethics provide a summary
statement of the standards and
expectations of a professional group.
▪ Objectives of codes of ethics can be
revised and restated.
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18. RESTATING THE PURPOSE OF CODES OF ETHICS
1. Codes should contain tenets that balance
negative and positive approaches.
2. Codes can enforce the shared standards of
the profession.
3. Codes alert persons outside of the
profession.
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19. INCORPORATING THE CODES
INTO YOUR OWN
PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS

20. INCORPORATING THE CODES INTO YOUR OWN
PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS
▪ Ethical public administrators need a set of
values and standards they are committed.
▪ Expanded personal code of professional ethics
could add tenets from other codes.
▪ Personal code could include values from other
sources of guidance and inspiration.
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21. QUESTIONS TO ANSWER:
1. What tenets are you going to include in your
professional code of ethics?
2. How do you internalize it to make it a working
code that you will use in real situation?
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22. 22
Thank you!