Alternatives to External Inputs
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http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/agroecology-symposium-china/en/ Presentation by Zejiang Zhou, from IFOAM, on alternatives to external inputs in farming systems. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology in China, held in Kunming, China on 29-31 August 2016.
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Alternatives to External Inputs
- 1. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD Organic Agriculture and the Millennium Development Goals 1 International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements Alternatives to External Inputs 有机 可以不依 外来物农业 赖 质 IFOAM Organics International / IFOAM 国际有机联盟 FAO Agoecology Conference, Kunming, August 2016 联合国粮农组织生态农业大会 （昆明）， 2016 年 8 月
- 2. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD IFOAM OI - the international umbrella organization for organic agriculture / IFOAM 国际有机联盟是全球有机农业的核心组织 IFOAM Organics International IFOAM 国际有机联盟 Mission / 宗旨 Leading, uniting and assisting the organic movement in its full diversity / 全方位地领导、团结和 帮助世界有机农业运动 Goal / 目标 The worldwide adoption of ecologically, socially and economically sound systems that are based on the principles of Organic Agriculture./ 全球都采纳 建立在有机农业原则基础上的具有 良好生态、社会和经济效益的系统
- 3. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD The Definition of Organic Agriculture 有机农业的定义 ‘Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects. Organic agriculture combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved.’ 有机农业是一种能维护土壤、生态系统和人类健康的生产体系，她 遵从当地的生态节律、生物多样性和自然规律，而不依赖会带来不 利影响的投入物质。有机农业是传统农业、创新思维和科学技术的 结合，她有利于保护我们所共享的生存环境，也有利于促进包括人 类在内的自然界的公平与和谐共生。
- 4. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD The Four Principles of Organic Agriculture 有机农业的四大原则 Organic agriculture is based on / 有机农业是建立 在如下四大原则基础上的 : • The principle of health / 健康原则 • The principle of ecology / 生态原则 • The principle of fairness / 公平原则 • The principle of care / 关爱原则 The Principle of Ecology states: ‘Organic Agriculture should be based on living ecological systems and cycles, work with them, emulate them and help sustain them. / 生态原则：有机农业应当建立在灵动的生态系统和 生态循环基础上，与生态和谐相处，与生态休戚与共，为生 态的持续性做贡献
- 5. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD Alternatives to External Inputs 有机农业可以不依赖外来物质 Purchasing external inputs is costly and at times logistically difficult for most of the world’s farmers: smallholders in developing countries. / 对于世界上大 多数农民，特别是发展中国家的小农户来说，购买外部 投入物质费用高，而且运输、管理和使用难度大 The ability to generate effective alternatives to external inputs on farm at no or low costs, while getting good yields, increases the viability of farms / 有机农业依靠 自身所产生的零成本或低成本的物质来取代外部投入物 质，并获得好收成的能力，增强了农地的生命力
- 6. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD Reducing Inputs Improved Efficiency of Water Use 减少外部投入能提高水的利用率 Conventional 常规Organic 有机 Picture: FiBL DOK Trials Organic Matter Increases Infiltration and Soil Stability / 增加有机质能提高土壤的渗透性和稳定性
- 7. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD • Higher corn and soybean yields in drought years / 有机质高的地块在干旱 年份玉米和大豆产量比其他地块高 • Increased soil C and N / 增加了土壤的 碳和氮的含量 Higher water infiltration / 更高的土壤渗透性 Higher water holding cap. / 更强的土壤持水能力 Higher microbial activity / 更强的土壤微生物活性 Increased stability / 更强的土壤稳定性 Multiple Benefits of Soil Organic Matter 土壤有机质的多重效益 Source: Rodale Institute Reducing Inputs Improved Efficiency of Water Use 减少外部投入能提高水的利用率
- 8. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD Soil Organic Matter Living Carbon-Humus 土壤有机质 - 活的腐殖质 • Holds up to 30X its weight in water / 能保持其本身重量 30 倍的水分 • Cements soil particles and reduces soil erosion / 能粘 结土壤颗粒减少土壤侵蚀 • Increases nutrient storage & availability / 提高养分储存 和有效性 • Humus can last 2000 years in the soil / 腐殖质可以在土 壤中存在 2000 年 Electron micrograph of soil humus 电子显微镜下的土壤腐殖质
- 9. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD Reducing Inputs Improved Efficiency of Water Use 减少外部投入能提高水的利用率 Research Shows that Organic Systems use Water More Efficiently / 研究显示有机体系的水利用率更高 • Volume of Water Retained /ha (to 30 cm) in relation to soil organic matter (SOM) / 30 厘米土层中的持水量与土壤有机质的关系（每公顷） • 0.5% SOM = 80,000 litres (common level Africa, Asia) • 1 % SOM = 160,000 litres (common level Africa, Asia) • 2 % SOM = 320,000 litres • 3 % SOM = 480,000 litres • 4 % SOM = 640,000 litres (levels pre farming) • 5 % SOM = 800,000 litres (levels pre farming) Adapted from Morris, 2004.
