PHILPOL 1.pptx

OBJECTIVES: (HUMSS_PG12-Ia-1)
Explain the concept, relationship
and importance of politics,
governance and government.
Q1 WEEK 1 AUGUST 22-26, 2022

INTRODUCTION: THE
CONCEPTS OF POLITICS
AND GOVERNANCE

POLITICS
Denotes a social activity
An art and Science of the government
The realm of public affairs or the state

POLITICS is the study
of affairs of the POLIS
(city-state), which he
defined as the most
sovereign and inclusive
association
PLATO

POLITICS is
the existence of
rules or
authority within
the state
ROBERT DAHL

It is therefore the study of POWER relationship among the
people in a given society as well as those relationships
among states in the internal community
The exercise of power, the science of government,the
making of collective decisions, the allocation of scarce
resources and the practice of deception and manipulation.

ORIGIN OF POLITICS
POLIS (city-state) POLITES (citizen)
POLITIKOS (government)

POLITICS -is the exercise of power,
making political decisions, practice
of deception and manipulation,
exercise of authority, allocation of
limited resources
-use force to affect the behavior of
another person or group.

Importance of Politics
1. Politics helps you to know your
rights.
2. Politics clarifies what you yourself
believe.
3. Politics is a living, breathing subject.
4. Politics helps you to understand our
nation’s parties.
5. Politics prepares you for adult life.

Why do we need to study politics?
-to understand how political system works
-to understand the functions and role of the
government.
-to develop political awareness.
- to understand socio political issues and
their implications
-to cultivate responsive citizenship and
effective participation in government.

SOVEREIGNTY -It is the right of
the government to rule and the right
of a government to leadership to exist
- The right of a leader to rule and
control not only his subjects but also
the territory over which citizens live
and prosper.

AUTHORITY
-it is the power of the leader to rule and the
power to exact obedience on his people. It is
based on an acknowledge duty to obey rather
than on any form of coercion or manipulation.
-It exists when subordinates acknowledged the
right of superiors to give orders.
-Right to act rather than the power to do so.

BASIC CONCEPTS OF POLITICS
1. ORDER
2. POWER
3. JUSTICE

ORDER
-the central to the study of politics
because it shows different
components of human society.

POWER
The main source of reign
of the government. The
possession to govern or
rule the state.

JUSTICE
The process of legalizing
and penalizing the abuse
of political power and
power to rule.

“If the government gives what
people need, protect and respect
their rights, and put the common
good over and above the personal
interest of the leaders, then there
is said to be justice.

POLITICAL SCIENCE
It is the empirical/objective approach
in which it places little emphasis on
abstract and normative question, and
concentrates on a dispassionate and
objective of the realities of politics

Father of Political
Science
“Man is by nature
a political
animal”
-ARISTOTLE

DIFFERENCE
POLITICS
 is the actual process of how
humans interact in groups
constitutes man’s activities in the
real world
is the practice of elective and non
elective political system
is the process by which people try
to influence
POLITICAL SCIENCE
the scientific study of politics
focuses on the theory and practice
of government
is a theory of state and government
seeks to study the origin, nature
and functions of the state,
government and its all organs

Major Schools of
Thought in
Political Science

Philosophical tradition (otherwise known
as political philosophy)
-is regarded as the traditional approach to
politics. The Greek philosophers Plato and
Aristotle are usually associated with this
tradition as they asked what "should" or
"ought" instead of what "is”. This tradition
underscored the analytical study of
doctrines that have become the major focus
of political thought.

Empirical tradition
-political scientists who advocate this
approach believe that any account of
political reality must be impartial and
should thus be tested through observation.
Those who work in this tradition therefore
seek to analyze and explain, and not to
offer recommendations, as in the
philosophical tradition.

Scientific tradition
-this tradition promotes objective and
quantifiable ways of studying politics.
The scientific tradition was further
pushed with the rise of behavioralism,
or the belief that social theories
should arise from observation and
quantifiable data.

STATE is “a community of persons
more or less numerous, permanently
occupying a portion of territory,
independent from external control
and possessing a government which
the great body of inhabitants render
habitual obedience”

Five Elements of the State
(According to Modern Political Science)
1. People – is one of the basic elements of
the state. A state can have millions and
even billions of people regardless of
gender. The Vatican City is the smallest
city in the world and has the least
number of people while China is
considered as the biggest city an has the
biggest number of population in the
world.

2. Territory – is the scope of land,
sea and air areas or boundaries
where the population of the state
resides. A territory is divided into 3
domains – terrestrial (land),
maritime and fluvial (water) and
aerial domains.

3. Government – is the
machinery of the people where
their hopes and aspirations are
expressed, formulated, and
realized. The government is the
basic agency of the State to
carry its obligation.