- 10. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD Organic -- Higher Yields in Climate Extremes 有机体系在极端气候条件下产量比常规的高 • Organic systems have higher yields than conventional farming systems in weather extremes such as heavy rains and droughts. / 在强降水和干旱的极端气候状况下，有机 体系比常规体系产量高 (Drinkwater, Wagoner and Sarrantonio 1998; Welsh, 1999; Lotter 2004) • The Wisconsin Integrated Cropping Systems Trials found that organic yields were higher in drought years and the same as conventional in normal weather years. / 威斯康星的综合防治作物体系试验结果显示干旱年份有机体系产量高于 常规，即使是在正常气候年份产量也不低于常规体系。 (Posner et al. 2008) • The Rodale FST showed that the organic systems produced 30 per cent more corn than the conventional system in drought years. / 罗代尔农场的试验显示 在干旱年份有机体系的产量比常规体系高了 30% 。 (Pimentel D 2005, La Salle and Hepperly 2008) Greater Resilience to Adverse Conditions 有机体系对不利条件的适应性很强
- 11. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD Higher Yield -- Organic Agriculture / 干旱年份有机地块的产量更高 The average corn yields during the drought years were from 28% to 34% higher in the two organic systems. 两 个实例显示干旱年份两个有机地块的玉米产量比常规地块 高了 28-34% The yields were 6,938 and 7,235 kg per ha in the organic animal and the organic legume systems, respectively, compared with 5,333 kg per ha in the conventional system (Pimentel, 2005) / 施用动物粪肥和种植固氮作物 的两个有机体系的玉米产量分别是每公顷 6938 公斤和 7235 公斤，而常规体系中则只有 5333 公斤
- 12. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD Organic Corn - 1995 Drought / 1995 年干旱年份中有机玉米显现的优 势 OrganicOrganic 有机地块有机地块 ConventionalConventional 常规地块常规地块 Better infiltration, retention, and delivery to plants helps avoidBetter infiltration, retention, and delivery to plants helps avoid drought damage /drought damage / 有机农地土壤更好的渗透性、持水性和向植物有机农地土壤更好的渗透性、持水性和向植物 的输水性可以抵御干旱的破坏性的输水性可以抵御干旱的破坏性 Picture: Rodale Institute
- 13. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD Higher Yield -- Organic Agriculture 有机农业产量更高 • A report by the United National Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) stated on Organic Agriculture / 联合国贸发大会（ UNCTAD ）和联合国 环境发展署（ UNEP ）就有机农业发表了如下信息 : • 114 projects in Africa covering 2 million hectares and 1.9 million farmers / 在非洲涉及 300 万公顷和 190 万农民的 114 个 项目结果显示 • ‘…the average crop yield was … 116 per cent increase for all African projects and 128 per cent increase for the projects in East Africa.’ / 整个非洲 的有机农业产量比常规农业的平均高了 116% ，而其 中在非洲东部的项目则更平均高出了 128% Source: Organic Agriculture and Food Security in Africa 2008
- 14. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD Alternatives to Synthetic N Fertilizers 合成氮肥的替代措施 Grapes grown with lupins / 葡萄间作羽扇豆 Organic Farming -- Intercropping to fix N for free 采用间作措施 固氮 - 从大气 中获得免费的 氮素
- 15. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD Organic Matter and N / 有机质与氮素 The spaces allow microorganisms to turn the nitrogen in the air into nitrate and ammonium (air is 78% N) / 大 气中氮的含量是 78% ，土壤中的孔隙可以让土壤微生物 将空气中的氮转化为硝态氮和氨氮
- 16. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD Endophytic nitrogen fixing bacteria in rice / 水稻中的内生固氮菌 Synthetic N fertilizer (Urea etc) stops these natural N fixing processes 合成氮肥（尿素等）会阻碍天然的固氮过程 Organic Matter and N / 有机质与氮素
- 17. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD INSECTARIES / 有益昆虫 • Refuges of flowering plants are known as insectaries / 许多有花植物 是昆虫的避难所 • Many beneficial insects have a range of host plants / 许多益虫都有他 们自己的各种寄主植物 • Some useful species (such as parasitic wasps, Hoverflies and Lacewings have carnivorous larvae that) eat pests however the adult stages live mostly on nectar and pollen from flowers / 一些有益的物 种，如寄生黄蜂、食蚜蝇、草蛉等的幼虫都能捕食害虫，而这些益虫 的成虫则多以花蜜和花粉为食 Alternatives to Pesticides / 化学农药的替代物质
- 18. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD Flowering plants are encouraged to grow throughout the fields and along the borders / 我们鼓励在有机地块及其周边种植有花植物 Nectar and pollen are essential to the adult stage of many beneficial predators 花蜜与花粉是许多有益昆虫成虫的基本食品 Research has shown that they breed thousands of beneficial organisms Tall flowering plant host more species than short mowed or bare areas 研究表明花蜜与花粉养活了许多有益生物。高杆的有花植物比矮杆植 物和裸地能吸引更多的有益生物 INSECTARIES / 培殖有益昆虫
- 19. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD Eco-intensification, Agroecology 生态强化，农业生态 Insectaries 有益昆虫栖息地 Borders of flowers, trees and shrubs create refuges for beneficial insects, birds, lizards, frogs, etc. / 有机地块四 周的有花植物、树、灌木都是有益 昆虫、鸟、蜥蜴和青蛙等的栖息处 ， Small birds eat enormous amount of insect pests and need shrubs / 为鸟提 供栖息场所，而鸟则能吃掉大量害 虫， Provide forage for livestock / 为畜禽 提供食物 Provide biomass for compost / 为堆肥 提供生物质 Marginal areas planted with a highMarginal areas planted with a high diversity of eco functional species,diversity of eco functional species, BhutanBhutan // 不丹的一片有机农田四周种植不丹的一片有机农田四周种植 了具有生态功能的品种繁多的植物了具有生态功能的品种繁多的植物
- 20. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD Eco-function intensificationEco-function intensification // 强化生态功能强化生态功能 InsectoriesInsectories Maximises solar capture.Maximises solar capture. Does not compete forDoes not compete for sunlightsunlight // 最大限度地最大限度地 利用太阳能利用太阳能 ,, 互相不争互相不争 阳光阳光 Fixes nitrogen and soilFixes nitrogen and soil carboncarbon // 固氮、固碳固氮、固碳 Green ManureGreen Manure // 绿肥绿肥 Flowers attract beneficialFlowers attract beneficial iinsectsnsects // 花卉吸引益虫花卉吸引益虫 Conserves water and soilConserves water and soil // 保水保土保水保土 This is an example of good practice in weed management and not a neglected orchard / 这不是一个糟糕的果园，而 是果园杂草管理中的良好实践范本 High Species Biodiversity,High Species Biodiversity, ItalyItaly // 高度的生物物种多样性高度的生物物种多样性 -- 意大利的实例意大利的实例
- 21. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD “Push – Pull” for Stemborer and Striga Control “ 推 - 拉” 法控制螟虫和独脚金 Source: International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) 拉 推 由金钱草根部分泌出来的化学品异黄酮能抑制杂草独脚金对玉米 根部的侵害，并使土壤中的独脚金种子发生自杀性发芽 金钱草 象草象草 玉米玉米 玉米 金钱草 从象草分泌出的挥发性化 学物质吸引飞蛾在其上产 卵 从间作的金钱草分泌出的 挥发性化学物质则会驱赶 飞蛾
- 22. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD Using natural systems to regulate pest outbreaks 利用自然系统来控 制害虫的爆发 push-pull greater farm productivity with higher corns yields (2 to 10X) 推 - 拉法能增强农 场的生产力，使玉 米的产量为原来的 2-10 倍 Eco Function Intensification -- a whole of System’s Approach / 强化生态功能 -- 一种整体系统法
- 23. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD Organic small holders feed the world 23 The desmodium, suppresses weeds (selective allelopathy), adds nitrogen, conserves the soil, repels pests and provides high protein stock feed 金钱草抑制了杂草（选择性的植化相克），增氮、保土 、驱虫，同时还能提供高蛋白质的青贮饲料 Eco-function intensificationEco-function intensification // 强化生态功能强化生态功能