4. Sovereignty – is the
supreme power to command
and enforce obedience
(Aruego, Principles of Political
Science).

5. Recognition – is the
process where the State is
granted international status.
It can be implied or
expressed.

GOVERNANCE
-Is the exercise of power/authority by
political leader for the well being at their
country’s citizens or subject.
-Refers to the manner of steering/governing
or directing and controlling a group of
people/the state.

GOVERNMENT
-instrument for the
purpose of governance
-groups of people with
authority to govern a
country o state
GOVERNANCE
Exercise of political,
economic and administrative
authority to manage nation’s
affairs
-process of decision making
and the process by which
decisions are implemented

THREE LEGS OF GOVERNANCE
1. ECONOMIC GOVERNANCE- country’s
economic activities and its relationships with other
economies
2. POLITICAL GOVERNANCE
-to formulate policy
3. ADMINISTRATIVE GOVERNANCE
-system of policy implementation.

JEAN BODIN
-French
Philosopher, who
first called the
study of state as
Political Science

NICCOLO
MACHIAVELLI
-Father of Modern
Political Science

PARTICIPATION
-participation by both men and women
-one of the strengths of Philippine Governance
-The 1987 Philippine Constitution is replete of
provisions dealing with relational and inter
sectoral governance.
The Local Government Act of 1989 was born out
of the need for decentralization in Philippine
Governance.

RULE OF LAW
-legal frameworks should be fair and
enforced impartially
-Democracy is essentially the rule of law
-Rule of Law demands that the people and
the civil society render habitual obedience
to the law.

It also demands that the
government acts within the limits
of the power and functions
prescribed by the law.
-The Philippine does not fare well
in this aspect of good governance

TRANSPARENCY
-Free flow of information
-an indicator of good governance,
means that the people are open to
information regarding decision
making process and the
implementation of the same.

-information on matters of public concern
are made available to the citizens or those
who will be directly affected.
-it also means that the transactions
involving public interests must be fully
disclosed and made accessible to the
public.

RESPONSIVENESS
-serve all stakeholders
-means that institutions and processes serve
all stakeholders in a timely and appropriate
manner.
- it also means that actors and structures of
governance easily give genuine expression to
the will or desire of the people.

CONCENSUS ORIENTED
-mediates differing interests

EQUITY AND
INCLUSIVENESS
-all have opportunities to improve
or maintain well being

EFFECTIVENESS AND EFICIENCY
-produce results that needs while making the best
use of resources.
-actors meet the needs of the society means that
there is effective governance.
-the anti red tape act was passed to require the
setting up of Citizen’s Charter for a simplified
procedure and to facilitate governmental
transactions

ACCOUNTABILITY
-accountable to the public

ACTIVITY 1: SETTLE THE MESS
Directions: Arrange the jumbled letters to form the
word of the correct answer
1. This is an activity that involves the interaction of
people, whose relationship is characterized by conflict
and cooperation, and who come together to solve such
disagreement through binding solutions.
SCOPILIT
Answer:_______________________.

2. This is a process where the state is granted international
status that can be implied or express
TRIGONECNIO
Answer:___________________.
3. This is a discipline that studies the state and the
government. It is a systematized body of knowledge based on
facts which deals with experimentation and observation.
LACIPLOTI NICESEC
Answer:_______________________.

4. This is the scope of land, sea, and air areas or boundaries where the
population of the state resides and divided into 3 domains- terrestrial
(land), maritime and fluvial (water) and aerial domain.
RIOTTEYRR
Answer:________________________________
5. This tradition underscored the analytical study of doctrines that have
become the major focus of political thought.
CLOPILTIA DARINOTIT
Answer:_______________________________

ACTIVITY 2: RIGHT OR WRONG
Directions: Read each statement write TRUE if the statement is correct
and False if the statement is incorrect.
_____1. Politics is the actual process of how humans interact in groups.
_____2. Political Science is the process by which people try to influence
their government.
_____3. Political Science seeks to study the origin, nature and functions
of the state and government.
_____4. Politics is universal and is always the same.
_____5. Politics involves issues, problems and activities taking place in
the society

ACTIVITY 3: RIGHT OR WRONG
Directions: Read each statement write TRUE if the statement is correct
and False if the statement is incorrect.
_____1. Plato is the father of political science
_____2. Political Science is a social science discipline that studies the
state and the government
_____3. Philosophical tradition is also known as empirical tradition
_____4. Man by nature is a political animal this saying come from
Aristotle
_____5. The concept of democracy was founded by the Spaniards.

ACTIVITY 1: ACTIVITY 3:
1. POLITICS 1. FALSE
2. RECOGNITION 2. TRUE
3. POLITICAL SCIENCE 3. FALSE
4. TERRITORY 4. TRUE
5. POLITICAL TRADITION 5. FALSE
ACTIVITY 2:
1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. TRUE
4. FALSE
5. TRUE

OBJECTIVES: (HUMSS_PG12-Ib-c-6)
Differentiate the political
ideologies
Q1 WEEK 2 AUG 29- SEPT. 2, 2022

IDEOLOGY- is more or less a coherent
set of ideas that direct or organize a
specific political action. It consist of belief
and value systems, a discussion of
existing power relationships, an
exploration of how political change is
achieved in line with these power
relations and an illustration of a desired
future (Heywood 2013).

1. ANARCHISM
Political authority in all its form, and especially
in the form of the state, is both evil and
unnecessary (anarchy literally means ‘without
rule’).
The sovereign, compulsory, and coercive
authority of the state is seen as a nothing less than
legalized oppression operating in the interests of
the powerful, propertied, and privileged.
Anarchist prefers a stateless society. Individuals
can best manage their own affairs through
voluntary agreement and cooperation.

2. CONSERVATISM
Tradition must be conserve. These traditions include
established customs, institutions, and ways of doing things
that have endured through time.
The belief in pragmatism highlights the limits of human
reason. As a belief, pragmatism emphasizes that the action
should be shaped by practical circumstances and goals.
Human imperfection presents the pessimistic view of
conservatives on the individual. Accordingly, individuals are
morally corrupt and are therefore the sources of crime and
disorder. Order could thus be achieved through a strong
state.

 Conservatives believe that society is an organic whole and
is a living entity, more than being an artifact of human
ingenuity. This belief is known as organicism.
Conservatives also believe that social position and status
are only natural. With this, hierarchy is thought to be
inevitable.
Authority must be exercised from above. Leadership is
provided to guide and support those who lack knowledge
and education and those who have little capacity to act for
their own interest.
Conservatives look at property as significant because it is
the individual’s source of security and independence from
the government.

3. FACISM
Ultranationalist ideology. As such, it subscribes to the idea of a
supreme race, whose members should enjoy the natural resources. It is
by nature exclusive as it excludes nonmembers of the race.
Manifested during Mussolini’s facist dictatorship in Italy and Hitler’s
dictatorship in Germany.
Common values upheld are struggle, leadership, power, heroism, and
war.
The “new man” or a hero who is motivated by duty, honor, and self-
sacrifice; and gives unrelenting obedience to the supreme leader is a
fascist ideal.
Fascists believe in a unified national community of strength through
unity. As such, individual identity is not as important as that of the
social group or community.

4. FEMINISM
A diverse but its unifying theme is the desire
to enhance the social role of women.
Society is characterized by sexual or gender
equality.
The structure of male power must be
overturned, hence the belief in gender equality.
Its strands include liberal feminism, socialist
feminism and radical feminism.

5. LIBERALISM
Belief in individualism underscores the
importance of the human individual compared
to any other group.
Liberty of the individual must be protected.
An individual has freedom when he or she is
able to act as he or she pleases.
Reason can lead individuals to make wise
judgments, which could solve issues or
differences.

 Equality implies that individuals are born equal, at
least in moral terms. Equal rights and entitlements
are at its core. It must be noted , however, that
liberals do not endorse social equality or equality of
outcome,
Tolerance is willingness of individuals to allow
others to think and behave in ways they do not
approve. It is a guarantee of individual liberty.
Authority and social relationships must also be
based on agreement and consent.

6. SOCIALISM
Belief in the community highlights the degree
to which the individual is connected with
others. Identify is therefore a product of social
interaction more than innate qualities.
Brotherhood or fraternity speaks of a shared
common humanity Socialist thus prefer
cooperation rather than competition and
collectivity rather than individualism.

 Socialists look at society in terms of differences in
the distribution of income or wealth. Social class is
believed to be an important social cleavage, which
divides societies. The interests of the working class
and the oppressed should be upheld. With this,
eradicating economic and social inequalities is
deemed as the primary goal of socialism.
Common ownership is also central to socialist
thought. Unlike private property, common ownership
is a means to harness material resources for the
common good

Activity 1. Read, Analyze and Select!
Directions: Read and understand each item carefully
then write the letter of the best answer in the space before
the number.
___1. Which one refers to a movement that advocates or
demands for women the same rights granted men, such as
equal economic and political status?
A. Anarchism C. Feminism
B. Conservatism D. Liberalism
___2. Which among the following is a basic element of
Conservatism?
A. Equality C. Impatience
B. Hierarchy D. Individualism

___3. Which one refers to a theory or system of social
organization that advocates the vesting of ownership and control
of the means of production and distribution of capital, land in
the community as a whole and everybody is equal?
A. Anarchism C. Liberalism
B. Conservatism D. Socialism
___4. This political ideology embraces the ideas of totalitarian
democracy, holding that a genuine democracy is an absolute
dictatorship as the leader monopolizes ideological wisdom and is
alone able to articulate the true interests of the people.
A. Anarchism C. Fascism
B. Conservatism D. Socialism