- 24. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD 24 The Napier grass is a trap for the corn borer. The sharp silica hairs and sticky exudates on the Napier grass kill the stem borer larvae when they hatch, breaking the life cycle and reducing pest numbers / 象草是捕捉玉米螟的陷阱，其尖锐的刺毛以及 粘性的分泌物又能杀死玉米茎秆上刚孵化出来的螟虫幼虫，它打乱了害虫的生 命周期，减少了害虫的数量 Eco-function intensificationEco-function intensification // 强化生态功能强化生态功能
- 25. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD Intercropping to fix N for free / 间作 可以免费向大气获取氮 素 Desmodium repels pests and suppress weeds/ 金钱草可以驱 赶害虫，抑制杂草 Alfalfa hosts beneficial insects / 苜蓿草是益虫 的寄主 Napier grass traps pests / 象草吸引害虫 Chilies grown with desmodium and alfalfa 辣椒与金钱草和苜蓿草共作 Push Pull Adapted to New Crops “ 推 - 拉”法在其他作物上的应用
- 26. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD 26 Eco Function Intensification 强化生态功 能 Push Pull and insectaries in a mango orchard gives total pest control, provide nutrients, feed for stock and biogas. The biogas slurry is composted and used as the only fertilizer. High yields of perfect fruit. / 在一个芒果园中应用了推 - 拉法和寄主法后实现了对害虫的全面控制，提供了养分、青贮饲料和沼气。沼 液用来制作堆肥并作为果园施用的唯一肥料。结果获得了高产和高质量的芒果
- 27. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD High over-grazing and burning / 极度过牧、烧 荒 Deep, wide and long erosion gullies / 又深又 宽的侵蚀沟 Low soil organic matter / 土壤有机质含量低 Low soil fertility / 土壤 肥力差 Serious food insecurity in dry years / 干旱年份 闹饥荒 Tigray, Ethiopia / 埃塞俄比亚替格瑞地区的实例
- 28. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD Tigray, Ethiopia / 埃塞俄比亚替格瑞地区的实例 Whole System in Place / 现在的全貌 水塘 深沟的覆被 蚕豆 修复的多样性坡地植被 田菁树和高草 施用堆肥的农 田 种植了画眉草 、小麦和大麦
- 29. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD Impact of using compost - Grain yields from over 900 samples from farmers fields over 7 years / 使用堆肥的影响 -- 在农民的大田做了 7 年多的试验，从 900 多个样品统计 出的产量 对照 堆肥 化肥 硬粒小麦 大麦 蚕豆 画眉草玉米
- 30. UNITINGTHEORGANICWORLD Conclusions / 小结 Organic farming -- a kind of sustainable agro- ecosystem 有机农业是一种可持续的农业生产体系 Organic agriculture is not only benefiting human health, but even more importantly protecting environment and ecosystem, promoting fairness and care for all involved 有机农业不仅仅是有利于人类健康 ，更重要的是保护了环境与生 态系统，保障了公平，并促进了地球万物的和谐共生 Organic agriculture – has a lot of alternative measures and does not rely on external inputs 有机农业可以采取很多可替代的措施而不必依赖外来投入物质， Proper managing and implementing of organic farms can keep and even increase crop yields 正确地管理和实施有机农业不但能保产，甚至还能增产 Organic Agriculture and the Millennium Development Goals
Editor's Notes
- The push-pull method is an integrated production system, in which a crop combination deals with a number of issues at once: Insect pest: the stem borer in the corn filed are repelled by the cover crop Desmodium, and attracted by the Napier grass, a trap crop planted around the field. Desmodium is also attractive to the natural enemies of the stem borer, so the few that enter the field are readily parasitized. The parasitic weed Striga weed is controlled by Desmodium, which stops its growth through exudates from the roots Erosion is stopped, the ground being covered in permanence. In addition to high corn yields, the system also produces fodder for livestock In this “conservation” agriculture system, the soil fertility is enhanced at each cropping cycle, Desmodium being a legume, fixing nitrogen, manure form the livestock brings back N and other important nutrients. The push-pull system, developed at the ICIPE in Nairobi, has been featured in Wired Magazine last November on the future of food
- The farmers use their own varieties (landraces)