___5. Which of the following characteristics best represents
Conservatism?
A. Focused on conserving something
B. Ensuring the safety and fairness of everyone
C. A belief in the value of social and political change to achieve progress
D. A way of organizing a society in which a government ruled by a
dictator
___6. Anarchism is said to be the most chaotic of all political ideologies.
Why is regarded as such?
A. Because the government was controlled by dictator
B. Because people do not care for each other thus ruining the society
C. If there is no government or state intervention, we are bound of war
and conflicts
D. None of the above

___7. Which of the following statement is INCORRECT about
Conservatism?
A. It’s suspicion of change
B. It fears government power
C. It supports the society’s traditional values
D. It supports the traditional institutions of its society
___8. Which of the following slogans best captures the Fascism or
Fascist ideology?
A “From each according to his ability; to each according to his need”
B. “Over himself, over his own mind and body, the individual is
sovereign”
C. “Don’t limit a child to your own learning, for he was born in another
time”
D. “Nothing outside the state; nothing against the state; everything for
the state”

___9. Adonis believes that it is the duty of the government to ensure
that every person’s right to live, right to own property and right to
enjoy freedom within the bounds of the law. This makes Adonis an
advocate of which ideology?
A. Anarchism C. Feminism
B. Conservatism D. Liberalism
___10. Which of the following statement is most likely associate with
Socialist political ideology?
A. Military intervention is more effective than diplomacy
B. A free-market economy is the solution for economic struggles
C. Healthcare will be provided to all citizens by the government
regardless of their income
D. Public education is no longer be operated by the government but
by private education companies

ACTIVITY 1
1. C 6. C
2. A 7. B
3. D 8. D
4. C 9. D
5. A 10. C

OBJECTIVES: (HUMSS_PG12-Ib-c-6)
Differentiate the political
ideologies
Q1 WEEK 3 SEPT. 5-9, 2022

Ideology may be defined as ‘a political
belief system’ (Heywood). As a
phenomenon, it is the mainspring of an
individual’s way of looking at politics
and political life. Just like any other
belief, an ideology is like a lens through
which we see the world, and our
perception affects the way we behave.

The following are several definitions of political ideology according to
Heywood (2013).
An action-oriented set of political ideas
The ideas of ruling class
The world-view of a particular social class or group
Political ideas that embody or articulate class or social interests
Ideas that propagate false consciousness amongst the exploited or
oppressed
Ideas that situated the individual within a social context and
generate a sense of collective belonging
An officially sanctioned set of Ideas used to legitimize o political
system or regime
An all- embracing political doctrine that claims a monopoly of
truth
An abstract and highly systematic set of political ideas

1. MARXISM
Historical materialism or the materialist conception
of history provides that the economy (mode of
production) conditions all other aspects of social life-
including law, government, politics and education.
The dialect, a process of interaction between
competing forces, drives change and leads to a higher
stage of development. Historical change is therefore a
consequence of contradictions in the mode of
production, as reflected in class conflict.

 The exploitation of the proletariat (workers) by the
capitalists would develop class consciousness among
the former, hence ushering a proletarian revolution
which will facilitate the creation of a communist
society.
A communist society - one that is classless and
stateless- will arise when class antagonisms fade

2. SOCIAL DEMOCRACY
Social democrats stand for a balance between the
market and the state, and between the individual and the
community
This ideology promotes compromise between the
acceptance of capitalism and the distribution of wealth
according to moral, rather than market principles.
Social democratic thought is concerned with the weak,
the vulnerable, and the underdog.
 Compassion, common humanity, freedom, equal
opportunities, paternal duty, and care are among the
values social democracy recognizes.

3. GREEN POLITICS/ ECOLOGISM
This ideology is linked with the emergence of environmental
movement. It also rose as a revolt against industrialization.
It is concerned with the damages brought by economic
development and by the declining quality of human existence.
Conventional ideologies are a vehicle of ecologism.
Ecosocialism looks at the destruction of the environment due to
capitalism; ecofeminism traces this crisis to male power; and
ecoconservatism links the cause of conservation to the desire to
preserve tradition and institutions

4. COSMOPOLITANISM
Ideological expression of globalization
It is a belief in a cosmopolis or a word state. It is
thus associated with the project of world government.
Modern cosmopolitanism tends to have a moral or a
cultural character, believing that the world
constitutes a single moral community.
Cosmoploitanism focuses on the idea that all other
people in the world have obligations to each other
regardless of nationality, ethnicity, and the like.

Activity 1: Multiple Choices
Directions: Read and understand each item carefully then
write the letter of the best answer in the space before the
number.
___1. Which one promotes compromise between the
acceptance of capitalism and the distribution of wealth
according to moral, rather than market principles?
A. Ecologism C. Marxism
B. Cosmopolitanism D. Social Democracy
___2. Which one refers to a political and economic theory
where a society has no classes?
A. Ecologism C. Marxism
B. Cosmopolitanism D. Social democracy

___3. Which of the following Political ideology is
linked with the emergence of environmental
movement?
A. Cosmopolitanism C. Marxism
B. Ecologism D. Social democracy
___4. Which among the following principles falls
under the communist ideology?
A. Freedom C. Survival of the fittest
B. Classless Society D. traditionalism

___5. Which of the following characteristics best represents
Cosmopolitanism?
A. Focused on conserving something
B. Ensuring the safety and fairness of everyone
C. A belief in the value of social and political change to achieve
progress
D. The idea that all other people in the world have obligations to
each other regardless of nationality, ethnicity, and the like.
___6. Which one refers to a political statement that aims to call
upon massive mass or government action to achieve a relatively
better political and economic condition?
A. Green Politics C. Knowledge
B. Ideology D. Power

___7. Which one aims to poster an ecologically sustainable
society rooted in environmentalism, nonviolence, social justice
and grassroots democracy?
B. Green Politics D. Social democracy
___8. The following are several definition of political ideology
according to Heywwod, EXCEPT ONE.
A. The ideas of ruling class
B. An abstract and highly systematic set of political ideas
C. Political ideas that embody or articulate class or social
interests
D. A set of political and economic philosophies that centers
around core of liberty, equality, economic freedom, the rule of
law and democratic government.

___9. If society is to become a communist,
which of the following must be removed?
A. Economy C. Power
B. Government D. Social classes
___10. Which political ideology is most
compatible with ecological thinking?
B. Green Politics D. Social democracy

ACTIVITY 1
1. D 6. B
2. C 7. B
3. B 8. D
4. B 9. D
5. D 10. B

OBJECTIVES: (HUMSS_PG12- Id-13 )
Analyze the nature, dimensions,
types, and consequences of
power.
Q1 WEEK 4 SEPT. 12-16, 2022

Lesson 1. Nature of Power
POWER, according to J.C. Turner (2005) ”the
standard theory is that power is the capacity for
influence and that influence is based on the control of
resources valued or desired by others. As per this
definition of power, it is presupposed that for one to
be empowered, he/she must be capacitated with the
skills of influencing and persuading others and the
know-how of coercion.
“POWER is the capacity of an individual to influence
the actions, belief, or conduct (behavior) of others.”

Lesson 2. Dimensions of Power
Power has its dimensions, which makes us aware of
its scope or boundaries, and they are as follows:
1. Agenda- This refers to the motive of the person
who wants to have power or the reason why one
wants to be paced under the influence of another
person.
2. Decision-making- This refers to the end of the
person seeking for power, where he has to have
influence over others because they are vital to
whatever decisions he would be making inherent to
his status or position.

3. Manipulation- This is from the means of who
holds the power and it refers to the controlling
factor over the other person and which means
that the former can make the latter do whatever
he wishes, whether in legitimate or illegitimate
means.

Lesson 3. Types of Power
1. Legitimate power- This is the type or kind of
power which is oftentimes referred to as positional
power. There is a legal and formal basis for the
acquisition or delegation of power to a certain
individual and there are relative position and duties
and responsibilities. A classic example of this type of
power is the executive power as exercised by the
President of the Philippines

2. Referent power- When an individual is able to convince
another person without lifting a finger or just by simply
being with the other person and talking it out with him, that
is referent power. For one, the so-called “charisma” or a very
enterprising inherent personal characteristic is the Indicative
factor of referent power.
3. Expert power- From the word itself, this type of power
presupposes the expertise or special knowledge one has to
capacitate him/her exert influence over another person. The
people in the medical field are able to persuade the people to
observe strictly the health protocol, like the wearing of
facemask, because , above anybody else, they are equipped
with the information about the Covid19.

4. Coercive power- The word coercive denotes negativity,
however, sometimes, this kind of power is deemed necessary
to make other people obey laws or directives or to prevent an
unnecessary action. The exercise of this power presupposes
the use of threat or punishment.
5. Reward power- This type of power refers to the capacity of
the power-wielder to offer or extend a reward or to
recompense an accomplishment. A very good example is
when your parents buy you a new pair of trendy shoes
because you have been doing the household tasks assigned
to you.

Enrichment Activity1. True or False.
Direction. Write F for false or incorrect statement and T
for a true or correct statement on the space provided for
before each number
_____ 1. Power is inherent in an individual.
_____ 2. Where there is influence, persuasion, and
coercion, there is power
_____ 3. Coercion in the exercise of power entails
diplomacy.
_____ 4. The class President is bestowed with legitimate
power.
_____ 5. Compliance is a consequence of referent power.

Enrichment Activity 2. Justify Me.
Direction. Below are scenarios about the types and consequences
of power. Read each carefully and understand the situations
before answering. Write a three-liner justification to support your
answer.
1. Pepe S. was the smartest boy and the kindest soul in his class
back in high school. Because of this, he unknowingly put up a
boy group in the campus at that time. He automatically became
the honorary leader of the said group. The members of the said
group would always follow what he said and what he would do.
Pepe S. never scolded the other boys for obedience issues and
the latter never contradicted him as well. What type of power did
Pepe S. hold back in his high school days? What result did that
power yield?

2. In barangay Adayu, three nurses were deployed back in
March 16,2020 to assist the barangay officials, the
Barangay Health Workers and the members of the
Barangay Peace-keeping group in implementing the
Enhanced Community Quarantine. The barangay put up
its own triage area to apprehend people who may manifest
the symptoms of the covid19 or who were PUI or PUM. In
the process, the nurses manned the triage. In this scenario,
what type of power was exercised and who exercised it?
Why? What do you think was the consequence of the
exercise of that power?

3. Way back in 2018, PRRD gave a pronouncement about the
eradication of the ‘drugs business’ and ‘drug use’ in the country,
thus, the ‘Operation Tokhang’ was instituted and it’s
implementation was placed in the hands of the Philippine
National Police. As per news reports, the members of the PNP
had to engage into so-called military operations to catch high
prolife drug personalities and more often than not, some
suspects get killed and some military operatives either get hurt
or become casualties as well. In this scenario, is there any type
of power exercised? What type of power is it and who could have
exercised it? Why? In the long run, what do you think would be
the consequence of the exercise of this type of power?

ACTIVITY 1
1. T
2. T
3. F
4. T
5. F

OBJECTIVES: (HUMSS_PG12- Id-
13)
Analyze the relationship among nations and states
in the context of globalization
Q1 WEEK 5 SEPT. 19-23, 2022

CONCEPT OF STATE and NATION
What is a nation?
Nasci is a Latin word where the term nation
came from which means “born”; giving it a racial
or ethnic in meaning. Etymologically, it refers to
a birthplace; therefore, it is generally used to
describe an ethnic, linguistic, or cultural
community. Thus, it may also define as group of
people bound together by commonalities in
language, history, traditions, and religion.

2 Classification of Nation
1. Ethnic Nation – is an entity that is united on the basis of
ethnicity. It is populated more or less by a single ethnic group.
Like for example, the community of our Muslim brothers who
shares same ethnicity even with different territories. Japan also
is one example of ethnic nation.
2. Territorial Nation – an entity that covers a predefined
territory which was populated by different ethnic group that
have assimilated as a nation. For example, the Philippines, we
have different ethnic groups but we assimilate our self as a
Filipino. Also, the Asian nation, we are considered as Asian
even with different ethnicity and descent but we are one as
Asian.

What is a state?
A state is a community of persons more or less
numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of
territory, having a government of their own to which the
great body of inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying
freedom from external control. In international law, the
concept of State was established in the Montevideo
Convention, an agreement signed by countries in
Montevideo, Uruguay, they set a standard of definition of
state. It stipulated that all states were equal sovereign
units consisting of (1) permanent population; (2) defined
territorial boundaries; (3) a government and (4) an ability
to enter into agreements.

ELEMENTS OF A STATE
For a certain State to be honored as state by others, it
should possess the following elements:
1. PEOPLE. There must be people residing who should
be numerous to be governed and self-sufficient. It
should also be more or less numerous for defense and
both sexes present for perpetuity.
Example: Vatican; a state within a state, they are less
numerous but can govern and self-sufficient.

2. TERRITORY. An area over which territory has
effective control. A fixed portion of the surface of the
earth in which people reside that is sufficient to
provide the needs of the inhabitants. It is big enough
to be self-sufficient but small enough to administered
and defended.
COMPONENTS:
Aerial Domain
Terrestrial Domain
Maritime and Fluvial Domain

MODES OF ACQUIRING TERRITORY
The following are the ways or modes how a state can acquire
its territory:
a) Discovery and Occupation – A state can acquire a certain
territory when it discovers a certain place and occupy it for a
long period of time. The place should be terra nullius or land
belonging to no one. A certain territory cannot be acquired
only by discovery, it should be possess and administered by
the state that discovered it.
Example: Spartly Island: this is the basis of the Philippines
why we are claiming it as our own.

b) Prescription. It is a long, continued, and adverse possession
to vest acquisitive title in the claimant. The acquisition of
territory by an adverse holding through a long term of years
requires two essential facts; (1) continuous; (2) undisturbed
possession.
Example: Las Palmas case: even if Spain discovered and
occupied this territory, the Netherlands acquires the same by
virtue of prescription as it exercised sovereign rights over the
island for more than two hundred years after its discovery by
Spain.
Question: Why do the Philippines not under Spain since we
are occupied for more than 300 years?

c) Cession. It is the transfer of territory from one state to another by
agreement. It may be a bilateral agreement whereby one state transfer
sovereignty over a definite portion of territory to another state. This may be
voluntary or by force.
Example: Sabah, Malaysia ceded by British Empire.
d) Subjugation/ Conquest. Formal annexation of a territory after it has
been conquered in the course of war. This mostly happen during early
times.
Example: Colonies of countries; Philippines during Spanish Era
e) Accretion. Increase in the land area of a State caused by the operation of
the forces of nature or, artificially, through human labor.
Example: Chinese Reclamation in West Philippine Sea; Mischief Reef or
some part of Spratly Islands.

3. GOVERNMENT. It is an agency or instrumentality, through
which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and realized.
It was established by inhabitants which was organized in
exercising control over, and capable of maintaining law, and
other within the territory. It is the system that put in place to
govern the state. In the Philippines, the government is governed
by the constitution. The action of all the people based from the
constitution.
The way how the government is managed is what we call as
administration. The management of the affairs of the government
is administration. In the Philippines, the one we voted in office
are the ones mostly administering the government.
Administration changes over time but government will not if it
will not change by the people through referendum.

4. SOVEREIGNTY. The supreme and uncontrollable
power in a state by which that state is governed. An
entity is NOT a state UNLESS it has competence,
within its own constitutional system, to conduct
international relation with other states, as well as the
political, and financial capabilities to do so.

2 ASPECTS
a. Internal – the ability of a state to exercise its
authority over its territory and people
Example: the totality on how the government rules
its people
b. External – the relationship of the State with
other States; the freedom from external control.
Example: No other States dictates how the
government should be governed or run

How State is created?
A state may be created by:
a. Revolution. It refers to a movement, often violent to
overthrow an old regime and effect a complete change
in the fundamental institution of society.
Example:
o American Revolution
o EDSA Revolution – there is a change in the structure
of government

b. Unification. The process of being united or made
into a whole. Many states joined together to form as
one.
Example: Germany
c. Secession. The act of separating from a nation or
state and become independent.
Example: Timor-Leste with the help of UN, Indonesia
ceded its claim. This is what Taiwan wants from
China, also those pro-democracy in Hong Kong.

d. Assertion of Independence. The act of stating something or
exercising authority confidently and forcefully.
Example: former Yugoslavia, Kosovo
e. Agreement – It is negotiated and typically legally binding
arrangement between parties as to course of action.
Example: Netherlands
f. Attainment of Civilization – process by which society is or
place reach an advance stage of social civilization.
Example: Mesopotamia by is now Iran and Iraq.

I. Modified TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is
correct and FALSE if the statement is incorrect.
1. A nation functions as a cultural and psychological entity,
whereas state exists as a political unit.
2. One example of revolution that creates a state is EDSA
Revolution 2.
3. A territorial nation is composed of single ethnic group.
4. There aspects of sovereignty are internal and viewed
sovereignty.
5. Administration is one of the elements of a state, without
which a state will not exist.

6. One example of a state created under
unification is the United States of America.
7. State came from the Latin word nasci which
means born.
8. Sovereignty is the inherent power of the state to
impose its will on its people, free from outside
control.
9. Japan is an example of a nation-state.
10. Bangsamoro is considered as a state since
they have their own government.

II. Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer among the
choices. Write your answer before the number.
1. What element of the state that is referring to a fixed
portion of the surface of the earth in which people reside
that is sufficient to provide the needs of the inhabitants?
A. government B. people C. sovereignty D. territory
2. Japan is a state inhabited by people who identify
themselves as a nation on account of common culture,
history, language, ethnicity, or other factors. Which of the
following best describe Japan?
A. nation B. state C. nation-state D. non-state

3. Which of the following is not a mode in acquiring
territory?
A. Cession C. Prescription
B. Discovery and Occupation D. Unification
4. Which of the following statement is TRUE?
A. Administration is an element of a state.
B. State, Nation and government have the same meaning.
C. Nation refers to ethnical bases while State is based on
legal concept.
D. Nation-states are those states with only one ethnicity,
language and religion.

5. Which of the following is NOT true about the government?
A. Government is the same as administration.
B. Government is an element of the state, without it state will
not exist.
C. Government is an agency or instrumentality, through
which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and
realized.
D. Government will not change even if the people composing it
will change through the vote of people.
6. What do you call the group of people who feel bound into a
single body by shared culture, values, folkways, religion
and/or language?

7. What refers to a community of persons more or less
numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of
territory, having a government of their own to which the
great body of inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying
freedom from external control?
8. What is the basis of the Philippines in claiming the
Spratly Islands?
A. discovery and occupation C. Prescription
B. cession D. unification

9. What is NOT included in the territory of a state?
A. aerial domain C. fluvial and maritime domain
B. terrestrial domain D. outer space
10. Why Hong Kong is not considered as a state?
A. because it is not considered as a state by other
states
B. because there is external force that dictates its
action
C. because it has no sovereignty
D. all of the above

ACTIVITY 1
1. TRUE 6. FALSE
2. FALSE 7. FALSE
3. FALSE 8. TRUE
4. FALSE 9. TRUE
5.FALSE 10. FALSE

ACTIVITY 2
1. D 6. A
2. C 7. B
3. D 8. A
4. C 9. D
5. A 10. D

OBJECTIVES: (HUMSS_PG12- Id-
13)
Analyze the relationship among nations and states
in the context of globalization
Q1 WEEK 6 SEPT. 26-30, 2022

CONCEPT OF GLOBALIZATION
What is a globalization?
Heywood (2013) defined globalization as the process
through which societies have become so intertwined or
interconnected that events and decisions in one part of
the world have significant effects on the lives of people
in the other part of the world. It implies opening of
local and nationalistic perspective to a broader outlook
of interconnected and interdependent world. This
globalization integrates States by interchange of world
views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture.

What other instances you may think
where globalization affects the
Philippines?

What are the characteristics of globalization as a
phenomenon? Heywood (2013) enumerates its features.
These are:
1. Declining relevance of geographical distance;
The use of internet connectivity virtually shortens the
distance between and among the people of different
states. Even millions of kilometers apart because of ICT
development the geographical distance between states
was virtually shifted.

2. Lessening significance of territorial boundaries.
The development in air, water and land transportation
delimits the movement of people between states. The can now
move to and from one state to another.
3. Deepening and broadening of political processes, such
that the local, national, and global events constantly interact.
State personalities can now exchange ideas in real time, talk
diplomatically for the improvement of both State. The bilateral
or even multi-lateral relation among them can be strengthen
or weaken depending on the aspects of the relationship.

Forms of Globalization
1. Economic Globalization - All economies
have been integrated in a global economy.
There is an increasing interdependence of
world economies as a result of the growing
scale of cross-border trade of commodities
and services, flow of international capital and
wide and rapid spread of technologies.

2. Cultural Globalization. A phenomenon by which the
experience of everyday life, as influenced by the diffusion of
commodities and ideas, reflects a standardization of cultural
expression around the world. Information, commodities, and
images from one part of the world make cultural differences
between nations and individuals less significant.
3. Political Globalization. The growth of worldwide political
system, the importance of international organizations,
transnational organizations, and nongovernmental organizations
is being recognized.

Effects of Globalization as to Economy
The developed States enjoys the advantage in
the balance of opportunities and threats. In
contrast, the underdeveloped and developing
countries remain dependent on developed
countries. They are mired in poverty and
remain in competition with other poor states in
the export of agricultural produce and
minerals.

Effects of Globalization in Developed States
To gain upper hand in economic competitiveness, developed states
adopted new policies. Some developed countries privatized their
publicly owned companies and pruned down their budget deficits to
manageable levels, reduced their taxes, and abolish shoddy stock
market because of international competition and monopolies.
Developed countries are the markets of Multi-national corporations
which in turn MNCs are required to purchase or ask them to buy
domestics products from domestic suppliers. Because of many
industries in developed countries, they are unlikely be controlled by
other states in terms of economy. They cannot be forced by external
economic forces, besides they are the ones controlling economic
forces. However, along with this is the depletion of natural resources
and destruction of the environment is much likely.

Effects of Globalization in Developing Countries
The impact of globalization in developing countries in
terms in economy is far greater than in developed
countries. Developing countries only rely on single or
less export product. They are not diversified. Middle
East for example, their product is mainly oil. Without
oil revenue their economy will falter. The Philippines
also for example rely on labor exports and some
agricultural products, once that developed countries
close its doors then the economy will falter too. Some
developed countries used this scenario to demand
political agenda from other states.

I. Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer among the choices. Write
your answer before the number.
1. Which of the following involves globalization?
A. A stretching of social, political, and economic activities across
political frontier.
B. A growing magnitude of interconnectedness in almost every sphere of
social existence.
C. An accelerating pace of global interactions and processes associated
with a deepening enmeshment of local and the global.
D. All of the above
2. Which of the following is NOT an example of globalization?
A. Internet
B. Selling local products in the local markets
C. Attending lectures by a Filipino in an American School
D. Selling of local products in an international market

3. Which of the following is an example of negative effects of
globalization?
A. deforestation
B. Loss of income
C. Strong bond with other culture
D. Loss of local culture
4. Which of the following describes the importance of
international organizations, transnational organizations,
and nongovernmental organizations is being recognized?
A. Cultural globalization
B. Economic globalization
C. Globalization
D. Political globalization

5. McDonaldization or what George Ritzer (1993) called as
rationalization that Max Weber found in bureaucracies extended to
fast-food chains. This example is an example of what form of
globalization?
C. Globalization
6. Which of the following is NOT features of globalization?
A. increase in wealth
B. declining relevance of geographical distance
C. lessening significance of territorial boundaries
D. deepening and broadening of political processes, such that the
local, national, and global events constantly interact

7. What describes the increasing interdependence of world
economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of
commodities and services, flow of international capital and wide and
rapid spread of technologies?
C. Globalization
8. The shift of 10 years curriculum in Basic education Curriculum
to K to 12 program is an outset of global requirement is an
illustration of what form of globalization?
C. Globalization

Cite one example how globalization manifested
in our country?
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
______________________________________________

ACTIVITY 1
1. D
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. A
6. A
7. B
8. D

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